This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution … · 2016-06-13 · Freedom from...
Transcript of This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution … · 2016-06-13 · Freedom from...
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Animal Welfare
Julie Watson MA VetMB Dipl ACLAM
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What is Animal Welfare?
• No definition of ‘Welfare’ in the Animal Welfare Act
• Danger of anthropomorphism
• 5 Freedoms
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Five Freedoms
• Five freedoms in the Bill of Rights, first amendment
• 1965 British Government proposal – Intensive Farm Animal Production
– “stand up, lie down, turn around, groom themselves and stretch their limbs.”
• Extended and refined in 1993 by UK Farm Animal Welfare Council.
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Five Freedoms 1. Freedom from hunger and thirst
2. Freedom from discomfort – (shelter and resting area)
3. Freedom from pain, injury or disease – (prompt diagnosis and treatment)
4. Freedom to express normal behavior – (space, facilities, company of their own kind)
5. Freedom from fear and distress – (avoid mental suffering).
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Five Freedoms: 1. Freedom from Hunger & Thirst
• Freedom from hunger and thirst
• Freedom from discomfort
• Freedom from pain, injury or disease
• Freedom to express normal behavior
• Freedom from fear and distress
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Freedom from Hunger and Thirst Readily Available
Quality Controlled Food & Water
• Ad libitum
• Defined diet meets lifetime needs
• Water filtered and monitored for impurities
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Freedom from Hunger and Thirst Consider Research - Related
Food or Water Restriction • Advance planning required
• Safeguards to ensure adequate nutrition and hydration
• Documented in animal care and use protocol
– e.g. body weight measurements
– e.g. free feeding to a predefined calorie intake
– e.g. pair feeding to a percentage of free feeding controls
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Five Freedoms: 2. Freedom from Discomfort
• Freedom from hunger and thirst
• Freedom from discomfort
– shelter or resting area
• Freedom from pain, injury or disease
• Freedom to express normal behavior
• Freedom from fear and distress
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Freedom from Discomfort: Well-Controlled Environment
• Defined temperature
• Defined humidity
• Defined ventilation
• Defined light intensity and schedule
• Sanitation schedule
• Specific pathogen free
• Pest-free
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Freedom from Discomfort: Shelter or Resting Area: What Shelter do Mice Prefer ?
• Preference testing: mice prefer paper nesting material to solid “houses”
• Prefer solid bottoms to wire grid floors
• But will choose grid floors with paper nest material over solid bottom floors without nest material
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Freedom from Discomfort Example of a Comfortable Mouse
Environment
mice with nestlet bed
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Freedom from Discomfort: Cage Environment
• Ammonia - static isolator cages – mitigated by increased cage changing frequency
• Drafts - ventilated rack caging – effects mitigated by nest material
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Freedom from Discomfort: Environmental Variables may
Affect Research • Odors: housing in presence of rat odors caused 330%increase in
stress hormones in mice
• Cage changing: pup mortality reduced in ventilated racks when changed every 14 days compared with every 7 days
• Cage composition: Bisphenol-A from damaged polycarbonate cages affected meiosis
• Light: induces phototoxic retinopathy in many strains of albino mice
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Five Freedoms: 3. Freedom from Pain, Injury or Disease
• Freedom from hunger and thirst
• Freedom from discomfort
• Freedom from pain, injury or disease
• Freedom to express normal behavior
• Freedom from fear and distress
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Freedom from Pain, Injury or Disease: How Should We Minimize Pain or Injury
due to the Animal Model ?
