Thomas Thomas Jefferson’s Jefferson’s PresidencyPresidency

1801-18091801-1809

The BeginningThe Beginning March 4, 1801March 4, 1801

Thomas Jefferson is Thomas Jefferson is the first President the first President inaugurated in the inaugurated in the new capital city of new capital city of Washington D.C.Washington D.C.

He delivers his first He delivers his first inaugural address. inaugural address. This address outlines This address outlines what he feels are the what he feels are the essential principles essential principles of government. of government.

First Inaugural AddressFirst Inaugural Address Essential Principles of GovernmentEssential Principles of Government

““equal and exact justice to all men”equal and exact justice to all men” ““peace, commerce, and honest friendship peace, commerce, and honest friendship

with all nations”with all nations” ““the support of state governments”the support of state governments” ““the preservation of general government”the preservation of general government” punishment for those who choose to revoltpunishment for those who choose to revolt compliance with the decisions of the compliance with the decisions of the

majoritymajority

First Inaugural AddressFirst Inaugural Address Essential Principles of Government Essential Principles of Government

Cont…Cont… ““a well disciplined militia”a well disciplined militia” honest payment of debtshonest payment of debts maintaining a sound economymaintaining a sound economy proper distribution of informationproper distribution of information freedom of religionfreedom of religion freedom of the pressfreedom of the press

Vice President Aaron Vice President Aaron BurrBurr

““Northern Confederacy”Northern Confederacy” Split from Rep. partySplit from Rep. party Rivalry leads to a duel Rivalry leads to a duel

between Burr and Hamiltonbetween Burr and Hamilton Hamilton killed, Burr in exileHamilton killed, Burr in exile Plotted to form his own Plotted to form his own

empire in the LA territoryempire in the LA territory

The DuelThe Duel

John Marshall’s Court John Marshall’s Court (1801-1835)(1801-1835)

Sought to increase Sought to increase Court’s and fed. gov’t Court’s and fed. gov’t power power

Federalist ideasFederalist ideas Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison

Judicial reviewJudicial review McCullough v. McCullough v.

MarylandMarylandImplied powersImplied powers

The Louisiana The Louisiana PurchasePurchase

Let’s Review!Let’s Review!

April 9, 1682: LaSalle April 9, 1682: LaSalle claims Louisiana Territory claims Louisiana Territory

for France.for France.

http://www.jmu.edu/madison/louispurchase.htm

1763- French and Indian 1763- French and Indian War endsWar ends

Reminder: France vs. Great BritainReminder: France vs. Great Britain competing to be the most competing to be the most

powerful nation in Europe.powerful nation in Europe. Fighting because the British Fighting because the British

challenged French control of the challenged French control of the Ohio ValleyOhio Valley

American IndiansAmerican Indians and the and the SpanishSpanish assisted the French. assisted the French.

http://www.philaprintshop.com/frchind.html

France lost the war… and were afraid France lost the war… and were afraid of losing it’s holdings in Santo of losing it’s holdings in Santo DomingoDomingo Santo DomingoSanto Domingo helped support the helped support the

French Empire because of it’s French Empire because of it’s lucrative cash crop of lucrative cash crop of sugarsugar

The The Louisiana territoryLouisiana territory produced produced lumber, salt, flour and food for the lumber, salt, flour and food for the sugar islandssugar islands

1763- French and Indian 1763- French and Indian War endsWar ends

France deeds Louisiana France deeds Louisiana Purchase to SpainPurchase to Spain

French King Louis XV gave the French King Louis XV gave the Louisiana Purchase to Spanish Louisiana Purchase to Spanish King Charles to make up for King Charles to make up for Spanish losses in the French and Spanish losses in the French and Indian War.Indian War.

True ultimatum for France: the True ultimatum for France: the Louisiana Purchase was too Louisiana Purchase was too expensive to protect.expensive to protect.

1783: United States wins 1783: United States wins independence from Britain!independence from Britain! New concerns for the United New concerns for the United

States:States:A European power, Spain, was A European power, Spain, was

on it’s western boundary. on it’s western boundary. Settlers moved westward, but Settlers moved westward, but

the Appalachian Mountains the Appalachian Mountains were in the way of sending were in the way of sending goods to the East coast.goods to the East coast.

