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This presentation was initially prepared for a Lambing and Kidding
School held December 8, 2007 in Westminster, MD.
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Feeding the pregnant and lactating female
Susan SchoenianSheep & Goat SpecialistUniversity of Maryland Cooperative ExtensionWestern Maryland Research & Education Center
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Today’s presentation
Nutrients Sources of nutrients Nutrient requirements Practical feeding
recommendations for pregnant and lactating does
Nutritional disorders related to lambing and kidding
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Nutrients for sheep and goats
Energy Protein Minerals Vitamins Water Roughage
(fiber)
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Energy
Needed in the most amount.
Usually the most limiting nutrient.
Excess is stored as fat. Expressed as . . .
TDN – total digestible nutrients (%)
ME – metabolizable energy (mcal)
NE for maintenance, growth, lactation, and fiber production (mcal)
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Sources of EnergyHigh
Cereal grains (76-88%)Corn, barley, wheat, sorghum, rye, oats
By-product feeds (76-90%)Soy hulls, distiler’s grains, corn gluten, wheat middlings
Moderate Corn silage (65-72%) Haylage (50-60% Good quality pasture (60-70%) Good quality hay (50-60%)
Low Low quality hay (40-50%) Low quality pasture (< 50%) Straw (40-48%) By-products (<40%)
cottonseed hulls, peanut hulls, oat hulls
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Protein Composed of amino acids. Bypass or escape protein
increases protein efficiency. Quantity more important than
quality. Usually most expensive
ingredient. Excess protein is not stored in
the body. It will be used inefficiently as energy.
Excess N is an environmental concern.
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Sources of protein
Highest Protein meals (46-52%)
Plant - soybean meal, cottonseed meal, peanut meal
Fish meal (66%) Urea (NPN) (288%)
Moderate Alfalfa and other legume
hays (13-21%)Low
Grass hay (10-12%) Cereal grains (8-14%)
Lowest Poor quality hay (<10%) Straw (3-5%)
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Minerals
Required in small quantities (grams) Macro – salt, Ca, P, Mg, K, and
S Micro (trace) – Se, I, Cu, Fe,
Mo, Cr, F, Zn, and Mn Balance of minerals is
important. Example: Ca:P
Many interactions. Example: Cu-Mo-S
Sources: Hay, pasture, grain Mineral mixes, blocks, tubs
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Sources of calcium
High Limestone (38%) Bonemeal (24%) Dicalcium phosphate (25%)
Moderate Alfalfa and other legume hays
and pasture (1.2-1.7%)
Soybean hulls (0.55%) Grass hay and pasture (0.3-0.6%) Protein meals (0.2-0.4%)
Poor Cereal grains (.02-.07%)
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Vitamins
Ruminants have a dietary requirement for Vitamin A, D, and E.
Vitamin K and B-vitamins are manufactured by the rumen.
No dietary requirement for Vitamin C or D.
Sources of vitamins Natural sources Vitamin packs Mineral mixes, blocks, tubs
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Manufactured feeds
Blends of ingredients that are formulated to supply all (complete) or defined portions (supplement) of the requirements of targeted animal). Complete feeds Protein supplements or
balancers Mineral mixes, blocks, tubs
Use properly!More expensive, but
convenient and properly balanced.
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Alternative feeds
Feed % DM % TDN % CP % Ca - % P
Beet pulp (wet) 17 76 11 .68 - .08
Bread by-product 68 91 14 .09 - .18
Corn stalks 80 59 5 .35 - .19
Grain screenings 90 65 14 .25 - .34
Kelp (dried) 91 32 7 2.72 - .31
Poultry litter (dried) 87 64 25 3.0 – 2.5
Potatoes, cull 21 80 10 .03 - .24
Pumpkins, cull 10 85 16 .24 - .43
Soybean hulls 90 77 12 .55 - .17
Whole cottonseed 91 95 23 .14 - .64
Whole soybeans 88 93 40 .27 - .64
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Water The most essential nutrient
Intake (need) varies by . . . Moisture in feed Lactation (2-3 gal) >
Gestation > Maintenance (1/2 to 1 gal)
Late Gestation > Mid and early gestation
Triplets, twins > single Sheep > goats Milk type sheep and
goats > meat type Summer > winter
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Roughage Should be primary source
of feed intake. Maintains healthy rumen
function. Less problems when
sheep and goats are forage-fed.
