THREATS TO ATLANTIC SALMON SUSTAINABILITY IN NEW ENGLAND Stephen D. McCormick USGS, Conte Anadromous...
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Transcript of THREATS TO ATLANTIC SALMON SUSTAINABILITY IN NEW ENGLAND Stephen D. McCormick USGS, Conte Anadromous...
![Page 1: THREATS TO ATLANTIC SALMON SUSTAINABILITY IN NEW ENGLAND Stephen D. McCormick USGS, Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center, Turners Falls, MA University.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110323/56649d955503460f94a7e381/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
THREATS TO ATLANTIC SALMON SUSTAINABILITY IN NEW ENGLAND
Stephen D. McCormick
USGS, Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center, Turners Falls, MAUniversity of Massachusetts, Amherst
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ATLANTIC SALMON LIFE HISTORY
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THE ENDANGERED ATLANTIC SALMON
• COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY: THE KROGH PRINCIPLE– OSMOREGULATION AND MIGRATION
COMMERCIAL & SOCIAL IMPORTANCE FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE
WILD SALMON ARE DECLINING WORLDWIDE DUE TO HABITAT LOSS, DAMS, POLLUTION,
OVEREXPLOITATION
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SALMON RIVERS OF NEW ENGLAND
• RIVERS IN SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND EXTIRPATED IN THE 1800’S DUE TO DAM CONSTRUCTION & HABITAT LOSS
• SALMON IN DOWNEAST MAINE RIVERS DECLINED IN THE 1970’s.
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VERMONT
NEW HAMPSHIRE
RHODE RHODE
ISLANDISLAND
RHODE RHODE
ISLANDISLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
CONNECTICUT
THE CONNECTICUT RIVER
• 40,000 SQ KM WATERSHED
• LARGEST RIVER IN NEW ENGLAND
• PROBABLY HELD THE LARGEST SALMON POPULATIONS IN NEW ENGLAND (10,000-50,000)
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1850 Present
DAMS ON THE CONNECTICUT RIVER
1850
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HISTORY OF ATLANTIC SALMON ON THE CONNECTICUT RIVER
1798: Turners Falls Dam built – led to salmon declines
1850: Holyoke dam enlarged – led to salmon extirpation
1869-1888: First salmon restoration attempt
1965: Anadromous Fisheries Conservation Act
1967: Current salmon restoration program initiated
TurnersFalls
Holyoke
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SALMON RESTORATION ON THE CONNECTICUT RIVER
FRY STOCKINGSMOLT STOCKING
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Smolts Stocked into the Connecticut River
050
100150200250300350400450500
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
TH
OU
SA
ND
S
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0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
1976
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
Fry Stocked into the Connecticut River
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Adult Atlantic salmon returns to the Connecticut River
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998
050
100150200250300350400450500
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
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Summary of Total Atlantic Salmon Returns (186) By
Location in 2005
Holyoke71%
Westfield15%
Rainbow8%
Leesville6%
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INITIAL SUCCESS OF STOCKING ATLANTIC SALMON IN THE CONNECTICUT RIVER,
BUT…
WHAT FACTORS ARE LIMITING A MORE COMPLETE RESTORATION?
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RESEARCH IN SUPPORT OF SALMON RESTORATION ON THE CONNECTICUT RIVER
• HOW MANY SMOLTS ARE PRODUCED FROM FRY STOCKING?
• WHEN DO THEY MIGRATE DOWNSTREAM, AND WHAT CAUSES THEM TO MIGRATE?
• WHAT ARE THE IMPACTS OF DAMS ON SMOLT SURVIVAL AND MIGRATION?
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• Labor intensive• Expensive• Variable and low efficiencies• Prone to wash out
PREVIOUS TECHNOLOGY FOR ASSESSING SMOLT MIGRATION:
- COUNTING FENCES- BYPASS STRUCTURES- RADIO/ACOUSTIC TAGS- MARK-RECAPTURE
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COMPUTER CHIPS IN FISH
(Get it, fish & chips?)