U.S. ConcernsU.S. Concerns The Ohio and Mississippi Rivers The Ohio and Mississippi Rivers

were needed to ship produce to were needed to ship produce to the port of New Orleans, and the port of New Orleans, and Spain owned both sides of the Spain owned both sides of the Mississippi!Mississippi!(then the goods could be placed (then the goods could be placed on an ocean liner for shipment to on an ocean liner for shipment to Eastern states).Eastern states).

1795- Pinckney Treaty1795- Pinckney Treaty U. S. negotiated with Spain so that U. S. negotiated with Spain so that

the U.S. could navigate the the U.S. could navigate the Mississippi River and use the port of Mississippi River and use the port of New Orleans.New Orleans.

This was very productive for the This was very productive for the United StatesUnited States

1800 Napoleon plans to get 1800 Napoleon plans to get back the Louisiana back the Louisiana

TerritoryTerritory Primarily to regain the West Indies Primarily to regain the West Indies

(sugar isles). (sugar isles). The Louisiana Territory would The Louisiana Territory would

provide good and goods for the provide good and goods for the troops and slaves in the West Indiestroops and slaves in the West Indies

October 1, 1800: Treaty of October 1, 1800: Treaty of San Ildefonso San Ildefonso

The SECRET TREATYThe SECRET TREATY Spain returned the Louisiana Spain returned the Louisiana

Territory to France AND gave them Territory to France AND gave them 6 war ships6 war ships

France was supposed to hand over France was supposed to hand over land in Tuscany.land in Tuscany.

1802 Napoleon’s brother-1802 Napoleon’s brother-in-law arrives in the West in-law arrives in the West

IndiesIndies General Charles Victor Emmanuel General Charles Victor Emmanuel

Leclerc- Leclerc- The brother-in-lawThe brother-in-law

Pauline- Pauline- Napoleon’s sisterNapoleon’s sister

Were planning to lead a Were planning to lead a charmed life in a palacecharmed life in a palace

1802 Napoleon’s brother-1802 Napoleon’s brother-in-law arrives in the West in-law arrives in the West

IndiesIndies Toussaint L’OuvertureToussaint L’Ouverture

““Black Napoleon”Black Napoleon” In 1791 he had led a slave In 1791 he had led a slave

rebellion in Santo Domingo. rebellion in Santo Domingo. Became dictator of the islandBecame dictator of the island Defeated LeClerc and troops Defeated LeClerc and troops Was later kidnapped by NapoleonWas later kidnapped by Napoleon

1802: Jefferson and Lewis 1802: Jefferson and Lewis plan the Expeditionplan the Expedition

Preliminary: Jefferson hoping to Preliminary: Jefferson hoping to someday gain New Orleans for the someday gain New Orleans for the United States.United States.

Had heard rumors of the Treaty of Had heard rumors of the Treaty of San Ildefonso San Ildefonso

Jefferson was hoping to keep France Jefferson was hoping to keep France from governing New Orlean’s from governing New Orlean’s important port.important port.

1803: Ambassador 1803: Ambassador Livingston in ParisLivingston in Paris

Given permission by Jefferson to Given permission by Jefferson to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans negotiate the purchase of New Orleans for $2 million.for $2 million.

James Monroe soon joined him to assist James Monroe soon joined him to assist in negotiations.in negotiations.

Jefferson agreed that he’d increase Jefferson agreed that he’d increase spending to $10 million because he spending to $10 million because he feared that U. S. would lose the use of feared that U. S. would lose the use of the Mississippi River and New Orleans.the Mississippi River and New Orleans.

Meanwhile, Napoleon’s Meanwhile, Napoleon’s problems:problems:

1. money lost while fighting Toussaint 1. money lost while fighting Toussaint L’Ouverture for 10 months. Without L’Ouverture for 10 months. Without possession of Santa Domingo, the possession of Santa Domingo, the Louisiana Territory was useless to Louisiana Territory was useless to France.France.

Spain refused to sell Florida to FranceSpain refused to sell Florida to France Napoleon redirected attention to Napoleon redirected attention to

conquering all of Europe… he needed conquering all of Europe… he needed money to do so.money to do so.