Minimum amount of roughage is ½ lb. per 100 lbs. of body weight.
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Nutrient requirements depend on …
Size (weight) Age Stage and level of
production Climate and
environment Body condition
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Size (weight)Nutrient requirements for different mature size ewes in late gestation, carrying twin lambs.
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
Lbs.
per
day
Dry matter intake (DMI) Energy (TDN)
110-lbs. 154-lbs. 198-lbs.
NRC, 1985
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Size (weight)Nutrient requirements for different mature size females in late gestation, carrying twin lambs.
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Lbs
. pe
r da
y
Crude protein (CP)
110-lbs. 154-lbs. 198-lbs.
NRC, 1985
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AgeNutrient requirements for ewe lambs and mature ewes (132-lb. ewes, late gestation, 150% lambing rate)
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Lbs
. pe
r da
y
Dry matter intake (DMI) Energy (TDN)
Ewe lamb Mature ewe
Ewe lambs and doelings also have difficulty competing for feeder space.
Ewe lambs require a more nutrient dense diet.
NRC, 1985
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AgeNutrient requirements for ewe lambs and mature ewes (132-lb. ewes, late gestation, 150% lambing rate)
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
Lbs
. pe
r da
y
Crude protein (CP)
Ewe lamb Mature ewe
Ewe lambs and doelings also have difficulty competing for feeder space.
Ewe lambs require a higher percent of protein in their diets.
NRC, 1985
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AgeNutrient requirements for ewe lambs and mature ewes (132-lb. ewes, late gestation, 150% lambing rate)
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Gra
ms
pe
r d
ay
Calcium (Ca) Phosphorus (P)
Ewe lamb Mature ewe
Ewe lambs and doelings also have difficulty competing for feeder space.
Ewe lambs require a higher percent of calcium in their diets.
NRC, 1985
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Stage of productionNutrient requirements of a 154-lb. mature ewe that raises twin lambs.
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Lbs
. pe
r da
y
Dry matter Intake (DMI) Energy (TDN)
Maintenance Early gestation Late gestation Lactation
NRC, 1985
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Stage of productionNutrient requirements of a 154-lb. mature ewe that raises twin lambs,
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Lbs
. pe
r da
y
Crude protein (CP)
Maintenance Early gestation Late gestation Lactation
NRC, 1985
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1.0
3.0
5.0
7.0
9.0
11.0
Gra
ms
per
day
Calcium (Ca) Phosphorus (P)
Maintenance Early gestation Late gestation Lactation
Stage of productionNutrient requirements of a 154-lb. mature ewe that raises twin lambs
NRC, 1985
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Level of ProductionNutrient requirements of a 176-lb. lactating ewe.
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Lbs
. pe
r da
y
Dry matter intake (DMI) Energy (TDN)
Single Twins Triplets
NRC, 2007
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Level of ProductionNutrient requirements of 176-lb. lactating ewe.
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
Lbs
. pe
r da
y
Crude protein (CP) - 40% UIP
Single Twins TripletsNRC, 2007
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2.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0
10.011.012.0
gra
ms
pe
r d
ay
Calcium Phosphorus
Single Twins Triplets
Level of ProductionNutrient requirements of 176-lb. lactating ewe.
NRC, 2007
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Climate and environmentBelow critical temperature, livestock must expend energy to keep warm.
Wind and humidity, along with low temperatures increase body heat losses and increase energy requirements of livestock.
A sheep’s critical temperature depends upon the length of its fleece and its feeding program. 50ºF for freshly shorn sheep. 28ºF for sheep with 2.5 in. fleece
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Climate and environmentBelow critical temperature, livestock must expend energy to keep warm.
Critical temperature for beef cattle with a winter coat is 32ºF (61ºF if their coat is wet).
There is a 1% increase in energy requirements for each 1ºF below the critical temperature.
