Thorn Technical Handbook

8/18/2019 Thorn Technical Handbook

1/252

Technical Handbook


2/252

|

Editor Peter Thorns BSc(Hons) CEng MCIBSE MSLL

Contributors Patricia El-Baamrani; Lou Bedocs; Karl Flax; Stefan Hauer;Pat Holley; Hugh King; Jan-Erik Jerleke; Iain Macrae;Robin Ostlin; Paul Stranks

This is the fifth edition of the Technical Handbook

Copyright © Thorn Lighting. All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced in any form, withoutprior permission in writing from Thorn Lighting, except for thequotation of brief passages in reviews. While Thorn has made

every effort to credit the copyright owners for the illustrationsand photographs used herein, there may be omissions, forwhich the company apologises.

Picture credits: Danny Maddocks; Chris Gascoigne; Mike Gee;Richard Seymour and Alan Turner

Graphics: Juice Creative

Price £15 GBP/€20 EUR. Not for resale.


3/252

Contents | 3

Contents

1 Introduction 5

2 The Mechanics of Seeing 7

2.1 What is light? 7 2.2 The eye and vision 7

2.3 Lighting fundamentals 8

3 Controlling Light 9

3.1 Reflection 9

3.2 Transmission 10

3.3 Refraction 10

4 Recommendations for Good Lighting 11

4.1 Indoor workplaces 13 4.2 Outdoor workplaces 21

4.3 Sports 24

4.4 Emergency 29

4.5 Roads 30

4.6 Amenity 33

4.7 Tunnel 34

4.8 Lighting scheme surveys 35

5 Applications and Techniques 39 5.1 General Considerations 39

5.2 Office 42

5.3 Education 48

5.4 Industry indoor 55

5.5 Industry outdoor 62

5.6 Healthcare 69

5.7 Super/hypermarket 78

5.8 Road lighting 86

5.9 Urban – decorative roadlighting and amenity areas 94

5.10 Urban – architectural floodlighting 105

5.11 Sports lighting 109

6 Specific Techniques 125

6.1 Indoor lighting controls (ILC) 125

6.2 Lighting for display screen equipment 131

6.3 Light for learning 133

6.4 Emergency lighting 137

6.5 Low mount road lighting 145 6.6 Road tunnel lighting 149


4/252

| 4

6.7 Lighting maintenance 152

6.8 Control of obtrusive light 162

6.9 Lighting for crime prevention 167 6.10 Lighting and health 171

6.11 Sustainability 174

6.12 Outdoor lighting controls (OLC) 177

7 Checklists 181

7.1 Life cycle analysis 181

7.2 Economics 183

7.3 Lighting energy numeric indicator (LENI) 185

8 Lamps, LEDs and Circuits 191 8.1 Choosing the right lamp 191

8.2 Tungsten halogen lamps 193

8.3 Fluorescent lamps 193

8.4 Compact fluorescent lamps 196

8.5 Metal halide lamps 197

8.6 Sodium vapour high pressure lamps 198

8.7 Mercury vapour lamps 199

8.8 Induction lamps 200

8.9 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 200 8.10 Lamp coding systems – LBS/ILCOS 204

8.11 Characteristic values of the major lamps 206

8.12 Energy efficiency of luminaires 219

8.13 Circuits 219

8.14 Properties of electronic ballasts 223

8.15 Voltage drop 225

8.16 Fusing 226

8.17 Wiring regulations 227

8.18 Fault detection 229

9 Standards and Directives 233

9.1 Directives 233

9.2 Standards 235

9.3 Quality and safety marks 237

9.4 Product/corrosion compatibility guide 240

10 Tools 243

10.1 Tools 24311 Glossary 246


5/252

Introduction | 5

Light is life, without light we could not live.

Our human physiology is based upon light and

the complex structure of our earth relies upon

light to function. And as we have progressed

technologically we have taken this further,

turning the dark into light, from using fire to

the electric light. Electric lighting is the basis for

our modern society, turning darkness into light

in windowless or deep-plan offices, in our city

streets at night, in numerous leisure and amenity

facilities. Our society exists as it does because

of light. Our patterns of work and leisure are

made possible through our ability to control our

environment and supply light on demand.

As we have developed the technology of lighting we havealso developed our understanding of how to use light. Throughstandards we lay down limits for safety and adequacy, throughguides we direct lighting toward established good practice,show how to transcend the adequate. We have learnt how togive light meaning, transforming spaces by giving them a lit

atmosphere, applying light to give beauty to a scene.

But the use of light is constantly challenging us. It is no longerenough to ensure good task visibility, or a comfortableenvironment. It is not even enough to produce an environmentthat gives a sense of well-being. We need to do all these,but also in a way that minimises harm to the environment.Therefore stricter rules are being applied to product design, useand disposal. We have to minimise the carbon footprint of aproduct or an installation and maximise sustainability. Therefore,

all aspects of design, whether for a luminaire or lightinginstallation, is a balance of factors, a balance of performance,efficiency and comfort (PEC).

Performance is the achievement of visual effectiveness, meetingrequirements and targets. It is quantifiable through knownlighting measures such as illuminance, luminance, glare rating,colour rendition and uniformity. These measures are generallydefined through national and international standards andrecommendations.

1 Introduction

Fig. 1.1 Amenity lighting creating a pleasantbalanced scene


6/252

| Introduction6

Efficiency is conserving energy and effort, reducing CO2 emissions and waste, producing a system that is practical andefficient to install, operate and maintain. Efficiency can also bequantified, through units such as lumens/watt, cost/m2, CO2 kg/year, percent recycled element, percent maintenance link,and many others. Some of these measures are defined throughnational and international standards and recommendations,such as energy efficiency or the ecodesign of products, whilstothers are concerns for the end-user, such as cost.

Comfort is the achievement of complete satisfaction, providinga stimulating atmosphere that gives sustainable wellness. Thecriteria for assessing comfort are subjective and are the criteria

that differentiate the design, that give the design its individuality,its own character. Is it calming/stimulating/inspiring,welcoming and pleasant, reassuring, fulfilling? Does it have apleasing flow of light and give a well balanced ambient? Doall parts of the design complement each other, the architectureof the space, the lit effect, and the physical design of theluminaires? This is the point where the engineering and art areblended to produce good lighting.

So in their job the designer needs to know a wide selection

of information and how to blend this to deliver better lighting,with better efficiency and a better environment in a sustainablemanner. This is the PEC philosophy, and in this handbook wesupply some of this information to help the designer in their task.


7/252

The Mechanics of Seeing | 7

Our discernment of the world is via our five

senses of sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell.

Of these sight is the most important. Over 80 per

cent of our experience of the world comes via

our sight. But how do we see?

2.1 What is light?

To see we need light, and light is an emission ofelectromagnetic radiation. The electromagnetic spectrum variesfrom radio waves through infrared, ultra-violet, X-rays and finallyto gamma rays, and light is a very small part of this spectrumwith wavelengths from 380 to 760 nanometres (1nm=10 -9m).This is the part of the spectrum whose rays are visible to thehuman eye and lies between infrared and ultra-violet. Light maybe further divided as the wavelength of the light relates to thecolour we see. As the wavelength changes so does the colourof the light, from blue at 400nm to red at 700nm.

2.2 The eye and vision

Rays of light entering the eye are directed onto the retina, whichis a layer of light sensitive cells within the eye. The retina is

composed of two basic types of light sensitive cells, the rodsand the cones. These cells have different properties. Conesoperate during the day and enable us to see in detailed colour(photopic vision). As the light level drops, say to that of a well-litstreet, the cones become less effective and are assisted by themore sensitive rods (mesopic vision). However, the rods onlygive black and white vision. Therefore we see a less brightlycoloured view as we are using a mixture of the rod and conecells, the relative mixture varying depending upon the actual

light level. At much lower light levels, say that of dim moonlight,the cones cease to function at all, and our vision becomestotally monochromatic using just the rods (scotopic vision). Theunit for this measure of light is the lumen.

These concepts are important as we consider the appearanceof a space under different lighting conditions with respect to theamount of light and the colour spectrum of the light.

2 The Mechanics of Seeing

Fig. 2.1 The importance of vision

Fig. 2.2 The electromagnetic spectrum

Fig. 2.3 Photopic and Scotopic visual responsecurves

380

GAMMARAYS

XRAYS

ULTRAVOILET

INFRARED

RADIO

500400WAVELENGHT (nanometers)

600

VISIBLE LIGHT

700 760

100%

100%

Photopicvision (day)

Photopicvision (day)

Scotopic vision(dark adaptedeye)

400 500 600 700 800

400 500 600 700 800

Othersenses20%

Vision80%


8/252

| The Mechanics of Seeing8

2.3 Lighting fundamentals

2.3.1 Illuminance (E) - This is a measure of the amount oflight falling onto an object, and is measured in lux. It is theamount of luminous flux (F) that is received by a surface of givenarea.

2.3.2 Luminance (L) - This is a measure of the amountof light reflected by an object and is measured in cd/m².It is the amount of luminous flux (F, lumens) that is emitted bya surface of given area and is dependant upon the propertiesof the surface (e.g. reflection, refraction and transmission.

See section 3 on controlling light). The value of luminanceat a point on a surface can therefore vary dependant uponthe observer viewpoint.