Talleyrand, Napoleon’s Talleyrand, Napoleon’s Minister of Foreign AffairsMinister of Foreign Affairs

First to offer to sell all of the First to offer to sell all of the Louisiana Territory to LivingstonLouisiana Territory to Livingston

Barbe-Marbois, former representative Barbe-Marbois, former representative of French government in Philadelphiaof French government in Philadelphia Friend of G. Washington, T. Friend of G. Washington, T.

Jefferson, R. Livingston, J. Jefferson, R. Livingston, J. Monroe….Monroe….

Bonaparte’s “official negotiatorBonaparte’s “official negotiator

Negotiations:Negotiations:

Livingston and Monroe finally Livingston and Monroe finally agreed to pay $15 million (the U.S. agreed to pay $15 million (the U.S. was in debt; didn’t really have the was in debt; didn’t really have the money)money)

U.S. Congress had to rush U.S. Congress had to rush ratification because Napoleon was ratification because Napoleon was changing his mind.changing his mind.

Spain ProtestsSpain Protests Spain was furious because they Spain was furious because they

claimed that Spain still owned the claimed that Spain still owned the territory because France never left territory because France never left the Kingdom of Etruria.the Kingdom of Etruria.

Jefferson threatened to take Louisiana Jefferson threatened to take Louisiana by force and attack the Floridas, tooby force and attack the Floridas, too

Louisiana ownership was quickly Louisiana ownership was quickly deeded to France so that….deeded to France so that….

America’s Louisiana America’s Louisiana TerritoryTerritory

……France could deed the Louisiana France could deed the Louisiana Territory to the United States.Territory to the United States.

Lower Louisiana: transferred to the Lower Louisiana: transferred to the United states on November 30, 1803United states on November 30, 1803

Upper Louisiana: transferred in St. Upper Louisiana: transferred in St. Louis on March 9, 1804Louis on March 9, 1804

What was What was included?included?

The Purchase contained what now equates to The Purchase contained what now equates to portions of portions of 15 states15 states in the US and in the US and 2 Canadian 2 Canadian provincesprovinces. .

The land that was bought enclosed all of The land that was bought enclosed all of Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska and parts of Minnesota, North Dakota, Nebraska and parts of Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, New Mexico, Texas, Montana, South Dakota, New Mexico, Texas, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and of course Louisiana. The Wyoming, Colorado, and of course Louisiana. The land purchased also included parts of what is now land purchased also included parts of what is now Alberta and Saskachewan in Canada. Alberta and Saskachewan in Canada.

The land that was purchased in the Louisiana The land that was purchased in the Louisiana Purchase now makes up about Purchase now makes up about 23%23% of the of the territory of the United States. territory of the United States.

The Louisiana The Louisiana Purchase!!!Purchase!!!

Barbary WarsBarbary Wars May 1801May 1801

Pasha of Tripoli Pasha of Tripoli declares war with the declares war with the United States because United States because President Jefferson President Jefferson refused to make the refused to make the immediate payment of immediate payment of $225,000 and the $225,000 and the annual payment of annual payment of $25,000.$25,000.

On the 20On the 20thth Jefferson Jefferson sent the first naval sent the first naval fleet to the area.fleet to the area.

The ships included the The ships included the President, Philadelphia, President, Philadelphia, Essex and Enterprise.Essex and Enterprise.

Map of the Barbary WarsOriginal Map can be found at:

http://www.mariner.org/usnavy/caption_pages/

06a_BarbaryWars.htm

Barbary WarsBarbary Wars In his first annual In his first annual

message, Jefferson message, Jefferson addresses the Barbary addresses the Barbary Wars.Wars. He justifies his actions He justifies his actions

of sending a naval fleet of sending a naval fleet to the Mediterranean.to the Mediterranean.

He also outlines the He also outlines the reasons the Pasha of reasons the Pasha of Tripoli declared war Tripoli declared war with the United States. with the United States.