High quality hay is the preferred feed source because more body heat is produced when it is digested (vs. grain).
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Effect of a lower critical temperature on the energy requirements of a goat needing 2.8 lbs. of TDN.
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Exercise/ActivityNutrient requirements increase with exercise and activity.
Nutrient requirements can be affected by travel distance and land topography.
Exercise may be a function of forage availability.
NRC requirements take into account normal exercise of grazing sheep.
NRC requirements are for goats reared in confinement.
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Body condition scoring (BCS) A valuable management tool that can be used to evaluate the feeding program and the
need for changes. Body condition is a better indicator of condition than weight. The most important times to body condition score are breeding, late gestation, and
weaning. Body condition scoring estimates fat and muscle on a scale of 1 to 5. Half scores are
commonly used. The cattle system (1-9) can also be used. 1 BCS equals 13% of the live weight of a female in moderate condition (3-3.5). Exact score is not important as the relative scores and the differences between scores.
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Body condition scoring
1 – emaciated 2 – thin 3 – average 4 – fat 5 – obese
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Life cycle feeding of ewes and does
Maintenance (dry period) Breeding Early pregnancy Mid-pregnancy Late pregnancy Early lactation Late lactation Weaning
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Practical feeding recommendations for pregnant and lactating females
Goal: feed proper amount and balance of nutrients.
Quantity (lbs) more important that quality (%).
Make forage the main part of the diet.
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Practical feeding recommendations for pregnant and lactating females
Balance ration (proper way) By hand (math)
Simultaneous equations (Algebra) Pearson Square
Use computer programhttp://www.sheepandgoat.com/software.html#ration
Use spreadsheethttp://www.sheepandgoat.com/spreadsheets/RationEvaluator2004.xls
Web-based ration balancinghttp://www.luresext.edu/goats/research/nutr_calc.htm
Feed by “rule of thumb”
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Balance a ration1) Know nutrient requirements of
animals (NRC tables)2) Know nutrient composition of feeds
(test feed or use “book” values)3) Determine how much hay you need
to feed to meet the energy requirements.
4) Make sure the animal can consume the amount of hay that you calculate she needs by looking up dry matter intake in NRC table.
5) Calculate how much protein, Ca, and P the hay is providing.
6) Add supplement(s) to hay or pasture ration to provide the protein, Ca, and P that the hay lacks. .
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Start with foragePasture, weeds, browse, hay, silage
Feed supplements to provide nutrients that the forage is lacking.
Feed supplement(s) to provide a more nutrient-dense diet.
Feed supplement(s) to improve health and performance.
Feed supplements to save money.
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Feeding hay
Hay varies tremendously in nutritive quality.
Have your forage tested to determine its nutritive quality.
Round bales are less expensive to purchase, but result in more wastage and nutrient loss.
There’s less waste and more flexibility when feeding square bales, but they are more expensive.
When hay is offered free choice, livestock often overeat.
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Feeding according to “rules of thumb”
Forage Feed 3 to 4 lbs. of grass hay
(or pasture) during early and mid gestation.
Feed 4 to 5 lbs. of average quality hay (or pasture) during late gestation.
During late gestation, you may need to supplement Ca if feeding a grass hay (don’t depend on free choice minerals).
Save alfalfa hay for lactation when the female’s nutritional needs are the highest.
Feed poor quality hay prior to and after weaning.
Bigger amounts for big females and smaller amounts for smaller females.
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Feeding according to “rules of thumb”
Concentrate/grain No grain during early and mid
pregnancy. Feed ½ to 1 lb. of grain per
day to females during late gestation.
Start with a ¼ lb. of grain and gradually increase amount of grain in diet.
May need to feed more if you expect a birthing percentage greater than 200%.
Grain can substitute for some of the hay in the ration, but be CAREFUL.
Bigger amounts for big females and smaller amounts for smaller females.
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Feeding according to “rules of thumb”
After parturition Plenty of water. Warm
water in winter. Forage for the first few
days. Take about a week to
get the ewe/doe on full feed.
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Feeding according to “rules of thumb”
Lactation Feed 4 to 5 lbs. of your best
quality hay + 1 lb. of grain for each offspring the female is nursing.
