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HOW TO… Engineering Guide

SESEnviroPlus

– Electromagnetic Environment Study

2012 Release

Page iv

REVISION RECORD

Date Version Number Revision Level

January, 2012 14 0

Address comments concerning this manual to:

Safe Engineering Services & technologies ltd.

___________________________________________

3055 Blvd. Des Oiseaux, Laval, Quebec, Canada, H7L 6E8

Tel.: (450)622-5000 FAX: (450)622-5053

Email: [email protected]

Web Site: www.sestech.com

Copyright 2000-2013 Safe Engineering Services & technologies ltd. All rights reserved.

SPECIAL NOTE

Due to the continuous evolution of the SESEnviroPlus software, you may find that some of

the screens obtained using the present version of the SESEnviroPlus package are slightly

different from those appearing in this manual. Furthermore, small differences in the

reported and plotted numerical values may exist due to continuous enhancements of the

computation algorithms.

http://www.sestech.com/

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Page vii

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1-1

1.1 OBJECTIVE .............................................................................................................................................. 1-1

1.2 COMPUTER MODELLING TOOL ............................................................................................................ 1-2

1.3 METHODOLOGY USED IN SESENVIROPLUS ....................................................................................... 1-2

1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE MANUAL ........................................................................................................ 1-2

1.5 SOFTWARE NOTE ................................................................................................................................... 1-3

1.6 FILE NAMING CONVENTIONS ................................................................................................................ 1-3

1.7 WORKING DIRECTORY ........................................................................................................................... 1-5

1.8 INPUT AND OUTPUT FILES USED IN TUTORIAL ................................................................................. 1-6

USING SESENVIROPLUS & PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS .................................................. 2-1

2.1 USING SESENVIROPLUS ........................................................................................................................ 2-1

2.1.1 START UP PROCEDURE ............................................................................................................ 2-1

2.1.2 START SESENVIROPLUS .......................................................................................................... 2-4

2.1.3 CREATE A NEW PROJECT ........................................................................................................ 2-5

2.1.4 OPEN AND EDIT AN EXISTING PROJECT ................................................................................ 2-5

2.1.5 VIEW INPUT AND OUTPUT FILES ............................................................................................. 2-6

2.1.6 START THE SESENVIROPLOT GRAPHICAL DISPLAY TOOL ................................................. 2-7

2.2 PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS ......................................................................................................................... 2-8

ELECTROMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATIONS OF A 735 KV AC TRANSMISSION LINE ....................................................................................................... 3-1

3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM ......................................................................................................... 3-1

3.2 DATA ENTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 3-2

3.2.1 CREATING THE PROJECT ......................................................................................................... 3-2

3.2.2 DEFAULT SETTINGS .................................................................................................................. 3-3

3.2.3 CASE DESCRIPTION AND OPTIONS ........................................................................................ 3-3

3.2.4 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS .......................................................................................................... 3-5

3.2.5 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION ........................................................................................................ 3-5

3.2.6 PHASE ENERGIZATION ........................................................................................................... 3-10

3.2.7 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS .................................................................................................. 3-11

3.2.8 OBSERVATION PROFILES ....................................................................................................... 3-11

3.2.9 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ...................................................................................................... 3-12

3.3 SUBMIT SESENVIROPLUS ................................................................................................................... 3-15

3.4 PLOT COMPUTATION RESULTS ......................................................................................................... 3-16

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT’D)

Page

Page viii

3.4.1 PLOT RADIO NOISES ............................................................................................................... 3-16

3.4.2 PLOT ACOUSTICAL NOISE ...................................................................................................... 3-18

3.4.3 PLOT MAGNETIC FIELD ........................................................................................................... 3-20

3.4.4 EXAMINE CORONA LOSS ........................................................................................................ 3-21

ELECTROMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATIONS OF A 600 KV DC LINE ....... 4-1

4.1 DESCRIPTION OF A BIPOLAR DC LINE ................................................................................................ 4-1