2.3.3 Glare - Glare is the result of excessive contrasts ofluminance in the field of view. The effect may vary from milddiscomfort to an actual impairment of the ability to see. Whenthe ability to see is impaired this is called disability glare.Discomfort glare refers to the discomfort or distraction causedby bright windows or luminaires.

Glare may be calculated in a variety of ways depending uponthe application. So for example in interiors the Unified GlareRating (UGR) is calculated. Similarly for sports lightingapplications Glare Rating (GR) is used and for street lightingThreshold Increment (TI) is calculated. All of these methods,whilst using different parameters are essentially the ratio ofluminaire brightness to background brightness.

Fig. 2.4 Illuminance

Fig. 2.5 Luminance

Fig. 2.6 Glare from indoor luminaires with pooroptical control

E

L


9/252

Controlling light | 9

3 Controlling Light

When we light an object, be it a space such as

a room or a sports field, or part of a luminaire

such as a louvre or diffuser, we do not see the

light that falls onto a surface or object. What

we actually see is the effect of light upon the

object. Different materials affect light in different

ways, for example paper reflects light differently

to polished metal and the lit effect is different

again for glass. To understand how a surface or

object will look we need a basic understanding

of reflection, transmission and refraction, the

principal ways materials react to light.

3.1 Reflection

As mentioned above paper reflects light differently to polishedmetal. This is because paper exhibits what we term matt ordiffuse reflection whilst polished metal exhibits what we termspecular reflection. With diffuse reflection the light reflected froma surface is scattered equally in all directions.

With specular reflection the light reflects from a surface as if

from a mirror, producing a sharp-mirrored image. For any rayof light striking a specular surface the angle of incidence of thelight is equal to the angle at which the ray of light is reflected.

Some surfaces exhibit a mixture of diffuse and specularreflection, showing a fuzzy mirrored image. For this the peakreflection still obeys the rule of angle of incidence equals angleof reflection but light is also diffusely scattered around this peak.

Fig. 3.1 Diffuse reflection

Fig. 3.2 Specular reflection

Fig. 3.3 Mixed specular and diffuse reflection


10/252

| Controlling light0

3.2 Transmission

Certain materials have the ability to transmit and diffuse light.

When light falls on a translucent (light transmitting) materialsome light will be reflected in a specular manner, and somelight will pass through the material. For a clear material, suchas clear glass, the light will pass through with a minimum ofscattering. However for materials such as opal plastic the lightis scattered or diffused, therefore spreading the brightness of thelight ray over a larger area. (See Fig.3.4)

3.3 Refraction

When light passes from one transparent medium to another ofdifferent density (e.g. air to glass) it bends. This is known asrefraction and this principle is used to control light, for exampleusing prisms. In luminaires prisms are used to direct light awayfrom areas that could cause glare or waste light and into areasthat produce more useful light, thereby making the luminairemore efficient at illuminating a task or object. (See Fig. 3.5)

Fig. 3.4 Transmission of a ray of light through atranslucent material

Fig. 3.5 Refraction of a ray of light through aprismatic panel


11/252

Recommendations for Good Lighting | 11

4 Recommendations for good lighting

The recommendations for good lighting give

practical values for various lighting criteria,

depending upon the application. The

recommendations are drawn from a variety of

documents, the principle documents being:

Section 4.1 Indoor workplaces

EN 12464-1:2002 Light and Lighting – Lighting of work places– Part 1: Indoor work places and CIE S 008:2001

Section 4.2 Outdoor workplaces

EN 12464-2:2007 Lighting of work places– Part 2 : Outdoor work places and CIE S 015:2005

Section 4.3 Sports

EN 12193: 2007 Light and Lighting – Sports Lighting

Section 4.4 Emergency EN 1838:1999 and CIE S 020/E:2007 Emergency Lighting

Section 4.5 Roads

EN 13201 1-4 Road lighting practice

Section 4.6 Tunnel

CR 14380:2003 Lighting Applications – Tunnel Lighting

Note that these recommendations are based upon the Europeannorms and local regulations may stipulate different values.


12/252

| Recommendations for Good Lighting2

Whilst these limiting values may be considered to be theminimum design criteria additional factors should be taken intoaccount to ensure a good lighting installation. Some of thesefactors are described in other sections of this book.

The criteria used in the recommendations are defined below.

Em This is the maintained average illuminance, that is the

minimum value for average illuminance provided duringthe maintenance cycle of the installation.

Emin

This is the minimum value of illuminance that ispermissible within any calculation or measurement grid.

GRL This is maximum value of glare rating that is permissiblein any direction within any measurement or calculationgrid.

Lm This is the maintained average luminance, that is the

minimum value for average luminance provided duringthe maintenance cycle of the installation.

Ra This is the colour rendering index for a lamp and definesthe ability of a lamp to show different colours correctly.

SR This is the surround ratio, which is a value used inthe design of road lighting applications. It is the ratioof the average illuminance of a strip just outside thecarriageway compared to the average illuminance of astrip just inside the carriageway

TI This is the threshold increment, which is a measure ofthe loss of visibility caused by the disability glare of theluminaires in an installation.

UGRL This is the limiting maximum value of glare calculated by

the unified glare rating method.Ul This is the uniformity of illuminance along a line, being

defined as the minimum illuminance value within aline of measurement points divided by the averageilluminance value of the line of measurement points(E

min_line/Em_line).

Uo This is the uniformity of illuminance across any

calculation or measurement grid, being defined as theminimum illuminance value within a grid of measurement

points divided by the average illuminance value of agrid of measurement points (E

min/E

m).

Recommendations for good lighting


13/252


4.1 Indoor workplaces

Recommendations for good lighting

Type of task or activity Em

UGR L

R a

Traffic zones and general areas inside buildings

Traffic Zones

Circulation areas and corridors 100 28 40

Stairs, escalators, travalators 150 25 40

Loading ramps/bays 150 25 40

Rest, sanitation and first aid rooms

Canteens, pantries 200 22 80

Rest rooms 100 22 80

Rooms for physical exercise 300 22 80

Cloakrooms, washrooms, bathrooms, toilets 200 25 80

Sick bay 500 19 80

Rooms for medical attention 500 16 90

Control rooms

Plant rooms, switch gear rooms 200 25 60

Post room, switchboard 500 19 80

Store rooms, cold stores

Store and stockrooms 100 25 60

Dispatch packing handling areas 300 25 60

Storage rack areas

Gangways : unmanned 20 - 40

Gangways : manned 150 22 60

Control stations 150 22 60

Industrial activities and crafts

AgricultureLoading and operating of goods, handling equipment and machinery 200 25 80

Buildings for livestock 50 - 40

Sick animal pens, calving stalls 200 25 80

Food preparation, dairy, utensil washing 200 25 80

Bakeries

Preparation and baking 300 22 80

Finishing, glazing, decorating 500 22 80

Cement, cement goods, concrete, bricks

Drying 50 28 20

Preparation of materials, work on kilns and mixers 200 28 40

General machine work 300 25 80

Rough forms 300 25 80

Ceramics, tiles, glass, glassware

Drying 50 28 20

Preparation, general machine work 300 25 80

Enamelling, rolling, pressing, shaping simple parts, glazing, glass blowing 300 25 80

Grinding, engraving, glass polishing, shaping precision parts, manufacture of glass instruments 750 19 80

Grinding of optical glass, crystal, hand grinding and engraving 750 16 80

Precision work e.g. decorative grinding, hand painting 1000 16 90

Manufacture of synthetic precious stones 1500 16 90


14/252



UGR L

R a

Chemical, plastics and rubber industry

Remote-operated processing installations 50 - 20

Processing installations with limited manual intervention 150 28 40

Constantly manned work places in processing installations 300 25 80

Precision measuring rooms, laboratories 500 19 80Pharmaceutical production 500 22 80

Tyre production 500 22 80

Colour inspection 1000 16 90

Cutting, finishing, inspection 750 19 80

Electrical industry 300 25 80

Cable and wire manufacture 300 25 80

Winding

-Large coils 300 25 80

-Medium-sized coils 500 22 80

-Small coils 750 19 80

Coil impregnating 300 25 80Galvanising 300 25 80

Assembly work

-Rough e.g. large transformers 300 25 80

-Medium e.g. switchboards 500 22 80

-Fine e.g. telephones 750 19 80

-Precision e.g. measuring equipment 1000 16 80

Electronic workshops, testing, adjusting 1500 16 80

Food stuffs and luxury food industry

Work places and zone in

-Breweries, malting floor 200 25 80

-For washing, barrel filling, cleaning, sieving, peeling 200 25 80-Cooking in preserve and chocolate factories 200 25 80

-Work places and zones in sugar factories 200 25 80

-For drying and fermenting raw tobacco, fermentation cellar 200 25 80

Sorting and washing of products, milling, mixing, packing 300 25 80

Work places and critical zones in slaughter houses, butchers, dairies mills, on filtering floor insugar refineries

500 25 80

Cutting and sorting of fruit and vegetables 300 25 80

Manufacture of delicatessen foods, kitchen work, manufacture of cigars and cigarettes 500 22 80

Inspection of glasses and bottles, product control, trimming, sorting, decoration 500 22 80