Separate females into production groups: singles, twins, and triplets.
If feeding alfalfa hay or another legume, the grain can be whole corn or barley.
If feeding grass hay, you will need to supplement protein and calcium in the grain ration.
Bigger amounts for big females and smaller amounts for smaller females.
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Additional tips for feeding Weigh feed. Don’t rely on free choice minerals. Include Bovatec®, Rumensin® or
Deccox® in ration to prevent coccidiosis. **They are toxic to equines**
Feed whole grains. Split feedings if you’re feeding a lot
of grain. Separate animals into groups
according to their nutritional needs. Feed and manage ewe
lambs/doelings separate from mature females.
Aim for moderate body condition scores.
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Health risks related to lambing and kidding
Influenced by nutrition and feeding: Pregnancy toxemia Milk fever Vaginal prolapse Abortion White muscle disease
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Pregnancy toxemia Low blood glucose, ketosis, twin lamb disease, lambing paralysis, sleeping ewe sickness
Symptoms[1-3 weeks before parturition] Lethargy Sluggishness Lack behind Failure to eat Recumbency Stiff gait Neurological dysfunction Coma death
Differential diagnosis: milk fever
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Pregnancy toxemia Low blood glucose, ketosis, twin lamb disease, lambing paralysis, sleeping ewe sickness
Risk factors Inadequate nutrition
insufficient energy density Multiple fetuses
high energy demand by fetuses Obesity
fat mobilization toxic ketone bodies
Poor body condition Lack of exercise Stress Environment
Severe weather conditions
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Pregnancy toxemia Low blood glucose, ketosis, twin lamb disease, lambing paralysis, sleeping ewe sickness
Treatment Oral glucose
Propylene glycol IV glucose Caesarian section
Prevention Adequate energy in diet Adequate feeder space Proper body condition Exercise Minimize stress
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Milk feverlow blood calcium, hypocalcemia, parturient paresis
Symptoms[late pregnancy early lactation]
Sudden onset Recumbency Neck turned back Muscle weakness Muscle tremors Bloat Coma death
Differential diagnosis: pregnancy toxemia
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Milk feverlow blood calcium, hypocalcemia, parturient paresis
Risk factors Fetal demands for
calcium Demands for
colostrum production. Calcium deficiency Overfeeding calcium Stress, especially
nutritional
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Milk feverlow blood calcium, hypocalcemia, parturient paresis
Treatment Oral calcium
Calcium borogluconate
IV calcium Dextrose
Prevention Proper amount of calcium
in diet Minimize stress Save alfalfa for lactation.
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Vaginal prolapseprotrusion of vagina through vulva
Usually occurs 1-3 weeks prior to lambing.
Often corrects itself after lambing.
Causes Increased abdominal pressure Calcium status ???? Short tail docks ??? Internal fat Gravity Genetics
Treatment Replace, purse string (suture) Bearing retainer, spoon Prolapse harness Cull
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Abortion
Termination of pregnancy
Stillborns Weak lambs and kids
that diet shortly after birth.
Failure to expel dead fetuses can result in death to the female.
Risk factors Ingestion of bacteria. Spoiled feed. Consumption of contaminated
feed contaminated with cat feces.
Treatment Antibiotics Isolate affected females Aborting females develop
immunity
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White muscle diseasenutritional muscular dystrophy, stiff lamb disease, muscular hypertrophy
Deficiency of selenium and/or vitamin E New born lambs, kids Sudden exercise may trigger condition
Symptoms Skeletal – treat with vit E/Se shot
Mild stiffness to obvious pain upon walking to inability to stand
Stiff gait Hunched-up appearance
Cardiac Pneumonia Difficulty breathing Frothy nasal discharge Fever Irregular and elevated heart and
respiratory rates.
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White muscle diseasenutritional muscular dystrophy, stiff lamb disease, muscular hypertrophy
Risk factors Selenium deficient soils Poor quality forages Lack of pasture access Low Se feeds
Prevention Provide adequate selenium
and vitamin E in diet Se/Vit E injections – be careful
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Proper nutrition is the key to a successful lambing and kidding season.