Map of TripoliOriginal map can be found at:

http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/libya/tripoli/tripoli.html

Barbary WarsBarbary Wars 1803 – Jefferson faces 1803 – Jefferson faces

much criticism for his much criticism for his decisions made regarding decisions made regarding the war the war

The Philadelphia runs The Philadelphia runs aground in the Tripoli aground in the Tripoli Harbor and it crew and Harbor and it crew and captain are taken captivecaptain are taken captive

He is forced to make He is forced to make several command several command changes.changes. 1801- Commodore Richard 1801- Commodore Richard

DaleDale 1802 – Commodore Richard 1802 – Commodore Richard

MorrisMorris 1803 – Commodore Edward 1803 – Commodore Edward

PreblePreble

Nautical Map of Tripoli Original map can be found at:

http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/libya/tripoli/maps/roux_1764_pl_55.html

Barbary WarsBarbary Wars Realizing that there was no Realizing that there was no

way to recapture the way to recapture the Philadelphia, Commodore Philadelphia, Commodore Preble devises a plan to Preble devises a plan to destroy the shipdestroy the ship

February 4, 1804 the February 4, 1804 the Philadelphia was destroyed.Philadelphia was destroyed.

August 3, 1804 the first August 3, 1804 the first attack against Tripoli took attack against Tripoli took place when the place when the Constitution’s guns fired on Constitution’s guns fired on the city. the city.

September 1804 – the final September 1804 – the final battle took place in the battle took place in the Tripoli HarborTripoli Harbor

September 1804 – September 1804 – Commodore Barron arrived Commodore Barron arrived with backup for Commodore with backup for Commodore PreblePreble Commodore Barron, who is Commodore Barron, who is

senior in rank to Preble, senior in rank to Preble, continued the blockade and continued the blockade and started looking for a new way to started looking for a new way to peacepeace

Shortly after Commodore Barron Shortly after Commodore Barron arrive, Commodore Preble arrive, Commodore Preble retiredretired

June 4, 1805 after the Pasha June 4, 1805 after the Pasha of Tripoli had been replaced, of Tripoli had been replaced, a treaty was made with the a treaty was made with the United States and the United States and the prisoners were released.prisoners were released.

Embargo Act of 1807Embargo Act of 1807 1803 - Renewal of the Napoleonic Wars 1803 - Renewal of the Napoleonic Wars

between France and Great Britain between France and Great Britain America was once again trapped between America was once again trapped between

the two nationsthe two nations Jefferson wanting to stay neutral proposed Jefferson wanting to stay neutral proposed

an embargo on all foreign tradean embargo on all foreign trade This was highly unsuccessful and This was highly unsuccessful and

devastated the American Economydevastated the American Economy The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 was put in The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 was put in

place to repeal the unsuccessful Embargo place to repeal the unsuccessful Embargo ActAct

The War of 1812The War of 1812Causes of the War of 1812Causes of the War of 1812

The War BeginsThe War BeginsThe Effects of the War on The Effects of the War on

AmericaAmerica

The Presidency of The Presidency of James MadisonJames Madison

Elected in 1808Elected in 1808 Virginian lawyer and Virginian lawyer and

student of historystudent of history Wrote a large part of Wrote a large part of

the U.S. Constitutionthe U.S. Constitution Stood barely 5’4” Stood barely 5’4”

and 120 pounds but, and 120 pounds but, an intellectual ahead an intellectual ahead of his time of his time

Causes for the War of Causes for the War of 18121812

The British Navy is The British Navy is taking American sailors taking American sailors from American ships to from American ships to sail on British ships. sail on British ships. This is called This is called impressment.impressment.

British sailors leave British sailors leave British ships to sail on British ships to sail on American ships because American ships because they are treated better they are treated better and get paid very welland get paid very well

Causes for the War of Causes for the War of 18121812

The British army is The British army is supporting Native supporting Native American resistance American resistance to Anglo expansion on to Anglo expansion on their land.their land.

Causes for the War of Causes for the War of 18121812

The United States has a The United States has a desire to expand into desire to expand into more territory like more territory like British CanadaBritish Canada

The real cause for this The real cause for this land grab is because of land grab is because of a poor transportation a poor transportation system and effects from system and effects from the Embargo Act the Embargo Act

Americans believe that Americans believe that seizing more land will seizing more land will end the depressionend the depression

Causes for the War of Causes for the War of 18121812

The United States The United States wants to prove to wants to prove to Britain that the Britain that the victory of the victory of the American Revolution American Revolution was not luck.was not luck.

Americans demand Americans demand respect from the respect from the world.world.

