This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution ... · 15 Prevalence of Stunting (%) and...
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the conditions of use of materials on this site.
Copyright 2006, The Johns Hopkins University and Benjamin Caballero. All rights reserved. Use of these materials permitted only in accordance with license rights granted. Materials provided “AS IS”; no representations or warranties provided. User assumes all responsibility for use, and all liability related thereto, and must independently review all materials for accuracy and efficacy. May contain materials owned by others. User is responsible for obtaining permissions for use from third parties as needed.
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Protein-Energy Malnutrition
Benjamin Caballero, MD, PhDJohns Hopkins University
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Section A
Causes, Classifications, and Diagnosis
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Archives of Disease in Childhood
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Some Definitions
Fasting− Complete cessation of food intake for variable periods of
timeStarvation− Severe and sustained reduction in food intake, eventually
causing functional and structural damage
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General Classifications of PEM
Primary, secondaryAcute, chronicMarasmus, kwashiorkorEdematousBy severity—mild, moderate, severe
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Causes
Insufficient food intake− Anorexia due to illness− Eating disorders− Dietary practices or beliefs
Insufficient food availability− Civil war, political instability− Socio-economic oppression− Limited agricultural development
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Causes
Impaired nutrient absorption or excessive losses− Malabsorption syndromes
Primary or secondary− Gastrointestinal diseases− Short gut syndrome
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The Malnutrition-Infection Cycle
Inadequate intake
Weight lossMucosal damageImmune deficiency
Susceptibility to infection
AnorexiaMalabsorption
Nutrient lossesNutrient requirements
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Impact of Common Infections on Growth Guatemala (L. Mata)
Adapted by CTLT from The Children of Santa Maria Conque: A Perspective Field Study of Health & Growth
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Nutrient Losses During Infection
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Diagnosis of PEM
Weight for age− Indicates past or present malnutrition − Used as a population indicator of PEM− Gomez classification:
I 75–90%II 60–74%III <60%
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Diagnosis of PEM
Weight for height− Indicates present nutritional status (wasting) − Waterlow classification
Mild: 80–89% (–1 to –2 Z)Moderate: 70–79 (–2 to –3 Z)Severe: <70 (< –3 Z)
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Diagnosis of PEM
Height for age− Indicates chronic growth delay (stunting)
Mild: 90–94% (–1 to –2 Z)Moderate: 85–89% (–2 to –3 Z)Severe: <85% (< –3 Z)
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Prevalence of Stunting (%) and Numbers of Children Affected
1980, 1985, 1990, 1995 by RegionRegion Prevalence Stunting Numbers Stunted (in millions) % Increase (+) or
Decrease (-) in Numbers from 1980 to 1995
1980 1985 1990 1995 1980 1985 1990 1995
Sub-Saharan Africa 37.4 38.1 38.7 39.4 26.255 30.832 36.248 42.590 +62
Near East/North Africa 30.8 25.9 23.0 22.2 11.397 10.991 10.865 10.913 -4
South Asia 66.1 61.9 57.7 53.5 88.873 93.237 91.520 89.877 +1
South East Asia 51.9 47.3 42.8 38.3 35.581 32.862 30.119 30.206 -15
Middle America/Caribbean
31.6 30.4 29.1 27.8 5.398 5.467 5.631 5.626 +4
South America 25.0 21.0 16.9 12.9 8.285 7.309 5.965 4.644 -44
China (1992) 31.4 36.068
Across all regions(Excluding China)
48.8 45.6 42.5 39.9 175.789 180.698 180.348 183.856
+5
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Section B
Pathophysiology, Management, and Prevention
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Major Changes in PEM
Reduced protein synthesis− Cessation of growth− Loss of LBM− Decreased immune response− Loss of epithelial integrity− Impaired liver function
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Major Changes in PEM
Negative energy balance− Decreased energy expenditure− Loss of fat body mass− Apathy, lethargy
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Treatment
Stabilization− Rehydration − Antimicrobial therapy
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Treatment
Refeeding− Initial—0.7g/k protein and 60 kcal/k energy, Vitamin A − Target—4g/k protein and 150–200 kcal/k energy− Iron and other minerals
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Treatment
Refeeding− Initial—0.7g/k protein and 60 kcal/k energy, Vitamin A − Target—4g/k protein and 150–200 kcal/k energy− Iron and other minerals
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PEM: Indicators of High Risk
Age < 6 monthsWt/Ht > 2 ZArm muscle area < 5th percentileSerum albumin < 2.5 g/dLSerum transferrin < 100 µg/dL
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PEM: Indicators of High Risk
Infection—Pneumonia, measles, sepsisSevere dehydration, acidosisStupor, comaHypothermia, hypoglycemiaTachycardia, signs of cardiac insufficiencyJaundice
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Bodyweight Recovery
Adapted by CTLT from Modern Nutrition in Health & Disease, 7th Ed.
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Prevention
BreastfeedingAdequate weaning foodsControl of infectionsEducationEconomic developmentFood and agricultural policies
Copyright 2005, Benjamin Caballero and The Johns Hopkins University. All rights reserved. Use of these materials permitted only in accordance with license rights granted. Materials provided “AS IS”; no representations or warranties provided. User assumes all responsibility for use, and all liability related thereto, and must independently review all materials for accuracy and efficacy. May contain materials owned by others. User is responsible for obtaining permissions for use from third parties as needed.