Laboratories 500 19 80

Colour inspection 1000 16 90Foundries and metal casting

Man-size underfloor tunnels, cellars, etc. 50 - 20

Platforms 100 25 40

Sand preparation 200 25 80

Dressing room 200 25 80

Work places at cupola and mixer 200 25 80

Casting bay 200 25 80

Shake out areas 200 25 80

Machine moulding 200 25 80

4.1 Indoor workplaces (continued)


15/252



UGR L

R a

Hand and core moulding 300 25 80

Die casting 300 25 80

Model building 500 22 80

Hairdressers

Hairdressing 500 19 90 Jewellery manufacturing

Working with precious stones 1500 16 90

Manufacture of jewellery 1000 16 90

Watch making (manual) 1500 16 80

Watch making (automatic) 500 19 80

Laundries and dry cleaning

Goods in, marking and sorting 300 25 80

Washing and dry cleaning 300 25 80

Ironing, pressing 300 25 80

Inspection and repairs 750 19 80

Leather and leather goodsWork on vats, barrels, pits 200 25 40

Fleshing, skiving, rubbing, tumbling of skins 300 25 80

Saddlery work, shoe manufacturer, stitching, sewing, polishing, shaping, cutting, punching 500 22 80

Sorting 500 22 90

Leather dyeing (machine) 500 22 80

Quality control 1000 19 80

Colour inspection 1000 16 90

Shoe making 500 22 80

Glove making 500 22 80

Metal working and processing

Open die forging 200 25 60Drop forging 300 25 60

Welding 300 25 60

Rough and average machining: tolerances ≥ 0.1mm 300 22 60

Precision machining, grinding: tolerances < 0.1mm 500 19 60

Scribing, inspection 750 19 60

Wire and pipe drawing shops, cold forming 300 25 60

Plate machining: thickness ≥ 5mm 200 26 60

Sheet metalwork: thickness < 5mm 300 22 60

Tool making, cutting equipment manufacture 750 19 60

Assembly

• Rough 200 25 80• Medium 300 25 80

• Fine 500 22 80

• Precision 750 19 80

Galvanising 300 25 80

Surface preparation and painting 750 25 80

Tool, template and jig making, precision mechanics, micromechanics 750 25 80

Paper and paper goods

Edge runners, pulp mills 200 25 80

Paper manufacture and processing, paper and corrugating machines, cardboard manufacture 300 25 80

Standard bookbinding work e.g. folding, sorting, gluing, cutting, embossing, sewing 500 22 80



16/252



UGR L

R a

Power stations

Fuel supply plant 50 - 20

Boiler house 100 28 40

Machine halls 200 25 80

Side rooms e.g. pump rooms, condenser rooms, etc., switchboards (inside buildings) 200 25 60Control rooms 500 16 80

Outdoor switch gear 20 - 20

Printers

Cutting, gilding, embossing, block engraving, work on stones and platens, printing machines,matrix making

500 19 80

Paper sorting and hand printing 500 19 80

Type setting, retouching, lithography 1000 19 80

Colour inspection in multicoloured printing 1500 16 90

Steel and copper engraving 2000 16 80

Rolling mills, iron and steel works

Production plants without manual operation 50 - 20Production plants with occasional manual operation 150 28 40

Production plants with continuous manual operation 200 25 80

Slab store 50 - 20

Furnaces 200 25 20

Mill train, coiler, shear line 300 25 40

Control platforms, control panels 300 22 80

Test, measurement and inspection 500 22 80

Underfloor man-sized tunnels, belt sections, cellars, etc. 50 - 20

Textile manufacture and processing

Work places and zones in baths, bale opening 200 25 60

Carding, washing, ironing, devilling machine work, drawing, combing, sizing, card cutting,pre-spinning, jute and hemp spinning 300 22 80

Spinning, plying, reeling, winding 500 22 80

Warping, weaving, braiding, knitting 500 22 80

Sewing, fine knitting, taking up stitches 750 22 80

Manual design, drawing patterns 750 22 90

Finishing, dyeing 500 22 80

Drying room 100 28 60

Automatic fabric printing 500 25 80

Burling, picking, trimming 1000 19 80

Colour inspection, fabric control 1000 16 90

Invisible mending 1500 19 90Hat manufacturing 500 22 80

Vehicle construction

Body work and assembly 500 22 80

Painting, spraying chamber, polishing chamber 750 22 80

Painting, touch-up, inspection 1000 19 90

Upholstery manufacture (manned) 1000 19 80

Final inspection 1000 19 80

Wood working and processing

Automatic processing e.g. drying, plywood manufacturing 50 28 40

Steam pits 150 28 40

Saw frame 300 25 60

Work at joiners bench, gluing, assembly 300 25 80



17/252




UGR L

R a

Polishing, painting, fancy joinery 750 22 80

Work on wood working machines e.g. turning, fluting, dressing, rebating, grooving, cutting,sawing, sinking

500 19 80

Selection of veneer woods 750 22 90

Marquetry, inlay work 750 22 90Quality control, inspection 1000 19 90

Offices

Offices

Filing, copying, etc. 300 19 80

Writing, typing, reading, data processing 500 19 80

Technical drawing 750 16 80

CAD work stations 500 19 80

Conference and meeting rooms 500 19 80

Reception desk 300 22 80

Archives 200 25 80

Retail premises

Retail premises

Sales area 300 22 80

Till area 500 19 80

Wrapper table 500 19 80

Places of public assembly

General areas

Entrance halls 100 22 80

Cloakrooms 200 25 80

Lounges 200 22 80

Ticket offices 300 22 80Restaurants and hotels

Reception/cashier desk, porters desk 300 22 80

Kitchen 500 22 80

Restaurant, dining room, function room - - 80

Self-service restaurant 200 22 80

Buffet 300 22 80

Conference rooms 500 19 80

Corridors 100 25 80

Theatres, concert halls, cinemas

Practice rooms, dressing rooms 300 22 80

Trade fairs, exhibition hallsGeneral lighting 300 22 80

Libraries

Bookshelves 200 19 80

Reading area 500 19 80

Counters 500 19 80

Public car parks (indoor)

In/out ramps (during the day) 300 25 20

In/out ramps (at night) 75 25 20

Traffic lanes 75 25 20

Parking areas 75 - 20

Ticket office 300 19 80


18/252



UGR L

R a

Educational premises

Nursery school, play school

Play room 300 19 80

Nursery 300 19 80

Handicraft room 300 19 80Educational buildings

Classrooms, tutorial rooms 300 19 80

Classroom for evening classes and adult education 500 19 80

Lecture hall 500 19 80

Black board 500 19 80

Demonstration table 500 19 80

Art rooms 500 19 80

Art rooms in art schools 750 19 90

Technical drawing rooms 750 16 80

Practical rooms and laboratories 500 19 80

Handicraft rooms 500 19 80Teaching workshop 500 19 80

Music practice rooms 300 19 80

Computer practice rooms (menu driven) 300 19 80

Language laboratory 300 19 80

Preparation rooms and workshops 500 22 80

Entrance halls 200 22 80

Circulation areas, corridors 100 25 80

Stairs 150 25 80

Student common rooms and assembly halls 200 22 80

Teachers rooms 300 19 80

Library: bookshelves 200 19 80Library: reading areas 500 19 80

Stock rooms for teaching materials 100 25 80

Sports halls, gymnasiums, swimming pools (general use) 300 22 80

School canteens 200 22 80

Kitchen 500 22 80

Health care premises 500 22 80

Rooms for general use 750 22 80

Waiting rooms 200 22 80

Corridors (during the day) 200 22 80

Corridors (at night) 50 22 80

Day rooms 200 22 80Staff rooms

Staff office 500 19 80

Staff rooms 300 19 80

Wards, maternity wards

General lighting 100 19 80

Reading lighting 300 19 80

Simple examinations 300 19 80

Examination and treatment 1000 19 90

Night lighting, observation lighting 5 - 80

Bathrooms and toilets for patients 200 22 80



19/252



UGR L

R a

Examination rooms (general)General lighting 500 19 90Examination and treatment 1000 19 90Eye examination rooms

General lighting 300 19 80Examination of the outer eye 1000 - 90Reading and colour vision tests with vision charts 500 16 90Ear examination rooms 750 22 80General lighting 300 19 80Ear examination 1000 - 90Scanner roomsGeneral lighting 300 19 80Scanners with image enhancers and television systems 50 19 80Delivery roomsGeneral lighting 300 19 80Examination and treatment 1000 19 80

Treatment rooms (general)Dialysis 500 19 80Dermatology 500 19 90Endoscopy rooms 300 19 80Plaster rooms 500 19 80Medical baths 300 19 80Massage and radiotherapy 300 19 80Operating areasPre-op and recovery rooms 500 19 90Operating theatre 1000 19 90Intensive care unitGeneral lighting 100 19 90

Simple examinations 300 19 90Examination and treatment 1000 19 90Night watch 20 19 90Dentists 200 25 80General lighting 500 19 90At the patient 1000 - 90Operating cavity 5000 - 90White teeth matching 5000 - 90Laboratories and pharmaciesGeneral lighting 500 19 80Colour inspection 1000 19 90Decontamination rooms 300 22 80

