Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum...

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Thoracic Wall

Transcript of Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum...

Page 1: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

Thoracic Wall

Page 2: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

Lecture Objectives• Describe the shape and outline of the thoracic cage including inlet 

and outlet.• Describe the anatomical landmarks of the anterior chest wall.• List various structures making the thoracic wall.• Make a list of muscles of the thoracic wall including their nerve and 

blood supply and their actions.• List various parts of the thoracic vertebrae and name its 

characteristic features.• Describe the sternum with its joints.• Classify ribs, name their various parts and compare them with each 

other.• Define intercostal spaces and discuss their various components 

including intercostal muscles.• Describe the diaphragm, its origin, insertion, function, nerve and 

blood supply.  Study openings in the diaphragm and structures that pass through.

Page 3: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

Thoracic Cage

Bony cage flattened from front to back

• Sternum (breastbone)• Ribs

– 1‐7 are true ribs (vertebrosternal)

– 8‐10 are false ribs (vertebrochondral)

– 11‐12 are floating• Costal cartilages• Bodies of the thoracic vertebrae

Page 4: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

Skeleton of Thoracic Wall

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Thoracic Cage: Functions

• Enclose and protect the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

• Provide support for the bones of the upper limbs

• Play a role in breathing

Page 6: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

Sternum• Manubrium

– 1st & 2nd ribs– Clavicular notch (sternoclavicular joint)

– Sternal angle– T3‐T4 

• Body– Costal cartilages of 2‐7 ribs

• Xiphoid– Ossifies by 40– CPR position– Abdominal mm.– T9

Page 7: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

Sternum

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Ribs

• Increase in length from ribs 1‐7, thereafter decreasing

• Head and tubercle articulate with facets

• Body with costal groove containing nerve & blood vessels

• Intercostal spaces contain intercostal muscles

Page 9: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

Ribs• Typical ribs

– Long & twisted– Rounded superior edge– Grooved inferior edge (costal groove)– Head (2 facets 2‐9, 1 facet 1, 10‐12), neck, tubercle, shaft & angle

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Ribs

• Atypical ribs– 1st rib

• Widest, shortest, most curved true rib

• Articulate with T1• Surface marking …

– 11th and 12th• No neck • No tubercle• Floating 

Page 11: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

Thoracic Wall: JointsCartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum

– Manubriosternal joint (2°)– Xiphisternal joint

• Costochondral joints• 1st sternocostal joint 

Synovial Joints (plane joints)• Joints between ribs and 

thoracic vertebrae• 2nd ‐7th sternocostal joints• 6th – 10th interchondral joints

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Joints of the Heads of Ribs• 2‐9 ribs

– 2 synovial joints – With the corresponding vertebra and one above

– Intra‐articular ligament• Between head and IVD

• 1, 10‐12 ribs– 1 synovial joint with the corresponding vertebra

Page 13: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

Costotransverse Joint• Joints of the tubercles (1‐10 ribs)

–With the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra

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Thoracic Wall: Joints

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Page 16: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

Thoracic Apertures

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Superior Thoracic Aperture• Between thoracic cavity 

and the root of the neck• Boundaries ..• Orientation ..• Content 

– Trachea– Esophagus– Nerves & BVs– Lungs & pleurae

• Suprapleural membrane– Close the sides of the 

opening above the parietal pleurae

Page 18: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

Superior Thoracic Aperture

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Inferior Thoracic Aperture

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Intercostal Spaces

• Between successive ribs• Contain the intercostal 

mm.– External , internal, and 

innermost intercostal mm.