– Communicate in advance the expected effects of the animal model to all personnel
– Define monitoring frequency, intervention points (veterinary care) and endpoints (euthanasia)
– Devise ways to minimize effects of disease or model
– Monitor carefully to identify unexpected effects
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Freedom from Pain, Injury or Disease: Examples of Simple Methods to
Minimize Pain • Thick, soft bedding for musculoskeletal disorders or obesity
• Soft, Easy-to-chew food for eating difficulties
• Longer water bottle sipper tubes for limited mobility
• More frequent cage changing for diabetes models
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Example: Long Sipper Tube Gives Easy Access to Water for Animals
with Neurodegenerative Disease
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Freedom From Pain, Injury or Disease
• Specific rodent infectious diseases are excluded from colony
• Continual Health monitoring to monitor for presence of disease
• Daily check of all animals (including weekends & holidays)
• Veterinarian available 24/7
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Freedom from Pain, Injury or Disease: Consider Research Impact of
Disease & Disease Control • Animal Model for cancer actually due to disease: animal model
for colon cancer required the presence of Helicobacter spp
• Animal parasite affected seemingly unrelated study: pinworms altered response of heart to cardiac stimulants
• Treatment for parasites with ivermectin caused unexpected deaths in FVB/NJ and 129/SvJ mice
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Five Freedoms: 4. Freedom to Express Normal Behavior
• Freedom from hunger and thirst
• Freedom from discomfort
• Freedom from pain, injury or disease
• Freedom to express normal behavior
(space, facilities and company of their own kind)
• Freedom from fear and distress
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Freedom to Express Normal Behavior What is Normal Behavior?
• Species-Typical Mouse Behavior – Resting – Grooming – Hiding
– Gnawing – Searching for food – Exploring
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Freedom to Express Normal Behavior
Space, Facilities and Company of their own Kind
• Minimum space is regulated: 5 mice per standard cage – overcrowding prohibited
• More space may be undesirable: groups of male mice showed increased aggression in larger cages
• Is space the most important ingredient?
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Space, Facilities and Company of their own Kind
– Empirical evidence that mice like to hide under things
– Disposable “houses” available. One vendor reports they may help poor breeders
– Rats shown to prefer wood for gnawing
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Freedom to Express Normal Behavior
Enriched Cages are Preferred by Mice
• Mice will work for nesting material, shelter, and raised platforms
• Mice prefer more complex cages
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Freedom to Express Normal Behavior
Changing Cage Facilities can Affect Research
– Enriched environment
• Reversed effects of lead poisoning
• Delayed progression of Huntington’s disease
• Accelerated appearance of Alzheimer’s Disease
• Caused fewer litters and larger stress response
• Caused variation in body weight, organ weights and haematology
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Paper Towel used as Nesting Material
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Freedom to Express Normal Behavior Space, Facilities and Company of
their own Kind • Social animals
– family groups in natural environment
– In lab, groups may be breeding groups or all males, all females or singly-housed.
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Freedom to Express Normal Behavior Consider Research Impact of
Isolation Housing
– Isolation housing caused 30% increase in stress hormones
– Isolation housing caused higher heart rate
– Group housing reduced effects of stressors in rats compared with single housing
– BUT; larger groups are more stressful for male rats and mice
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Five Freedoms 5. Freedom from Fear and
Distress
• Freedom from hunger and thirst
• Freedom from discomfort
• Freedom from pain, injury or disease
• Freedom to express normal behavior
• Freedom from fear and distress
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Freedom from Fear and Distress Potential Causes of Fear or
Distress in the Environment
– Intermittent loud noises & vibration
– Odors or ultrasonic calls of predators (cats, rats)
– Frequent cage changing
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Freedom from Fear and Distress Sources of Ultrasonic Noise
• 20,000 – 100,000 kHz
• Inaudible to humans
• Computer monitors
• Telephones
• Lights
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Freedom from Fear and Distress Mitigating Fear and Distress
due to Procedures • Acclimation
– to personnel
– to apparatus
– to new environment – e.g after transport, cage changing
• Gentleness and skill
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Freedom from Fear and Distress Acclimation Needed for Good
Research – Mice unacclimated to
handling will not swim in the Morris water maze
– Extended acclimation needed to mitigate effects of blood sample collection
– Four days may not be enough time for mice to overcome transport stress
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Can we Provide the Five Freedoms ?
• Freedom from hunger and thirst
• Freedom from discomfort
• Freedom from pain, injury or disease
• Freedom to express normal behavior
• Freedom from fear and distress
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Summary: Animal Welfare
• “ … Absolute attainment of all five freedoms is unrealistic …”
• Relatively minor changes in our procedures can cause major improvements in animal welfare (nestlets, acclimation)
• The environment we provide for our rodents can have a major impact on research