This unit addresses the cultural aspects of the United States history during the 19th

century.* In addition, it addresses the reform

movements of the mid-1800s, including public education, temperance, prison

reform, care of the disabled and women’s rights.

* Finally, it takes an in-depth study of the abolition movement.

Reform and Culture

•Abolition•Women’s Rights

•Education•Care of the Disabled and Mentally Ill

•Prisons•Temperance

Major Eras and Events in U.S. History through 1877

Leading African-American abolitionist, accomplished orator and writer

Frederick Douglass

• Key spokesperson for the 19th century women’s suffrage movement

• Suffrage – right to vote

Susan B. Anthony

• Leader of the 19th century women’s suffrage movement

• Called for the first convention of women’s movement in Seneca Falls

• Wrote the “Declaration of Sentiments” which was approved at the Seneca Falls Convention

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• Political: began the fight for suffrage• Social: allowed

women to be successful in other

fields• Economic: fought for

women’s rights; they were able to get the work day reduced to

10 hours a day

Political, Social, and Economic Contributions of

Women to American Society

• Abolitionist movement worked to end slavery

• 1807 – Congress banned the importation of African slaves into the United States and then demand began to end slavery

• 1820 – 1840 – Abolitionists grew in number

• 1840 – 1850 – Abolitionist leaders Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth began to speak out across the nation; The Underground Railroad began to make an impact and the Women’s Movement joined in

Historical Development of the Abolitionist Movement

• Public Education• Opening of public schools• Primarily in the North as well as private grade schools and colleges• By churches and other groups

Reform Movements

Temperance Organized societies that

worked at trying to stop the drinking of alcohol

Some states passed laws that made it illegal to sell alcohol

Reform Movements

Women’s Rights Well organized groups that fought for

better working conditions for women Were able to pass a federal law that

ordered a 10 hour working day

Reform Movements

Prison Reform– Pushed for separate jails for

women, men, and children– Called for the mission of

prisons to be rehabilitation

Reform Movements

• Care of the disabled• Building of new hospitals for

the mentally ill, deaf, and blind

Reform Movements

Second Great Awakening• Brought more denominations that

intensified the lines between classes and regions

• Spawned many of the humanitarian reform movements; prison reform, women’s rights, temperance, and abolition of slavery

Religious Motivation for Immigration and Influence on Social

Movements

Transcendentalism– An American literary political and

philosophical movement in the early 19th Century

– These men were critics of their contemporary society for its unthinking

conformity and urged each individual find their independent relation to the universe– Particularly utilizing solitude in nature

Ralph Waldo Emerson , author

Henry David Thoreau, author

Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to the American Culture

Emily Dickinson Walt Whitman- Leaves of Grass

Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter

Edgar Allan Poe

Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to the

American Culture

Literature

• Art – Landscapes• John James Audubon• Drew American wildlife

Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to the American

Culture

Hudson River School Artists:

Their paintings depict the American landscape and reflect three themes of America in the

19th Century:• Discovery

• Exploration• Settlement

Albert Bierstadt: The Oregon Trail

Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to the American Culture

MUSIC(Slave spirituals and gospel music)

“Battle Hymn of the Republic”• Written at the beginning of the

Civil War• Used music from the

abolitionist song, “John Brown’s Body”

Became a popular Civil War song of the Union Army

• Still a well-loved patriotic anthem

Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to the American Culture

Albert Bierstadt’s River Landscape

Examples of American Art, Music, and Literature that Reflect Society

Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to the American Culture

– Battle Hymn of the Republic• Lyrics by Julia Ward

Howe– Dixie

• Lyrics by Daniel Decateur Emmett

Examples of American Art, Music, and Literature that Reflect

Literature– Mark Twain– Samuel Langhorne Clemens (real name)– American author and humorist. He is most noted for his novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

(1876), and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885),[2] the latter often called "the Great American Novel."

Examples of American Art, Music, and Literature that Reflects Society

Manifest Destiny – belief that it was the destiny of the United States to expand its borders from

“sea to sea” across the North American continent 1803 – 1850

• Westward Expansion• War with Mexico• Annexation of Texas• Gold Rush

Major Elements of Manifest Destiny

• Created an organized system for settlement of government lands in the Northwest Territory

• Had to be at least 5,000 men who owned at least 50 acres

• 60,000 people• An existing form of

self-government

Northwest Ordinance 1787

• Economic:– New land for farmers– New trade routes and markets (Santa

Fe Trail)– New opportunities to start a business

• Political– Expansion of our nation’s

borders/territories– Expansion of slavery

• Social– Removal of Native Americans– Refuge for persecuted groups

(Mormons)

Economic, Political, and Social Roots of Manifest Destiny

The United States government and its citizens believed that the nation’s destiny or fate was to expand westward from sea to sea

Relationship Between the Concept of Manifest Destiny and the

Westward Growth of the Nation

• Annexation of Texas• Viewed as a “War of Aggression” by many Americans• Causes:

– President Polk’s desire to expand the United States (Manifest Destiny)– Border disputes concerning the southern boundary of Texas (Rio Grande was

claimed by Texas and disputed by Mexico.)

Causes of the United States-Mexican War

• Effects and Impact– Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

(1848) ends the war• Grants the United States

the Mexican territory of New Mexico, Arizona and

California– United States paid Mexico $10 million for the Gadsden

Purchase to help repay Mexico for the annexation

of Texas in 1845

Effects and Impacts of the United States-Mexican War

• loyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of the country, rather than to the country as a whole

• Regions: North, South, West, Slave States, Free States

• States: Texas, California, Kansas, Nebraska• Cities: Washington, D.C.