Sterilisation rooms 300 22 80Disinfection rooms 300 22 80Autopsy rooms and mortuaries

General lighting 500 19 90

Autopsy table and dissecting table 5000 - 90



20/252



UGR L

R a

Transportation areas 300 22 80AirportsArrival and departure halls, baggage claim areas 200 22 80Connecting areas, escalators, travolators 150 22 80

Information desks, check-in desks 500 19 80Customs and passport control desks 500 19 80Waiting areas 200 22 80Luggage store rooms 200 25 80Security check areas 300 19 80Air traffic control tower 500 16 80Testing and repair hangers 500 22 80Measuring areas in hangers 500 22 80Railway installationsCovered platforms and passenger subways 50 28 40Ticket hall and concourse 200 28 40Ticket and luggage offices and counters 300 19 80

Waiting rooms 200 22 80



21/252


Type of area, task or activity Em

R a Uo GR L

General circulation areas

Walkways exclusively for pedestrians 5 20 0.25 50Traffic areas for slowly moving vehicles (max 10km/h) e.g. bicycles, trucksand excavators

10 20 0.40 50

Regular vehicle traffic (max 40km/h) 20 20 0.40 45Pedestrian passages, vehicle turning, loading and unloading points 50 20 0.40 50

Airports

Hanger apron 20 20 0.10 55

Terminal apron 30 40 0.20 50

Loading areas 50 40 0.20 50

Fuel depot 50 40 0.40 50

Aircraft maintenance stands 200 60 0.50 45

Building sites

General lighting at building sites 50 20

Clearance, excavation and loading 20 20 0.25 55

Drain pipes mounting, transport, auxiliary and storage tasks 50 20 0.40 50

Framework element mounting, light reinforcement work, wooden mould andframework mounting, electric piping and cabling

100 40 0.40 45

Element jointing, demanding electrical, machine and pipe mountings 200 40 0.50 45

Canals, locks and harbours

Waiting quays at canals and locks 10 20 0.25 50

Gangways and passages exclusively for pedestrians, waiting areas 10 20 0.25 50

Outport embankment ballasting at canals and locks 20 20 0.25 55

Lock control area 20 20 0.25 55

Cargo handling, loading and unloading 50 20 0.25 55

Passenger areas in passenger harbours 50 20 0.40 50Coupling of hoses, pipes and ropes 50 20 0.40 50

Dangerous part of walkways and driveways (see also parking areas) 50 20 0.40 45

Farms

Farm yard 20 20 0.10 55

Equipment shed (open) 50 20 0.20 55

Animals sorting pen 50 20 0.20 45

Fuel filling service stations

Vehicle parking and storage areas 5 20 0.25 50

Entry and exit driveways – dark environment 20 20 0.40 45

Entry and exit driveways – light environment (i.e. urban) 50 20 0.40 45

Air pressure and water checking points and other service areas 150 20 0.40 45

Meter reading area 150 20 0.40 45

Industrial sites and storage areas 500 80

Short term handling of large units and raw materials, loading and unloading ofsolid bulk goods

20 20 0.25 55

Continuous handling of large units and raw materials, loading and unloading offreight, lifting and descending location for cranes, open loading platforms

50 20 0.40 50

Reading of addresses, covered loading platforms, use of tools, ordinaryreinforcement and casting tasks in concrete plants

100 20 0.50 45

Demanding electrical, machine and piping installations, inspection 200 60 0.50 45

4.2 Outdoor workplaces


22/252



R a Uo GR L

Off-shore gas and oil structures

Drill floor and monkey board 300 40 0.50 40Rotary table 500 40 0.50 40

Regular vehicle traffic (max 40km/h) 20 20 0.40 45

Pedestrian passages, vehicle turning, loading and unloading points 50 20 0.40 50Derrick 100 40 0.50 45

Mud sampling room 300 40 0.50 40

Test station, shale shaker, wellhead 200 40 0.50 45

Process areas

Pumping areas 200 20 0.50 45

Crude oil pumps 300 40 0.50 45

Treatment areas 100 40 0.50 45

Ladders, stairs, walkways 100 20 0.25 45

Plant areas 300 40 0.50 40

Boat landing areas transport areas 100 20 0.25 50

Life boat areas 200 20 0.40 50Sea surface below the rig 30 20 0.25 50Helideck 100 20 0.40 45

Parking lots

Light traffic e.g. parking areas of shops, schools, churches, terracedand apartment houses

5 20 0.25 55

Medium traffic e.g. parking areas of department stores, office buildings, sportsand multipurpose building complexes

10 20 0.25 50

Heavy traffic e.g. parking areas of major shopping centres, major sports andmultipurpose building complexes

20 20 0.25 50

Petrochemical and other hazardous industriesHandling of servicing tools, utilisation of manually regulated valves, starting and

stopping motors, lighting of burners20 20 0.25 55

Filling and emptying of container trucks and wagons with risk free substances,inspection of leakage, piping and packing

50 20 0.40 50

Filling and emptying of container trucks and wagons with dangerous substances,replacements of pump packing, general service work, reading of instruments

100 40 0.40 45

Repair of machines and electrical devices 200 60 0.50 45

Fuel loading and unloading sites 100 20 0.40 45

Power, electricity, gas and heat plants

Pedestrian movements within electrically safe areas 5 20 0.25 50

Handling of servicing tools, coal 20 20 0.25 55

Overall inspection 50 20 0.40 50

General servicing work and reading of instruments 100 40 0.40 45

Wind tunnels – servicing and maintenance 100 40 0.40 45

Repair of electric devices 200 60 0.50 45

Railway areas

Open platforms - small stations, rural and local trains 15 20 0.25 50

Open platforms - medium size stations, suburban and regional trains 20 20 0.40 45

Open platforms - large stations, inter-city services 50 20 0.40 45

Covered platforms - medium size stations, suburban and regional trains 50 40 0.40 45

Covered platforms - large stations, inter-city services 100 40 0.50 45

Stairs - small and medium size stations 50 40 0.40 45

Stairs - large stations 100 40 0.50 45

Walkways 20 20 0.40 50

4.2 Outdoor workplaces (continued)


23/252



R a Uo GR L

Freight areasFreight track – short duration operations 10 20 0.25 50Freight track – continuous operation 20 20 0.40 50

Open platforms 20 20 0.40 50

Covered platform – short duration operations 50 20 0.40 45Covered platform – continuous operation 100 40 0.50 45

Railway yards handling areas 30 20 0.40 50

Railway yards – flat marshalling, retarder and classification yards 10 20 0.40 50

Hump areas 10 20 0.40 45

Wagon inspection pit 100 40 0.50 40

Coupling area 30 20 0.40 45

Tracks in passenger station areas, including stabling 10 20 0.25 50

Servicing trains and locomotives 20 40 0.40 50

Level crossings 20 20 0.40 45

Saw mills

Timber handling on land and in water, sawdust and chip conveyors 20 20 0.25 55Sorting of timber on land or in water, timber unloading points and sawn timberloading points, mechanical lifting to timber conveyor

50 20 0.40 50

Reading of addresses and marking of sawn timber 100 40 0.40 45

Grading and packaging 200 40 0.50 45

Feeding into stripping and chopping machines 300 40 0.50 45

Shipyards and docks

Short term handling of large units 20 20 0.25 55

Cleaning of ship hull 50 20 0.25 50

Painting and welding of ship hull 100 60 0.40 45

Mounting of electrical and mechanical components 200 60 0.50 45

General lighting of shipyard area, storage areas for prefabricated goods 20 40 0.25 55

Water and sewage plantsHandling of service tools, utilisation of manually operated valves, starting andstopping of motors, piping packing and raking plants

50 20 0.40 45

Handling of chemicals, inspection of leakage, changing of pumps,general servicing work, reading of instruments

100 40 0.40 45

Repair of motors and electric devices 200 60 0.50 45

4.2 Outdoor workplaces (continued)


24/252


4.3 Sports

This table contains lighting recommendations for a variety of

sports. Lighting requirements may differ according to the levelof competition of a sport, and therefore requirements are shownfor different lighting classes. There are three lighting classes:

Class I Top level competition that will generally involve alarge amount of spectators and may involve longviewing distances

Class II Medium level competition that will generally involvea medium amount of spectators and may involvemedium viewing distances. Professional level training

may also be class II.Class III Low level competition that will generally involve small

amounts

Level of competition Lighting Class I II III

International or national 3

Regional3

3

Local 3 3 3

Training 3 3

Recreational/education 3

Type of area, task or activity Class Em

R a Uo GR L

Aerobics (recreational) 200 20 0.50Archery (lane/target) 200/Ev 750 60 0.5/0.8

Athletics (indoor)

Class I 500 60 0.70

Class II 300 60 0.60

Class III 200 20 0.50

Athletics (outdoor, all disciplines)

Class I 500 60 0.70 50

Class II 200 60 0.50 55

Class III 100 20 0.50 55

Badminton

Class I 750 60 0.70

Class II 500 60 0.70

Class III 300 20 0.70


25/252



R a Uo GR L

Basketball (indoor)Class I 750 60 0.70

Class II 500 60 0.70

Class III 200 20 0.50

BasketballClass I 500 60 0.70 50

Class II 200 60 0.60 50

Class III 75 20 0.50 55

Billiards

Class I 750 80 0.80

Class II 500 80 0.80

Class III 500 80 0.80

Boccia (indoor)