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WIRING THE STREAM
ANTENNA12 guage wire in PVC
TUNING BOX
CABLE READERS,PALMTOPCOMPUTERS,DEEP CYCLEBATTERIES
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PIT TAGGING OF JUVENILE ATLANTIC SALMON
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TIMING OF SPRING SMOLT MIGRATION IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE
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TIMING OF SPRING SMOLT MIGRATION
Over 6 years, only a 6 day difference in median migration date-indirect evidence for role of daylength in controlling
migration
ANTENNA READ DATE
3/18 4/01 4/15 4/29 5/13 5/27
CU
MU
LA
TIV
E %
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
1998 T= 23 6.45 deg/day april1999 T= 79 6.10 deg/day april2000 T= 43 5.50 deg/day april2001 T= 156 2.27 deg/day april2002 T= 77 6.58 deg/day april2003 T= 72 4.57 deg/day april
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EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIOD ON DOWNSTREAM MOVEMENTS IN ATLANTIC SALMON SMOLTS
LDNLONG DAYS
SHORT DAYS
APRIL MAY
DO
WN
ST
RE
AM
MO
VE
ME
NT
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TIMING OF SPRING SMOLT MIGRATION
Over 6 years, only a 6 day difference in median migration date-indirect evidence for role of daylength in controlling
migration
ANTENNA READ DATE
3/18 4/01 4/15 4/29 5/13 5/27
CU
MU
LA
TIV
E %
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
1998 T= 23 6.45 deg/day april1999 T= 79 6.10 deg/day april2000 T= 43 5.50 deg/day april2001 T= 156 2.27 deg/day april2002 T= 77 6.58 deg/day april2003 T= 72 4.57 deg/day april
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TIMING OF SPRING SMOLT MIGRATION IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE
CUMULATIVE DEGREE DAYS IN APRIL WAS A BETTER PREDICTOR OF MIGRATION TIMING THAN DATE AT 10 oC - SUGGESTS FISH ARE ‘SUMMING’ TEMPERATURE RATHER THAN RESPONDING TO A THRESHOLD TEMPERATURE
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OVERWINTER SURVIVAL OF JUVENILE ATLANTIC SALMON (> 11.5 cm; October to May)
1998-99 44.5 %
1999-00 27.6 %
2000-01 68.2 %
2001-02 35.1 %
2002-03 64.1 %
2003-04 41.6 %
Winters are tough!
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Turners Falls Dam
Vernon Dam
Holyoke Dam
Acoustic tag
receivers
SMOLT MIGRATION ON THE MAINSTEM OF THE CONNECTICUT RIVER
Tagging salmon smoltswith acoustic tags
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River Kilometer
050100150200
Tra
nsit
TIm
e (k
m/d
ay)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
River Kilometer050100150200
Sur
viva
l Ove
r R
iver
Rea
ch
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
River Kilometer050100150200
Sur
viva
l per
Km
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
20002001
20002001
20002001
River Kilometer050100150200
Tra
nsit
TIm
e (k
m/d
ay)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
River Kilometer050100150200
Sur
viva
l Ove
r R
iver
Rea
ch
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
River Kilometer050100150200
Sur
viva
l per
Km
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
20002001
20002001
20002001
SMOLT MIGRATION ON THE MAINSTEM OF THE CONNECTICUT RIVER
DAMS ARE TOUGH ON SMOLTS - HIGHER MORTALITY - SLOWER MIGRATION
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PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING SMOLTING
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INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON SMOLT PHYSIOLOGY
HIGHER TEMPERATURES AND TIME RESULT IN LOSS OF SEAWATER PREPAREDNESS - DAMS THAT RESULT IN DELAYS WILL DECREASE SMOLT SURVIVAL
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RECENT DECLINES IN ATLANTIC SALMON POPULATIONS IN MAINE
• ATLANTIC SALMON IN EASTERN MAINE MAINE WERE STABLE UNTIL RECENTLY
• DECLINES BEGAN IN 70’S• LISTED AS ENDANGERED SPECIES IN 2000
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
RE
TU
RN
ING
AD
ULT
S
NARRAGUAGUS RIVER
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HYPOTHESIZED CAUSES OF MAINE ATLANTIC SALMON POPULATION DECLINES
• ACID PRECIPITATION AND ASSOCIATED ALUMINUM TOXICITY
• ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS (CONTAMINANTS THAT ACT AS HORMONES, AFFECT DEVELOPMENT AND SURVIVAL)• HERBICIDES AND PESTICIDES FROM
AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
• IMPACTS OF SALMON FARMING• DISEASE
• OCEAN CONDITIONS
ACID/ALUMINUM AND ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS MAY SPECIFICALLY IMPACT SMOLTS
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM OF ACID RAIN
(United States Geological Survey)
• Anthropogenic acidification results in episodic pulses of acidity during spring snowmelts and fall storms
TRIPLE WHAMMY OF ACID RAIN:• MORE ACID IN STREAMS• REMOVAL OF NATURAL BUFFERING (Ca and Mg) •MORE ALUMINUM LEACHED FROM SOIL; BECOMES
TOXIC AT LOW pH
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SENSITIVITIES OF SALMON LIFE STAGES TO ACID & ALUMINUM
Eggs• delayed hatching• increased mortality
Fry• increased mortality• decreased ion content
Smolt• increased mortality • plasma ion loss in FW• loss of SW tolerance
Parr• smaller parr more sensitive than larger parr• decreased plasma ions
Alevins• impaired ion uptake• decreased growth and yolk reabsorption
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PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING SMOLTING
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• ACID AND ALUMINUM INTERACT TO CAUSE MORTALITY OF ATLANTIC SALMON
• THE CAUSE OF MORTALITY IS COMPROMISED ION REGULATION (LOSS IN FW, GAIN IN SW)
IMPACT OF ACID & ALUMINUM ON SMOLT SURVIVAL
PE
RC
EN
T M
OR
TA
LIT
Y
(ug./l)
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MAINE RIVER WATER CHEMISTRY (NOAA Fisheries, 2003)
5. Dennys 8. Pleasant 9. Narraguagas11. Penobscot
9 85
11
= Dennys= Narraguagas= Pleasant= Penobscot
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STREAM-SIDE REARING OF SMOLTS IN MAINE RIVERS
HOLD SMOLTS IN NATURAL WATERS FOR 6 DAYS DURING NORMAL SPRING MIGRATION, MONITOR SURVIVAL AND PHYSIOLOGY
NO MORTALITY, BUT A CLEAR pH-RELATED COMPROMISE OF ION REGULATION.