4.2 DATA ENTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 4-2

4.2.1 PHASE ENERGIZATION ............................................................................................................. 4-2

4.2.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS .................................................................................................... 4-2

4.2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ........................................................................................................ 4-4

4.3 PLOT COMPUTATION RESULTS ........................................................................................................... 4-5

4.3.1 PLOT RADIO NOISES ................................................................................................................. 4-5

4.3.2 PLOT ACOUSTICAL NOISE ........................................................................................................ 4-7

4.3.3 PLOT MAGNETIC FIELD ............................................................................................................. 4-9

4.3.4 EXAMINE CORONA LOSS ........................................................................................................ 4-11

CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................. 5-1

RI, AN AND CL EVALUATION METHODS ....................................................................... A-1

A.1 RI EVALUATION METHODS .................................................................................................................... A-1

A.2 AN EVALUATION METHODS .................................................................................................................. A-5

A.3 CL EVALUATION METHODS .................................................................................................................. A-7

COMMAND INPUT MODE ................................................................................................. B-1

EXTRA EXAMPLES ........................................................................................................... C-1

C.1 EXTRA EXAMPLE 1 – THREE PHASE AC 500 KV DOUBLE-CIRCUIT LINE ...................................... C-1

C.2 EXAMPLE 2 – THREE-POLE HOMOPOLAR HVDC LINE ..................................................................... C-4

USEFUL REFERENCES .................................................................................................... D-1

Chapter 1. Introduction

Page 1-1

CCCHHHAAAPPPTTTEEERRR 111

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OBJECTIVE

The objective of this guide is to show you how to use the SESEnviroPlus to evaluate the electromagnetic

environmental impact of AC/DC transmission lines. A step-by-step approach is used to illustrate how to

use the program to input your data, carry out the computations and explore the computation results.

Please note that you may press the F1 key at any time to display context-sensitive on-line help pertinent

to the topic to which you have given focus with your mouse. You may also access the complete help file

by selecting Contents from the Help menu of the SESEnviroPlus interface.

If you are anxious to start entering data and running the SESEnviroPlus you may do so by reading Chapter

2. We strongly recommend, however, that you refer to the skipped sections to clarify items related to input

files, system configuration and data, file sharing and the computation methodology.

Please call SES’ toll-free support line with any questions you may have, as you work through this

manual. Call us collect at +1-450-622-5000 if you do not have this number handy. You can also E-

mail us questions at [email protected].

mailto:[email protected]


Page 1-2

1.2 COMPUTER MODELLING TOOL

The SESEnviroPlus software package is designed to perform electromagnetic environmental evaluations.

It uses the TRALIN engineering program for the calculations.

The main functions of the SESEnviroPlus are summarized as follows:

Line parameter calculations;

Radio Interference (RI), Acoustical Noise (AN) and Corona Loss (CL) calculations;

Electrostatic field and scalar potential calculations;

Corona electric field calculations;

Magnetic field calculations.

1.3 METHODOLOGY USED IN SESEnviroPlus

In the SESEnviroPlus, the major steps are carried out as in the followings:

Step 1 Calculate the line parameters while taking into account the power frequency;

Step 2 Compute the charges on the conductors in function of the voltage applied and the distribution of

the electric gradient around all conductors by the method of successive images (rms and peak

values) for a general case where AC and DC lines can co-exist;

Step 3 Compute the electric field and space potential (scalar potential) in the vicinity of the line(s) for a

general case where AC and DC lines can co-exist;

Step 4 For HVDC lines, compute the corona electric field in the vicinity of transmission lines or at the

earth surface while considering the space charge effect;

Step 5 Compute the generation function for the RI, AN, and CL for each conductor based on of the surface

gradient and the environmental conditions for a general case where AC and DC lines can co-exist;

Step 6 For the RI, compute the general modal transmission and propagation matrix taking into account

the complex modal analysis, the imperfect conductor conditions and the finite ground resistivity

to find the total high frequency current on all conductors, while considering the attenuation and

the phase shift of propagating modes;

