Thomas J. Waltz Eastern Michigan University
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Transcript of Thomas J. Waltz Eastern Michigan University
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Understanding the Behavioral Processes
Underlying Acceptance and Mindfulness: The
Example of Discounting
Thomas J. WaltzEastern Michigan University
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Discounting
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Preference reversals
Relatively small &
convenient outcome
Relatively large &
inconvenient outcome
VS
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$750
$995
$875$985
Would you rather have…
$500 orImmediately $1000 in 1 weekorImmediately $1000 in 1
weekorImmediately $1000 in 1 weekorImmediately $1000 in 1 week
orImmediately
$1000 in 1 week
XXXXX
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$750
$781
$875$813
Would you rather have…
$500 orImmediately $1000 in 1 yearorImmediately $1000 in 1 yearorImmediately $1000 in 1 yearorImmediately $1000 in 1 yearorImmediately $1000 in 1 year
XX
XX
X
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kDAV
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Actual ValueValue where preference reverses
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Petry (2002)
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Different Rates for Different Folks & Srs
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Theoretical models: Addiction Anxiety Depression Suicidal behavior Borderline personality
disorder Antisocial personality
disorder Experiential avoidance Psychopathology
A defining characteristic of:
ADD/ADHD Schizophrenia Mood disorders Situationally
predisposed anxiety disorders
Conduct disorders Substance abuse Eating disorders Habit disorders
Relationship to Psychopathology
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Discounting Various Outcomes
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Discounting Inconvenience Variables
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Acceptance, Defusion, Mindfulness
Convenience Immediate
CertainLow effort
Historically favorable
Relatively small &
convenient outcome
Relatively large & inconvenient
outcomeVS
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Acceptance
Relatively small &
convenient outcome
Relatively large & inconvenient
outcomeVS
“Managing” immediate experience
Acting consistent
with values in presence of discomfort
VS
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Defusion
Relatively small &
convenient outcome
Relatively large & inconvenient
outcomeVS
Literal &/or immediate stimulus
functions of language
Broader, nonliteral
orientation to languaging
(delay; SD/S∆)
VS
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Mindfulness
Relatively small &
convenient outcome
Relatively large & inconvenient
outcomeVS
Reacting to attention narrowing
contingencies
Attending to the broader context of
current action(selective multiple
control)
VS
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Discounting: steeper curves for several clinical populations—most studied in substance abuse
AAQ-2: higher scores associated with many forms of psychological distress◦ Negative reinforcement-based coping with
immediate aversive experiences Following data uses non-treatment seeking
college student volunteers
Discounting & the AAQ-2
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$1000 Delay Discounting
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Conclusion Discounting fits neatly with a contextual
behavioral account of clinical presentations Non-clinical (college) samples produce a
wide range of curves, but these do not reliably relate to the AAQ-2
Clinical content specific discounting assessments hold promise of having greater clinical relevance than monetary discounting