Class I 300 60 0.70

Class II 200 60 0.70

Class III 200 20 0.50Boccia (outdoor)

Class I 200 60 0.70 50

Class II 100 20 0.70 50

Class III 50 20 0.50 55

Boules (indoor)

Class I 300 60 0.70

Class II 200 60 0.70

Class III 200 20 0.50

Boules (outdoor)

Class I 200 60 0.70 50Class II 100 20 0.70 50

Class III 50 20 0.50 55

10 pin/9 pin bowling

Lanes 200 60 0.50

Pins 25m lane Ev 1000 0.80

Pins 50m lane Ev 2000 0.80

Boxing

Class I 2000 80 0.80

Class II 1000 80 0.80

Class III 500 60 0.50

ClimbingClass I 750 60 0.70

Class II 500 60 0.70

Class III 300 20 0.50

Cricket (infield/outfield)

Class I 750/500 60 0.70 50

Class II 500/300 60 0.70 50

Class III 300/200 20 0.70 55

Cricket nets

Class I 1500 60 0.80 50

Class II 1000 60 0.80 50

Class III 750 20 0.80 55


26/252



R a Uo GR L

Curling (target / playing area) 300/200 0.70 0.70

Cycling (indoor) 50

Class I 750 60 0.70

Class II 500 60 0.70

Class III 200 20 0.50Cycling (outdoor)

Class I 500 60 0.70 50

Class II 300 60 0.70 50

Class III 100 20 0.50 55

Dancing

Class I 500 60 0.70

Class II 300 60 0.60

Class III 200 20 0.50

Darts

Class I Eh 200/Ev 750 60

Class II Eh 100/Ev 500 60Class III Eh 50/Ev 300 20

Fencing 750 60

Class I Eh 750/Ev 500 60 0.70

Class II Eh 500/Ev 300 60 0.70

Class III Eh 300/Ev 200 20 0.70

Football (indoor)

Class I 750 60 0.70

Class II 500 60 0.70

Class III 200 20 0.50

Football (outdoor)

Class I 500 60 0.70 50Class II 200 60 0.60 50

Class III 75 20 0.50 55

Gymnastics

Class I 500 60 0.70

Class II 300 60 0.60

Class III 200 20 0.50

Handball (indoor)

Class I 750 60 0.70

Class II 500 60 0.70

Class III 200 20 0.50

Handball (outdoor)Class I 500 60 0.70 50

Class II 200 60 0.60 50

Class III 75 20 0.50 55

Hockey (indoor)

Class I 750 60 0.70

Class II 500 60 0.70

Class III 300 20 0.70

Hockey (outdoor)

Class I 500 60 0.70 50

Class II 200 60 0.70 50

Class III 200 20 0.70 55


27/252



R a Uo GR L

Ice hockey (indoor)

Class I 750 60 0.70

Class II 500 60 0.70

Class III 300 20 0.70

Ice hockey (outdoor)Class I 750 60 0.70

Class II 500 60 0.70

Class III 200 20 0.50

Ice skating

Class I 750 60 0.70

Class II 500 60 0.70

Class III 300 20 0.70

Judo

Class I 750 60 0.70

Class II 500 60 0.70

Class III 200 20 0.50Kendo / Karate

Class I 750 60 0.70

Class II 500 60 0.70

Class III 200 20 0.50

Netball (indoor)

Class I 750 60 0.70

Class II 500 60 0.70

Class III 200 20 0.50

Netball (outdoor)

Class I 500 60 0.70 50

Class II 200 60 0.60 50Class III 75 20 0.50 55

Petanque (indoor)

Class I 300 60 0.70

Class II 200 60 0.70

Class III 200 20 0.50

Petanque (outdoor)

Class I 200 60 0.70 50

Class II 100 20 0.70 50

Class III 50 20 0.50 55

Racketball

Class I 750 60 0.70Class II 500 60 0.70

Class III 300 20 0.70

Roller skating

Class I 500 60 0.70

Class II 300 60 0.60

Class III 200 20 0.50

School sports

Class I 750 60 0.70

Class II 500 60 0.70

Class III 200 20 0.50


28/252



R a Uo GR L

Shooting (lane/target) 200/Ev 750 60 0.5/0.8

Snooker

Class I 750 80 0.80

Class II 500 80 0.80

Class III 500 80 0.80Speed skating

Class I 500 60 0.70

Class II 300 60 0.60

Class III 200 20 0.50

Squash

Class I 750 60 0.70

Class II 500 60 0.70

Class III 300 20 0.70

Swimming

Class I 500 60 0.70

Class II 300 60 0.70Class III 200 20 0.50

Table tennis

Class I 750 60 0.70

Class II 500 60 0.70

Class III 300 20 0.70

Tennis (indoor)

Class I 750 60 0.70

Class II 500 60 0.70

Class III 300 20 0.50

Tennis (outdoor)

Class I 500 60 0.70 50Class II 300 60 0.70 50

Class III 200 20 0.60 55

Weight lifting

Class I 750 60 0.70

Class II 500 60 0.70

Class III 200 20 0.50

Wrestling

Class I 750 60 0.70

Class II 500 60 0.70

Class III 200 20 0.50


29/252


4.4 Emergency

Illuminance limits (CEN 1838:1999 and CIE S 020/E:2007)

Disability glare limits (CEN 1838:1999 and CIE S 020/E:2007)

Description of space Illuminance limits (lux) Diversity limits(Imin / Imax)

Escape route Along centre line ≥ 1.0lxIn central band ≥ 0.5lx

0.025 (1:40)

Open area Across area≥

0.5lx 0.025 (1:40)High risk task area ≥ 10% maintained level but not less than15.0lx 0.1 (1:10)

Mounting height abovefloor level

H in m

Escape route and open area (antipanic) lighting maximum luminous

intensity Imax

in cd

High risk task arealighting maximumluminous intensity

Imax

in cd

H < 2.5 500 1000

2.5 ≤ H < 3.0 900 1800

3.0 ≤ H < 3.5 1600 3200

3.5 ≤ H < 4.0 2500 5000

4.0 ≤ H < 4.5 3500 7000

4.5 ≤ H 5000 10000

For escape routes and open areas response times and durationsare; CEN 1838:199950% of the required illuminance within 5s, and 100% within60s with a minimum duration of 1 hour CIE S 020/E:2007

50% of the required illuminance within 20s, and 100% within60s (if the visual task or risk to people requires a shorterresponse time then it should be shortened to 50% of therequired illuminance within 5s) with a minimum duration of1 hour (if the visual task or risk to people requires a longerduration then it should be extended to 3 hours)

For high risk task areas response times and durations are; CEN 1838:1999Either 100% required illuminance permanently or within 0.5s,

depending upon the application with a minimum durationcovering the time the risk exists CIE S 020/E:2007Either 100% required illuminance permanently or within 0.5s,depending upon the application with a minimum duration of1 hour

Note that these values may differ across countries. For example; UK (CEN 1838:1999) Escape route along centre line ≥ 0.2lx in central band ≥ 0.1lx


30/252


Escape route and open area duration may be extended from5s to 15s in premises for the most part likely to be occupied bypersons who are familiar with them France (CEN 1838:1999) Certified luminaires only may be used On escape routes maximum spacing of luminaires is 15m

For open areas 5lm/m2 (luminaire lumens) is required andluminaires may not be spaced more than 4 times their mountingheight apart, with a minimum of 2 luminaires per room

Therefore, whilst these values may be used for guidance localregulations should be consulted.

4.5 Roads

For road lighting the lighting criteria are selected dependantupon the class of road being lit. The class has a range ofsub-classes, from the strictest to the most relaxed, and these arechosen dependant upon factors, such as typical speed of users,typical volumes of traffic flow, difficulty of the navigational task,etc. The basic lighting classes are defined as:

ME This class is intended for users of motorised vehicles ontraffic routes. In some countries this class also applies toresidential roads. Traffic speeds are medium to high.

The ME classes go from ME1 to ME6, with ME1 defining

the strictest requirements. For wet road conditions theMEW classes go from MEW1 to MEW6.