Step 7 For the RI, compute the radio noise assuming TEM modes for the magnetic and electric fields

which result from the integration of stochastic current on all conductors;

Step 8 For the AN, compute the resultant sound pressure level that results from the integration of

stochastic acoustic power density generation along the conductor;

Step 9 For the CL, compute the resultant corona loss using the concept of generating function;

Step 10 Compute the resultant magnetic field contribution from the currents in all conductors;

1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE MANUAL

Following the introduction in Chapter 1, the manual is organized as follows:


Page 1-3

Chapter 2 briefly introduces the components of the SESEnviroPlus program. It also describes how to

create a new project or open an existing project.

Chapter 3 provides the step-by-step instructions on how to carry out electromagnetic environmental

evaluations of a 735 kV AC transmission line. It will provide the data entry, how to run the

program, checking and plotting the results.

Chapter 4 provides the step-by-step instructions on how to carry out electromagnetic environmental

evaluations of a 600 kV bipolar DC transmission line.

Chapter 5 provides the conclusions.

Appendix A tabulates various evaluation methods available for the calculation of RI, AN and CL in

the SESEnviroPlus.

Appendix B provides the printouts of the two TRALIN input files used in the study.

Appendix C provides extra SESEnviroPlus examples.

Appendix D lists some useful references used in the SESEnviroPlus.

1.5 SOFTWARE NOTE

This tutorial assumes that the reader is using the Windows version of CDEGS.

1.6 FILE NAMING CONVENTIONS

It is important to know which input and output files are created by the CDEGS software. All CDEGS input

and output files have the following naming convention:

XY_JobID.Fnn

where XY is a two-letter abbreviation corresponding to the name of the program which created the file or

which will read the file as input. The JobID consists of string of characters and numbers that is used to

label all the files produced during a given CDEGS run. This helps identify the corresponding input,

computation, results and plot files. The nn are two digits used in the extension to indicate the type of file.

The abbreviations used for the various CDEGS modules are as follows:

Application Abbreviation Application Abbreviation

RESAP RS FCDIST FC

MALT MT HIFREQ HI


Page 1-4

MALZ MZ FFTSES FT

TRALIN TR SICL* SC

SPLITS SP CSIRPS* CS

SESTLC TC SESEnviroPlus TR

SESShield LS SESShield-3D SD

GRSPLITS-3D SP ROWCAD RC

The SICL module is used internally by the Input Toolbox data entry interface. The CSIRPS module

is used internally by the Output Toolbox and GRServer – graphics and report generating interface.

The following four types of files are often used and discussed when a user requests technical support for

the software:

.F05 Command input file (for engineering applications programs). This is a text file that can be

opened by any text editor (WordPad or Notepad) and can be modified manually by experienced

users.

.F09 Computation results file (for engineering applications programs). This is a text file that can

be opened by any text editor (WordPad or Notepad).

.F21 Computation database file (for engineering applications programs). This is a binary file

that can only be loaded by the CDEGS software for reports and graphics display.

.F33 Computation database file (for engineering applications programs MALZ and HIFREQ

only). This is a binary file that stores the current distribution to recover.

For further details on CDEGS file naming conventions and JobID, please consult CDEGS Help under

Help | Contents | File Naming Conventions.


Page 1-5

1.7 WORKING DIRECTORY

A Working Directory is a directory where all input and output files are created. In this tutorial, we

recommend the following Working Directory:

C: (or D:)\CDEGS Howto\SESEnviroPlus

This manual was created using “D:\CDEGS Howto\SESEnviroPlus\” as the working folder, and this will

be reflected in the various screen shots shown in the manual.

You may prefer to use a different working directory. Either way, you should take note of the full path of

your working directory before running the SESEnviroPlus, as you will need this information to follow

this tutorial.


Page 1-6

1.8 INPUT AND OUTPUT FILES USED IN TUTORIAL

There are two ways to use this tutorial: by following the instructions to enter all input data manually or by

loading the input files provided with the tutorial and simply following along.