• Neurovascular bundle run superficial to the innermost intercostal m.– Arranged from superior to 

inferior as vein, artery , and nerve

Page 21: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

Intercostal Muscles Nerve supply: intercostal nerves• Three layers

– External intercostal• Orientation• Anterior (external) intercostal 

membrane• Helps in inspiration

– Internal intercostal• Orientation• Posterior (internal) intercostal 

membrane• Helps in expiration

– Innermost intercostal• Cross more than one intercostal spaces• Attached to the endothoracic fascia 

internally– Attached to parietal pleura

• Divided into three parts• Works with the internal intercostal

Page 22: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

Accessory Muscles of Respiration

• Transversus thoracis– Help in expiration

• Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, scalene mm.– May help in inspiration

Page 23: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

Accessory Muscles of Respiration• Levator costarum

– Between the transverse processes and the ribs 

– Nerve supply: posterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves

– Help in inspiration• Serratus posterior superior m.

– Deep to rhomboids– Nerve supply: 1‐4 intercostal

nerves– Help in inspiration

• Serratus posterior inferior m.– Deep to latissmus dorsi– Nerve supply: last 4 intercostal

nerves– Help in expiration

Page 24: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •
Page 25: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

Diaphragm• Physical barrier between 

thoracic and abdominal cavities

• Functions– Inspiration– Abdominal pressure– Abdominothoracic pump

• Dome like shape– Peripheral muscular

• Reach up to the 5th rib– Central tendon

• At level of xiphisternaljoint

Page 26: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

• Sternal‐ posterior surface of xiphoid process

• Costal‐ the lower six ribs and their costal cartilages

• Vertebral‐– Right crus‐ bodies of L1‐L3– Left crus‐ bodies of L1‐L2

• Arcuate ligaments– Medial‐ L2 (body) to L1 (transverse process)

– Lateral‐ L1 (transverse process) to 12th rib

– Median‐ connects cruraanterior to aorta

Origin of the diaphragm

Page 27: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

Openings in the Diaphragm • Aortic opening‐ T12

– Between crura– Content

• Aorta, thoracic duct, & azygos vein

• Esophageal opening‐ T10– In right crus– Content

• Esophagus, vagi, BVs & lymphatic vessels

• Caval opening‐ T8– Content

• IVC, branches of right phrenic nerve

Page 28: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

Openings in the Diaphragm 

• Other structures pass the diaphragm– Splanchnic nerves –through crura

– Sympathetic trunk –medial arcuate lig.

– Subcostal nerve –lateral arcuate lig.

– Superior epigastric vessels – between sternal & costal origins

Page 29: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

Diaphragm: Innervation

• Motor– Phrenic nerves (C3‐C5)

• Sensory– Centrally – phrenic nerves

– Peripherally –intercostal nerves (T7‐T12)

Page 30: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

Diaphragm: Blood Supply

Page 31: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •
Page 32: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

Arteries of Thoracic Wall• Posterior intercostal aa.

– 1‐2 ← superior intercostal ← costocervical trunk ← 2nd part of supclavian

– 3‐12 ←descending thoracic aorta

• Anterior intercostal aa.– 1‐6 ← internal thoracic ←1st part of subclavian

– 7‐12 ← musculophrenic  ← internal thoracic

Page 33: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •
Page 34: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

Veins of Thoracic Wall• Posterior intercostal veins

– Drain into azygos and hemiazygos veins

• Anterior intercostal veins– Follow the corresponding aa. (internal intercostal and musculophrenic vv.)

Page 35: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

Nerves of Thoracic Wall

• Anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves– 1‐11 intercostal nerves

• 1‐6 end within the intercostal spaces

• 7‐9 pass anterior deep to the costal cartilage to reach the abdominal wall

• 10‐11 continue anteriorly to the abdominal wall

– 12 subcostal nerve• In the abdominal wall

Page 36: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

Branches of the Intercostal Nerves• Rami communicants• Collateral branch• Lateral cutaneous branch

– 1st ‐ part of the brachial plexus

– Intercostobrachial nerve (2nd)• Referral pain in coronary 

artery disease

• Anterior cutaneous branch• Muscular branches• Pleural sensory branches• Peritoneal sensory branches 

(6‐11)

Page 37: Thoracic wall - medicinebau.com · Thoracic Wall: Joints Cartilaginous Joints • Joints of sternum –Manubriosternal joint (2°) –Xiphisternaljoint • Costochondral joints •

Surface Anatomy