Luminance

Lm

U0

UL

SR TIME1 ≥ 2.0 cd/m2 ≥ 0.40 ≥ 0.70 ≥ 0.50 ≤ 10%ME2 ≥ 1.5 cd/m2 ≥ 0.40 ≥ 0.70 ≥ 0.50 ≤ 10%

ME3A ≥ 1.0 cd/m2 ≥ 0.40 ≥ 0.70 ≥ 0.50 ≤ 15%

ME3B ≥ 1.0 cd/m2 ≥ 0.40 ≥ 0.60 ≥ 0.50 ≤ 15%

ME3C ≥ 1.0 cd/m2 ≥ 0.40 ≥ 0.50 ≥ 0.50 ≤ 15%

ME4A ≥

0.75 cd/m2

≥

0.40 ≥

0.60 ≥

0.60 ≤

15%ME4B ≥ 0.75 cd/m2 ≥ 0.40 ≥ 0.50 ≥ 0.50 ≤ 15%

ME5 ≥ 0.50 cd/m2 ≥ 0.35 ≥ 0.40 ≥ 0.50 ≤ 15%

ME6 ≥ 0.3 cd/m2 ≥ 0.35 ≥ 0.40 ≥ 0.50 ≤ 15%

MEW1D ≥ 2.0 cd/m2 ≥ 0.40 ≥ 0.60 ≥ 0.50 ≤ 10%

MEW1W - ≥ 0.15 - ≥ 0.50 -

MEW2D ≥ 1.5 cd/m2 ≥ 0.40 ≥ 0.60 ≥ 0.50 ≤ 10%

MEW2W - ≥ 0.15 - ≥ 0.50 -

MEW3D ≥ 1.0 cd/m2 ≥ 0.40 ≥ 0.60 ≥ 0.50 ≤ 15%

MEW3W - ≥ 0.15 - ≥ 0.50 -

MEW4D ≥ 0.75 cd/m2 ≥ 0.40 - ≥ 0.50 ≤ 15%

MEW4W - ≥ 0.15 - ≥ 0.50 -

MEW5D ≥ 0.5 cd/m2 ≥ 0.35 - ≥ 0.50 ≤ 15%

MEW5W - ≥ 0.15 - ≥ 0.50 -

KEY Emin - minimum illuminance Em - maintained average illuminance Lm - maintained average luminance Uo - overall uniformity

Ul - longitudinal uniformity TI - threshold increment SR - surround ratio


31/252


Horizontal illuminance

Em

Emin

Uo

CE0 ≥ 50.0 lux - ≥ 0.40CE1 ≥ 30.0 lux - ≥ 0.40

CE2 ≥ 20.0 lux - ≥ 0.40

CE3 ≥ 15.0 lux - ≥ 0.40

CE5 ≥ 7.50 lux - ≥ 0.40

Horizontal illuminance

Em

Emin

Uo

S1 ≥ 15.0 lux; ≤ 22.5 lux ≥ 5.0 lux -S2 ≥ 10.0 lux; ≤ 15.0 lux ≥ 3.0 lux -

S3 ≥ 7.5 lux; ≤ 11.25 lux ≥ 1.5 lux -

S4 ≥ 5.0 lux; ≤ 7.5 lux ≥ 1.0 lux -

S5 ≥ 3.0 lux; ≤4.5 lux ≥ 0.6 lux -

S6 ≥ 2.0 lux; ≤ 3.0 lux ≥ 0.6 lux -

Hemispherical illuminance

Em

Uo

A1 ≥ 5.0 lux ≥ 0.15A2 ≥ 3.0 lux ≥ 0.15

A3 ≥ 2.0 lux ≥ 0.15

A4 ≥ 1.5 lux ≥ 0.15

A5 ≥ 1.0 lux ≥ 0.15

Semi-cylindrical illuminance

Emin

ES1 ≥ 10.0 luxES2 ≥ 7.5 lux

ES3 ≥ 5.0 lux

ES4 ≥ 3.0 lux

ES5 ≥ 2.0 lux

ES6 ≥ 1.5 lux

ES7 ≥ 1.0 lux

ES8 ≥ 0.75 lux

ES9 ≥ 0.50 lux

Vertical illuminance

Emin

EV1 ≥ 50.0 luxEV2 ≥ 30.0 lux

EV3 ≥ 10.0 lux

EV4 ≥

7.5 luxEV5 ≥ 5.0 lux

EV6 ≥ 0.5 lux

CE This class is intended for users of motorised vehicles inconflict areas such as road intersections, roundabouts,etc. These areas also allow provision for cyclists andpedestrians.The CE classes go from CE0 to CE5, with CE0 definingthe strictest requirements.

S This class is intended for cyclists and pedestrians onfootpaths, cycle paths, residential roads, pedestrianstreets, parking areas, etc. The S class and the A class arefor similar situations, but the S class criteria are definedin terms of horizontal illuminance as preferred by certaincountries.

The S classes go from S1 to S6, with S1 defining the

strictest requirements.

A This class is intended for cyclists and pedestrians onfootpaths, cycle paths, residential roads, pedestrianstreets, parking areas, etc. The A class and the S class arefor similar situations but the A class criteria are defined interms of hemispherical illuminance as preferred by certaincountries.The A classes go from A1 to A5, with A1 defining the

strictest requirements.

ES This class is an extension of the A and S classes for thosesituations where the identification of people or objectsis particularly necessary, for example in high crimerisk areas. The criteria are in terms of semi-cylindricalilluminance and are used in addition to the S or A classcriteria.

The ES classes go from ES1 to ES9, with ES1 defining thestrictest requirements.

EV This class is an extension of the CE, A and S classesfor those situations requiring good visibility of verticalsurfaces, for example toll booths. The criteria are in termsof vertical illuminance and are used in addition to the CE,S or A class criteria.The EV classes go from EV1 to EV6, with EV1 defining thestrictest requirements.


32/252


Recommended lighting levels

When lighting adjacent areas there should not be a difference

greater than two comparable classes between the areas, withthe area with the highest recommended lighting level beingtaken as the reference area.

To help apply this when adjacent area are lit to different lightingclasses the table below shows lighting classes for comparablelighting levels.

Lighting classes of comparable lighting level

In some countries there is a preference for a particularmeasure of illuminance over others (for example hemisphericalilluminance in preference to horizontal illuminance). Thefollowing two tables show comparable alternative lightingclasses to aid in designing to local preferences.

A class (hemispherical illuminance) compared to S class (horizontal illuminance)

ES class (semi-cylindrical illuminance) and EV class (vertical illuminance) compared to CE and S class(horizontal illuminance)

ME1 ME2 ME3 ME4 ME5 ME6MEW1 MEW2 MEW3 MEW4 MEW5

CE0 CE1 CE2 CE3 CE4 CE5S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6

Reference class S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6

Alternative class A1 A2 A3 A4 A5

Reference classCE0 CE1 CE2 CE3

S1CE4S2

CE5S3 S4 S5 S6

Alternative classES1 ES2

EV3ES3EV4

ES4EV5

ES5 ES6 ES7 ES8 ES9


33/252


4.6 Amenity

There is little standardised information for lighting requirements

in amenity areas, and therefore this information should beconsidered guidance. Local standards and regulations shouldbe checked to ensure compliance.

Lighting classes for pedestrian areas in urban centres (see road section above)

Pedestrian zones

Lighting levels for underground, multi-storey and outdoor car parks zones

Traffic flow pedestrians

Normal High

Environmental zone Environmental zone

E3 E4 E3 E4

Pedestrian only traffic CE3 CE2 CE2 CE1Mixed pedestrian and vehicular traffic CE2 CE1 CE1 CE1

Area

Em

(lux)E

minimum

(lux)Diversity (E

min/E

max )

Pedestrian precincts 5.0 - 0.08

Squares/open areas 5.0 - 0.10

Squares (high pedestrian use) 10.0 - 0.10

Level footpaths - 1.0

Footpaths with steps - 5.0 -

Outdoor staircase 15.0 - 0.30

Underpass 60.0 - 0.30

Type Area Em(lux) Eminimum(lux)

Underground and multi-storeyexcluding roof level

Parking bays, access area 75 50

Ramps, corners, intersections 150 75

Entrance/exit zones (vehicular) 75 night300 day

-

Pedestrian areas, stairs, lifts 100 50

Outdoor and multi-storey rooflevel

60.0 -

Rural zones E1 and E2 15 5

Urban zones E3 and E4 30 10

Multi-storey roof level 30 10


34/252


4.7 Tunnel

For guidance on tunnel lighting you should also refer to section

6.6 on road tunnel lighting.

Glare restriction

Traffic flow classification

Interior zone average luminance levels (Lav

)

Time of day Threshold zone Interior zone Exit zone

Day-time TI


35/252


4.8 Lighting scheme surveys

When a lighting scheme has been designed and installed

it is normally necessary to perform a survey as part of thecommissioning process. A survey would also be necessary inthe case of any dispute over the performance of an installation.When performing a survey a grid of points is generallyplaced over the area to be surveyed. These grid points are themeasurement points at which a reading of light will be taken.

To perform a survey adequate equipment is required. Thisis generally either an illuminance meter or a luminancemeter, dependant upon the criteria used during the designof the installation. It is essential that the equipment used issuitable for the task. It therefore needs to be calibrated, witha current calibration certificate from a competent companywith traceability to national standards. It also needs to have asuitable range of sensitivity to be able to measure the light levelspresent in the installation. So to measure emergency light levelsa more sensitive meter would be necessary that could measurelow light levels.