Sectionalism

• Gold in California– Rush of settlers to California; pushed many American

Indians off their lands; population of California quickly rises to the amount required for statehood

• California’s proximity to the Pacific Ocean– Led to an increase of immigration from Asian nations

• Rocky Mountains – Location between eastern and western parts of the

United States resulted in a need for the Gadsden Purchase to put in a railroad train for transport of goods from East to West

Physical Characteristics of the Environment and their Influence on Population Distribution, Settlement Patterns, and Economic Activities in the US

• Sponsored by Henry Clay • Allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a

slave state • Allowed Maine to enter as a free state

Missouri Compromise, 1820

• Tariff of Abominations: resulted in higher tariffs• In 1832, a lower tariff was passed

− Still angered South Carolinians, led by John C. Calhoun− South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void within its borders− Delegates to a special convention urged the state legislature to take military action and secede

from the union if the federal government demanded customs duties − To prevent a civil war, Henry Clay proposed the Compromise Tariff of 1833− The Government lowers the tariff and backs down

Nullification Crisis, 1828

• Sponsored by Henry Clay• Allowed California to enter the Union as a free state (pleased the North)• The rest of the Southwest was left open to slavery, depending on a vote of the people

(popular sovereignty) who settled there (pleased the South)• Ended the slave trade in Washington, DC• Allowed those owning slaves to keep them (pleased both sides)• INCLUDED The Fugitive Slave Law

− Required the return of escaped slaves to their owners (pleased the South, angered the North because they felt it was immoral)

Compromise of 1850

Allowed for Kansas and Nebraska to be organized on the basis of popular sovereignty−That is, the people would vote themselves to decide if they

would be Free or Slave

Kansas – Nebraska Act, 1854

• South Carolina Senator• Favored states’ rights• Led opposition in South Carolina to the

protective Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)

John C. Calhoun

• Senator from Kentucky• known as “The Great Compromiser” for

his ability to smooth sectional conflict through balanced legislation

• Sponsored the Missouri Compromise in 1820• Admitted Missouri as a slave state• Admitted Maine as a free state

Henry Clay

• Senator from Massachusetts• Known as “The Great Orator”• Worked to create compromises with the

southern states that would delay the start of the Civil War

Daniel Webster

Jefferson DavisPresident of the Confederate States of America

Roles Played by Significant Individuals During the Civil War

• Commander of the Union Army• September 1861; he was promoted as a general• After a series of victories, including the capture of Vicksburg, Lincoln gave him command of

the Union Army• He created an overall plan concentrated on Sherman’s march through Georgia and his own

assault on the Confederate Army in Virginia• Grant accepted Lee’s surrender in 1865, ending the war.

Ulysses S. Grant

• When the South seceded, Lincoln offered Lee the command of Union forces but Lee refused• Resigned from the U.S. Army and returned to Virginia to serve with the Confederate forces• In 1862, Lee was appointed to command the Army of Northern Virginia• His battle strategies are admired to this day, but he was criticized for having a narrow

strategy centered on his native Virginia• He surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House in 1865

Robert E. Lee

• Congressional Medal of Honor recipient• Served with the 54th Massachusetts Regiment (Union) during the Civil War• He was the first black soldier to receive the award

− Reason for citation: when the 54th’s sergeant was shot down, this soldier grasped the flag, led the way to the parapet, and planted the colors there. When the troops fell back he brought the flag, under a fierce fire in which he was twice severely wounded

William Carney

• Born in Chile, South America• Was a navy seaman in the Union Navy• Won the Medal of Honor for his distinguished service in the Civil War

− Reason for citation: on board the U.S.S. Santiago de Cuba during the assault on Fort Fisher on January 15, 1865− As one of a boat crew detailed to one of the generals on shore− Bazar bravely entered the fort in the assault and accompanied his party in carrying dispatches at the height of the

battle− He was one of six men who entered the fort in the assault from the fleet

Philip Bazar

Loyalty to local interests instead of national concernsIn the United States, the differences between northern southern, and western areas increased throughout the early 1800s.Different cultures and business practices existed in the three sections of the country and these concerns often conflicted.Farming was the main livelihood of all three sections

Sectionalism

• Firing on Fort Sumter• Fort Sumter, South Carolina• A federal fort in the Charleston Harbor• Was fired upon by Rebel forces to begin the Civil War• April 12, 1861• P.G.T. Beauregard, Confederate• Major Robert Anderson, Union

Major Events of the Civil War

• The North captured this strong hold to gain control of the Mississippi River and divided the Southern states.

• 75-day siege• Northern Army led by Ulysses S. Grant

Siege of Vicksburg

• Changes the nature of the war• No longer a war only to preserve (keep) the Union• Now became a war to free the slaves• The proclamation freed only the slaves in the rebelling

territories• Issued in September, 1862, after the Battle of Antietam• Went into law January 1, 1863

Emancipation Proclamation

• April 14, 1865• Shot by John Wilkes Booth

− Actor− Southern sympathizer− Had wanted to kill Lincoln and keep the war going until

the South won• Ford’s Theatre, Washington, DC

Assassination of Lincoln

• Robert E. Lee – Leader of the Confederate Army• Ulysses S. Grant – Leader of the Union Army• Lee surrendered to Grant• Brings the Civil War to a close• April 9, 1865

Lee’s Surrender at Appomattox Court House