Tecumseh and Indian Tecumseh and Indian NationalismNationalism

Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief attempts to unify Indian attempts to unify Indian tribes that have been tribes that have been removed from the Ohio removed from the Ohio River ValleyRiver Valley

His brother, the Prophet His brother, the Prophet preached that Indians preached that Indians should reject White ways should reject White ways and embrace their heritageand embrace their heritage

The brothers have a large The brothers have a large following but their hopes following but their hopes are destroyed at the battle are destroyed at the battle of fallen Timbersof fallen Timbers

American Shortcomings American Shortcomings in The War of 1812in The War of 1812

The military is poorly trained and ledThe military is poorly trained and led The U.S. navy is no match for the The U.S. navy is no match for the

British navyBritish navy American forces attempt to seize American forces attempt to seize

Canada but are poorly led and militia Canada but are poorly led and militia forcesforces

Americans are forced to fight a Americans are forced to fight a defensive war against an invading defensive war against an invading professional armyprofessional army

The Battle of ThamesThe Battle of Thames October 5, 1813, October 5, 1813,

British and Indian British and Indian forces are defeated by forces are defeated by American forces in American forces in CanadaCanada

Tecumseh’s death Tecumseh’s death ends Indian ends Indian resistance in the Ohio resistance in the Ohio River ValleyRiver Valley

The Death of TecumsehThe Death of Tecumseh

The British Burn the The British Burn the CapitalCapital

August 1814, the British August 1814, the British Army invades the United Army invades the United States and marches on States and marches on Washington D.C.Washington D.C.

After a brief fight the city After a brief fight the city surrenders and nearly all surrenders and nearly all government buildings government buildings are razed by fireare razed by fire

Madison rallies the Madison rallies the American public after American public after this defeatthis defeat

““The Star Spangled The Star Spangled Banner”Banner”

Francis Scott Key, a prisoner on a British Francis Scott Key, a prisoner on a British barge witnessed the British bombardment of barge witnessed the British bombardment of Fort McHenry, near Baltimore for 12 hoursFort McHenry, near Baltimore for 12 hours

In the morning he observed that the In the morning he observed that the American flag still flew over the fort and American flag still flew over the fort and writes a poem called writes a poem called “The Defence of Ft “The Defence of Ft McHenry”McHenry” it eventually becomes a song it eventually becomes a song “The Star Spangled Banner”“The Star Spangled Banner”

Americans rally to the war effort after the Americans rally to the war effort after the capital is burnt downcapital is burnt down

““The Star Spangled The Star Spangled Banner”Banner”

Things that make you Things that make you go hmmmgo hmmm

The Treaty of Ghent on The Treaty of Ghent on December 24, 1814 December 24, 1814 ends the War of 1812. ends the War of 1812. The war is considered The war is considered Staus quo ante bellumStaus quo ante bellum

The Hartford The Hartford Convention, several Convention, several New England states New England states fear that the war is lost fear that the war is lost and actually talk about and actually talk about becoming another becoming another countrycountry

The Battle of New The Battle of New OrleansOrleans

The American forces The American forces are a multicultural are a multicultural motely band of motely band of experienced soldiers experienced soldiers and warriorsand warriors

The British, a trained The British, a trained army are virtually army are virtually mauled by American mauled by American forces hiding behind forces hiding behind earthworks and earthworks and cannonscannons

The Battle of New The Battle of New OrleansOrleans

American forces at New American forces at New Orleans are led by General Orleans are led by General Andrew Jackson whose Andrew Jackson whose army inflicts great army inflicts great casualties on the British casualties on the British army army

Andrew Jackson will be Andrew Jackson will be associated with winning the associated with winning the war. People assume that war. People assume that this victory is responsible this victory is responsible for ending the war.for ending the war.

A map of the Battle of New Orleans

The Battle of New The Battle of New OrleansOrleans

The Impact of the War of The Impact of the War of 18121812

1.1. A sense of nationalism sweeps America. A sense of nationalism sweeps America. Nationalism is a belief and sense of pride in Nationalism is a belief and sense of pride in one’s country based on it’s achievements.one’s country based on it’s achievements.

2.2. The nation will embark on foreign trade and The nation will embark on foreign trade and begin to build a transportation system in begin to build a transportation system in the United States.the United States.

3.3. Native American resistance will be removed Native American resistance will be removed from the Ohio River Valley permanently from the Ohio River Valley permanently opening the Midwest for expansion.opening the Midwest for expansion.