When making a scheme survey it is essential to keep acomplete and accurate record of the state of the whole

installation at the time of the survey, which is the lightingequipment and the space the lighting is in. (Photographs are avaluable addition to a written record.) Examples of informationof note are:

With regard to the measuring equipment− Type of meter, manufacturer, model, serial number and

calibration date− Details of any additional equipment, such as tripods, tape

measures, etc. should be noted

With regard to the luminaires− The luminaire manufacturer and manufacturers’ code− Details of the lamps (number, type and age)− The supply voltage (value and stability)− The state of maintenance of the installation (lamps and

luminaires)− Details of luminaire control systems being used− Geometric details of the luminaire positioning


36/252


With regard to the space− The condition of reflective surfaces− The surface reflectances− The presence of any significant obstructions− The presence/absence of daylight, including a

background reading of luminance/illuminance withdaylight only (luminaires turned off). Note that the quantityof daylight may vary significantly over time so ideallydaylight should be excluded from measurements of electriclight unless the aim is to measure a constant illuminanceinstallation (daylight control)

− The ambient temperature in the space

− Any other factors which could influence the measurementBefore taking any measurements it is important that the outputof the luminaires is stable. Therefore the lighting should ideallybe operated for one hour before taking any measurements, andat least 30 minutes. Additionally to ensure the stability of themeter photocell it should be exposed to the stable light levels forapproximately five minutes before taking any measurements.

When defining a measurement grid this is dependant upon theapplication being surveyed.

Interior measurement gridsFrequently for sports lighting the grid definition is defined bythe sports governing body, so for an indoor sports facility anyrequirements specific to a particular sport should be used.However, if no specific requirements exist, or the installationis not a sports facility, the measurement points for verificationof the design should be in the same location and plane asthe calculation points used during the design. Therefore, if ameasurement plane was calculated which was tilted to mimicthe orientation of the task, the same measurement plane shouldbe used for verification.

Note that during design it should be ensured that the gridspacing does not coincide with the spacing of the luminairesin the installation as this can distort the calculated results, andtherefore the scheme performance.


37/252


Exterior measurement grids – sports and areaFrequently for sports lighting the grid definition is defined bythe sports governing body, so any requirements specific toa particular sport should be used. However, if no specificrequirements exist, or the installation is not a sports facility, themeasurement points for verification of the design should be inthe same location and plane as the calculation points usedduring the design. Therefore, if a measurement plane wascalculated which was tilted to mimic the orientation of the task,the same measurement plane should be used for verification.

Exterior measurement grids – road

For road lighting the grid is normally defined in the relevantstandard and is generally related to the spacing of the roadlighting lanterns. Therefore the relevant standard should bereferenced for the grid definition which should be the same asthe grid used for calculation during design.

When marking the measurement grid in the area to bemeasured the method of marking is dependant upon themeasurements to be taken. When measuring illuminancesmall markers (such as sticky dots) may be placed upon the

surface to show the measurement point. However whenmeasuring luminance this would invalidate the reading and sofor luminance readings markings should be used to sight theluminance meter, and then moved before the reading is taken.When taking luminance readings in a road lighting installationthe position of the meter will be a significant distance from themeasurement point. This has two implications:− The luminance meter must be able to restrict the angle of

measurement to allow only the relevant grid position to bemeasured, typically to two minutes of arc in the vertical

plane and 20 minutes of arc in the horizontal plane.− The grid markings must be visible from a large distance.

Therefore three-dimensional objects should be used tomark the grid points and removed individually as eachgrid point is measured.

The method of marking out the grid should be recorded withdetails of equipment used and fixed reference points usedto locate the grid. To record the measured values a diagramshould be used to assign reference numbers to each grid point.

A table of values may then be completed containing the gridreference number and the measured value.


38/252


Some points of note when taking the readings are

− When taking measurements it should be ensured thatno additional shadowing is introduced due to themeasurement technique.

− When taking measurements it is advisable to wear darkmatt clothing to prevent light reflecting from clothing ontothe photocell, giving abnormally high readings. However,if safety requirements require high visibility clothing,care should be taken to minimise light reflection onto thephotocell.

− The use of a tripod is advisable, especially for luminance

readings or readings using heavy equipment.− For measurement grids that are not at ground level the use

of a stand, at the correct height and orientation for the taskplane, can help ensure a photocell is correctly positionedat a measurement position.

− It is good practice to measure the background light levelswithout the lighting installation turned on. Even moonlightcan have a noticeable effect on light levels. Also to takethese measurements after measuring the installation withthe lights turned on, as the background light levels mayvary considerably during the warm-up time for the lighting.

− When measuring horizontal illuminance it cannot beassumed that the ground is horizontal, especially inoutdoor applications. Care must be taken to ensurethe photocell is horizontal, even if this is not a truerepresentation of the ground.

− Correction factors should be applied to readings tocompensate for the lamp type used in the schemes.However, highly coloured or monochromatic light sources

will give erroneous readings using conventional lightmeters.


39/252

Applications and Techniques | 39

5 Applications and Techniques

5.1 General Considerations

The application of the right light is paramount in

lighting design. The simple golden rule for designconsiderations is to provide the right light to the

right place at the right time. This rule is valid for

all places where lighting for people is needed

so that they can see and perform the visual

tasks efficiently and in comfort. The specific

lighting requirements of people and places

vary according to the type of place, activity

and people involved. The visual tasks can differ

in character, location, size, colour, duration,dynamics and ergonomics. It is very important

to assess these parameters and to formulate the

right design objectives for the specific lighting

application area. Once the task analyses

have been completed and listed the required

lighting design criteria can be selected and the

lighting design process can start. See also the

list of recommendations within the appropriate

lighting application standards referenced in this

book.

This section of the handbook gives an insight to the activitiesand visual tasks found in the various lighting applicationsegments and gives advise on the important points to consider.It recommends the most appropriate lighting design techniquesand suitable lighting solutions. The list of application segmentsis not exhaustive but the main types covered include the lightingof indoor and outdoor industry, offices, education buildings,

super and hypermarkets, roads, amenity areas, architecturalelements and healthcare premises. For each case the lightingtechniques employed should start by considering a holisticapproach to design and should include PEC – performance,efficiency and comfort - attributes and fulfilment. This meansaddressing all the lighting design parameters and balancing therequirements and constraints to yield the best possible solution.In the holistic framework the key elements for considerationare visual function, visual amenity, architectural integration,energy efficiency, installation costs and maintenance. Theindividual elements may not carry equal weight, but they


40/252

| Applications and Techniques40

all need consideration separately and combined with eachother. PEC extends this consideration to include the changinghuman factors and environmental challenges. By fulfilling PECwe ensure that quality lighting will be provided that giveseffective light for visual performance, with high operatingenergy efficiency, be sustainable and kind to the environment,and give people comfort, stimulation and total satisfaction. It iswell proven that good lighting is essential to mankind, withoutthis the human activity will be seriously impaired and valuableenergy and resource will be wasted. It is also important torecognise that this lighting not only illuminates the task but willalso contribute to the quality of the visual environment and

wellbeing of the people.Much of the success of a lighting installation depends onmaking the right decisions at the design stage, selecting theright equipment and providing adequate instructions on howto operate, manage and service the scheme through it’s life.In the section “Specific Techniques” guidance is given ontechniques that are applicable to several application segments.These include, lighting for display screen equipment, lightingfor education, emergency lighting, road and amenity lighting,controlling obtrusive light, lighting for crime prevention, lightingfor health, lighting controls, lighting maintenance and tunnellighting. The consideration of these form an integral part of thedesign process to yield the most appropriate lighting solution.

Applications and Techniques


41/252


HealthcareSection 5.6

Urban –

decorativeroadlighting &amenity areasSection 5.9

EducationSection 5.3

Sports lightingSection 5.11

OfficeSection 5.2

Super/HypermarketSection 5.7

Road lightingSection 5.8

Urban –architecturalfloodlightingSection 5.10

Industry –indoorSection 5.4Industry – outdoorSection 5.5

Fig. 5.1 City plan showing the diversity oflighting needs. This section gives hintson lighting techniques for each of these

application areas, helping the readerto tackle such everyday projects withgreater understanding.


42/252


Techniques

General

Office lighting is a general term that covers many tasks. These tasks can use differentmediums such as paper, computer screen, or involve face-to-face meetings. Additionallythe tasks can vary in content and may be mainly clerical in nature or may be morespecialised such as engineering tasks and CAD work. Points of note are:

Office workers tend to have a sedentary work routine. Therefore they will belooking in essentially the same direction for large amounts of time. Poorlighting can cause various health problems, from headaches due todiscomfort glare to muscle strain due to sitting at an awkward angle to avoid

reflections in computer screens or glossy publications. Care must be taken todesign a lighting installation that minimises discomfort caused by lighting.

A balanced ambience creates a pleasant work environment. Ensuring lightfalls onto the walls and ceiling helps prevent dark surfaces creating anoppressive atmosphere. Generally, ensuring wall lighting levels are 50% ofthe horizontal task lighting level and ceiling levels are 30% of the horizontaltask level will give a good balance. Careful use of wall-washing luminairesand indirect lighting can help produce a positive environment.

Lamps with a colour-rendering index of 80 or more should be used to

enhance visual performance and visual satisfaction.If the positions of the workstations are known and fixed it is more efficient todesign the lighting to supply the correct amount of lighting to the task, but lesslighting to circulation areas. For areas that may be reconfigured lightingcontrols may be used to set the light levels for individual luminaires in an arrayof luminaires to achieve the same effect.

For rooms containing display screen equipment luminaires with suitableoptical control to remove any bright luminance above 65° should be used.

5.2 Office


43/252


Drawing office

Lighting for technical areas is critical to minimise errors. Any error in a drawing could be

costly and potentially dangerous.Although drawing boards are becoming less common some offices do stilluse them. In such cases the lighting should provide adequate light levels overa reasonable range of tilt angles of the board, and be positioned so as tominimise shadowing onto the board.