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CONTAMINANTS THAT ACT AS ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS
Sm
olt-
to-A
dult
Sur
viva
l (%
)
Percent of Basin Sprayed (Fairchild et al., 1999)
INCREASED SPRAYING OF MATACIL (CONTAINING 2% NONYLPHENOL)IS CORRELATED WITH POORER SMOLT-TO-ADULT SURVIVAL OF ATLANTIC SALMON IN NEW BRUNSWICK RIVERS
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ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION OF THE PARR-SMOLT TRANSFORMATION IN ATLANTIC
SALMON
• EXPOSURE TO NONYLPHENOL CAUSED LOSS OF SEAWATER TOLERANCE.
• BUT THIS ONLY OCCURRED AT RELATIVELY HIGH CONCENTRATIONS, HIGHER THAN THOSE SEEN IN NATURE.
• ARE OTHER LIFE STAGES MORE
SENSITIVE?
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Exposure to nonylphenolAs yolk-sac larvae (21 days)
Smolts-sampling
1 Year, inclean water
Freshwater Seawaterchallenge
Stress Seawater preference
ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION OF THE PARR-SMOLT TRANSFORMATION IN ATLANTIC SALMON
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EFFECT OF NONYLPHENOL ON SURVIVALOF ATLANTIC SALMON YOLK-SAC LARVAE
NP
MORTALITY OCCURRED AT HIGH NP CONCENTRATIONS(THIS DOSE DID NOT KILL SMOLTS)
DELAYED MORTALITY 30 DAYS AFTER EXPOSURE AT LOW NP
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• Gill Na+, K+-ATPase and seawater tolerance are significantly reduced in smolts 1 year after exposure to NP as larvae.
p = 0.0030
VC E2 NP
0
125
130
135
140
145
150
155FWSW
Pla
sma
Ch
lori
de
(mM
)
Vehicle
* *
NP10 g l-1
Estradiol2 g l-1
p = 0.0056 p = 0.0002
VC E2 NPVEH
VEH
E2
E2
NP
NP
EFFECT OF NONYLPHENOL AND ESTRADIOL ON SMOLT DEVELOPMENT, ONE YEAR AFTER EXPOSURE
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FACTORS AFFECTING RESTORATION & CONSERVATION OF ATLANTIC SALMON
• SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND • LOSS OF ORIGINAL GENETIC STOCKS• DAMS HAVE IMPACTED AND CONTINUE TO IMPACT
ATLANTIC SALMON IN SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND
• DOWNEAST MAINE• CONTAMINANTS SUCH AS ACID RAIN AND
PESTICIDES MAY HAVE PLAYED A ROLE IN SALMON DECLINES IN MAINE
• EFFECTS CAN BE SUBTLE, AFFECTING SPECIFIC LIFE STAGES, AND CAUSING INDIRECT MORTALITY THROUGH COMPROMISED SEAWATER TOLERANCE, DISEASE RESISTANCE AND OTHER PATHWAYS.
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REASONS FOR OPTIMISM FOR THE FATE OF ATLANTIC SALMON
• DAM REMOVAL (PENOBSCOT RIVER)
• INNOVATIONS IN FISH PASSAGE: - UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM
• CONTINUED DEVELOPMENT OF A ‘CONNECTICUT RIVER’ STOCK OF ATLANTIC SALMON
• CONTINUED RESEARCH WILL ALLOW US TO MORE CLEARLY DEFINE FACTORS THAT AFFECT SALMON SURVIVAL
• CONTINUED PUBLIC SUPPORT
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ATLANTIC SALMON LIFE HISTORY
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SEAWATER(1000 mOsm)
325 mOsm
OSMOREGULATORY PHYSIOLOGY OF TELEOST FISH
WATER IONS
300 mOsm
FRESH WATER (5 mOsm)
WATER IONS
ION UPTAKE DILUTE URINE
ION SECRETION
DRINK
ISOOSMOTIC URINE