For CAD workstations luminaires should be chosen which have a minimalluminance at high angles from the downward vertical (e.g. angles close tothe horizontal plane of the luminaire). When using indirect or direct/indirectluminaires care should be taken to ensure that the ceiling luminance is not too

high as this can produce images on the computer screen.

Key luminaires:

Reception desk

Main objective is to provide visitors with a visible first point of contact and employeeswith a transition zone from exterior and interior lighting levels.

Light naturally attracts people so a well lit reception area and reception deskwill help orientate visitors by giving them a visible point of reference.

Luminaires should be placed to help orientation by providing a luminouspathway

Entrances with high ceilings lend themselves to the use of uplighting orsuspended lighting, both of which tend to provide good modelling.

Key luminaires:

Office


44/252


Conference rooms

Main objectives are to ensure that people have adequate light to perform their tasks

(such as reading, writing), that any presentation aids used are clearly visible, and thatmodelling is suitable to allow good communication between people.

A good vertical illuminance component should exist to aid the visibility ofwall-displays and improve modelling. Moderately strong modelling isdesirable for formal communication, whilst softer modelling is more suitablefor informal or close contact. Modelling is of special importance in areasthat may be used by people with special needs who may utilise lip-readingor signing.

Specialised lighting for whiteboards may be installed to ensure good visibility

for all participants. These luminaires should not cause glare for the user of thewhiteboard and should be positioned to minimise shadowing during use. Ifaudio-visual projectors are used the luminaires should not impede theprojector beam and cause shadowing.

Flexible luminaire controls should be employed to allow the use of projectorsor other audio-visual equipment and to set a luminous environment suitable forthe meeting purpose.

Key luminaires:

General office

Main objective is to ensure that people have adequate light to perform their tasks quickly

and accurately without any stress or strain caused by poor light levels or poorlypositioned lighting causing visual disability or discomfort.

Whilst recommendations and standards define suitable lighting levels foroffice based work consideration should also be given to the demands of thetask. For work involving small or complex detail lighting levels required foraccurate working will be higher than those necessary for more general officetasks. If a minority of people in a large office perform these tasks locallighting may be suitable for these workers.

Office


45/252


Care should be taken when positioning luminaires and workstations to ensurethat the worker does not create shadows on the task. Ensuring that allworkstations are lit by more than one luminaire and from a variety ofdirections can prevent this occurring.

Tasks frequently involve the transfer of paper-based information onto acomputer. In many instances special attachments are used to hold the papernext to the computer screen in a vertical or near vertical orientation. Thereforeit must be ensured that the vertical illuminance is sufficient to allow goodvisibility of the paper-based task.

When writing, typing or reading paper-based material the contrast renderingfactor (CRF) of the task is important. This indicates how effectively the lighting

system minimises unwanted shiny reflections in the task. The CRF is sensitive tothe geometry between the luminaires, task and observer and should either becalculated or measured. If the CRF is too low altering the lighting layout ormoving the location of the task should be considered.

It should be ensured that light levels on the walls are suitable for comfortableuse of notice boards, whiteboards, etc. However, overly aggressive or poorlydesigned lighting of shiny artefacts on the walls (such as whiteboards orglazed pictures) may result in some workers having problems with reflectedglare.

When filing or retrieving information from a storage system it is frequentlynecessary to read information on a vertical surface, such as the front of a drawerof a filing cabinet. Therefore, adequate vertical illuminance levels should beprovided.

Luminaires should be positioned to ensure that the user does not createshadowing over filing systems or copiers when standing in front of them.

Key luminaires:

Office


46/252


Schemes

Office lighting

Scheme: Civil circuit judge court, 7m x 6.5m x 2.8mLuminaire(s) used: 23 MenloSoft 3x24W T16 and 5 Planor 2x24W T16 wall mounted

Workplane: Eav = 569 lux. (1m above floor)

Scheme: Meeting room, 4.4m x 4.4m x 2.8mLuminaire(s) used: 9 Corsa 200 2x26W TC-DDesk: Eav = 468 lux ; Emin/Eav = 0.86

Scheme: Circulation routes, 2.8m wide x 2.8m highLuminaire(s) used: Indi-Quattro 2x36W TC-L on 3mcentresDesk: Eav = 255 lux ; Emin/Eav = 0.41

Scheme: Boardroom, 7m x 6.5m x 2.8mLuminaire(s) used: 12 Corsa 200 2x26W TC-D and 16 Chalice LV 50WDesk: Eav = 479 lux ; Emin/Eav = 0.62

Office


47/252


Recessed MenloSoft luminaires lighting a large open planoffice. The appearance of the luminaire gives a lively feel to theceiling, which might otherwise appear uninteresting. A gooddistribution of light prevents walls appearing dark anduninviting.

Pendant Planor luminaires lighting a small office area.Small offices frequently feel enclosed and cramped. The lightdistribution from the luminaire lights the ceiling and walls,making the space feel larger and more cheerful, and the fittingsseem to float in the space.

Recessed luminaires controlled by the SensaLink system(see Section 6.1). The luminaires have integrated detectorsallowing them to adjust the lighting levels according to theamount of daylight flowing in from the large window on theedge of the office.

Quattro T Line luminaires with reflector optics in a largeopen plan office. This minimises potential problems of thelighting causing reflections in computer screens (see Section6.2) and allows a clean uncluttered feel to the ceiling. Careneeds to be taken to prevent dark walls and ceiling making theroom feel gloomy and uninviting.

Office


48/252


Techniques:

GeneralThe purpose of a school or college building is to provide a facility that aids andpromotes learning for all age groups in a safe and fulfilling environment. The lightingshould support this aim in all teaching and ancillary areas.

Luminaires need to be physically robust, not easily damaged, and easy tomaintain

The ambience of different areas should be suitable for the activity performedthere. For example by treating an art or music room as more than just another

classroom the lighting can contribute to providing an inspiring atmosphere.Additional consideration should be given to any uses of the teaching spacefor extra-curricular activities or adult learning classes. If a large number ofolder students use the space light levels should be suitable, taking intoaccount deterioration of the eye with age.

Emergency lighting will be required in many parts of the building.

Entrance hall

Main objective is to provide visitors with a visible first point of contact and students andstaff with a transition zone from exterior and interior lighting levels.

Light naturally attracts people so a well lit reception area and reception deskwill help orientate visitors by giving them a visible point of reference.


Entrances with high ceilings lend themselves to the use of uplighting orsuspended lighting, both of which tend to provide good modelling.

Key luminaires:

5.3 Education


49/252


Corridors/Staircases

Main objective is to allow students and staff to move around the building safely.

As corridors and staircases are also main exit routes for emergency situations goodemergency lighting with way-guidance is necessary. Points of note are:

Bright ceilings and walls can make corridor areas seem more open andappealing.

Wall mounted fittings can model peoples faces better.


For walls with an interesting texture using luminaires with a significant

downlight component positioned close to the wall can create an interestingeffect.

Stairs should be well lit and glare free. Lighting should prevent heavyshadowing of steps, but must allow sufficient contrast for people to easilyidentify changes in level.

Display lighting in corridors should be glare free for corridor users. Specialcare is needed near stairs to prevent display lights causing glare to people onthe staircase.

Key luminaires:

Classrooms/Lecture halls

Main objectives are to ensure that students and staff have adequate light to perform theirtasks (such as reading, writing), that students can see any teaching aids used (such as awhiteboard or projected information), that modelling is suitable to allow goodcommunication between students and staff.

A good vertical illuminance component should exist to aid the visibility ofwall-displays and improve modelling. Moderately strong modelling isdesirable for formal communication, whilst softer modelling is more suitablefor informal or close contact. Modelling is of special importance in areas forstudents with special needs who may utilise lip-reading or signing.

Education


50/252


To help in the visibility of written text and diagrams a high contrast renderingfactor (CRF) should exist at all desks.

Specialised lighting for blackboards and whiteboards should be installed toensure good visibility for all students. These luminaires should not cause glarefor the user of the blackboard or whiteboard and be positioned to minimiseshadowing during use. If audio-visual projectors are used the luminairesshould not impede the projector beam and cause shadowing.

For rooms containing display screen equipment luminaires with suitableoptical control to remove any bright luminance above 65° should be used

Flexible luminaire controls should be employed to allow the use of projectors orother audio-visual equipment. Flexible controls can also maximise the benefits of

daylight by dimming selected luminaires under good daylight conditions.

Key luminaires:

Laboratories/Workshops

Main objectives are to ensure that students and staff have adequate light to perform theirtasks (such as science experiments or craft projects) and that the lighting aids goodvisibility and therefore safety. Points of note are:

Light falling on any position should be from multiple sources to prevent heavyshadowing of the task by the student. However a general drift of light should bepresent to help with modelling, as patterns of light and shade are essential toallow objects to be correctly discerned and to create an interesting environment.

Good colour rendering is required.

For areas using machinery high frequency control gear should be used toprevent any problems with stroboscopic effects resulting in rotating machineryappearing to be stationary.

Key luminaires:

Educa

Thorn Technical Handbook

Documents

Transcript of Thorn Technical Handbook