All input files used in this tutorial are supplied on your DVD. These files are stored during the software

installation under documents\Howto\SESEnviroPlus (where documents is the SES software

documentation directory, e.g., C:\Users\Public\Documents\SES Software\version, and version is the

version number of your SES Software) Note that this folder is a folder distinct from the SES software

installation directory, e.g, C:\Program Files\SES Software\version (where version is, again, the version

number of your SES Software).

Copying Input Files to Working Directory

For those who prefer to load the input files into the software and simply follow the tutorial, you can

copy all of the files from the documents\Howto\SESEnviroPlus directory to your working directory.

After the tutorial has been completed, you may wish to explore the other How To… Engineering manuals

which are available as PDF files on the SES Software DVD in the folder \PDF\HowTo.

If the files required for this tutorial are missing or have been modified, you will need to manually copy

the originals from the SES Software DVD.

Both original input and output files can be found in the following directories on the SES Software DVD:

Input Files: Examples\Official\HowTo\SESEnviroPlus\inputs

Output Files: Examples\Official\HowTo\ SESEnviroPlus \outputs

Note that the files found in both the ‘inputs’ and the ‘outputs’ directories should be copied directly into

the working directory, not into subdirectories of the working directory.

Chapter 2. Using SESEnviroPlus & Program Highlights

Page 2-1


USING SESEnviroPlus & PROGRAM

HIGHLIGHTS

In this chapter we will describe how to get started by creating a new project or by opening an existing

project. We will also briefly describe the highlights and major functions of each module in the program.

The online help provides further detailed descriptions of each module.

2.1 USING SESENVIROPLUS

2.1.1 Start up Procedure

Figure 2.1 SES Software Packages and Utilities

Figure 2.2 Utilities under SES Software Tools

In the SES Software <Version> group folder, where <Version> is the version number of the software,

you should see the icons representing Autogrid Pro, AutoGroundDesign, CDEGS, Right-of-Way,

SESEnviroPlus, SESShield-3D and SESTLC software packages, as well as four folders. The

Documentation folder contains help documents for various utilities and software packages. The Program

Folders provides shortcuts to programs, installation and projects folders. The System folder allows you

Click here


Page 2-2

to conveniently set up security keys. Various utilities can be found in the Tools folder. The main function

of each software package and utility is described hereafter.

SOFTWARE PACKAGES

Autogrid Pro provides a simple, integrated environment for carrying out detailed grounding studies.

This package combines the computational powers of the engineering programs RESAP, MALT and

FCDIST with a simple, largely automated interface.

AutoGroundDesign offers powerful and intelligent functions that help electrical engineers design

safe grounding installations quickly and efficiently. The time devoted to design a safe and also cost-

effective grounding grid is minimized by the use of automation techniques and appropriate databases.

This module can help reduce considerably the time needed to complete a grounding design.

Right-of-Way is a powerful integrated software package for the analysis of electromagnetic

interference between electric power lines and adjacent installations such as pipelines and

communication lines. It is especially designed to simplify and to automate the modeling of complex

right-of-way configurations. The Right-of-Way interface runs the TRALIN and SPLITS engineering

modules and several other related components in the background.

SESEnviroPlus is a sophisticated program that evaluates the environmental impact (radio

interference, audio-noise, corona losses, and electromagnetic fields) of AC, DC or mixed transmission

line systems.

SESShield-3D is a powerful graphical program for the design and analysis of protective measures

against lightning for substations and electrical networks. Its 3D graphical environment can be used to

model accurately systems with complex geometries.

SESTLC is a simplified analysis tool useful to quickly estimate the inductive and conductive

electromagnetic interference levels on other metallic utility paths such as pipelines and railways

located close to electric lines (and not necessary parallel to them), as well as the magnetic and electric

fields of arbitrary configurations of parallel transmission and distribution lines. It can also compute

the line parameters.

CDEGS is a powerful set of integrated engineering software tools designed to accurately analyze

problems involving grounding, electromagnetic fields, electromagnetic interference including AC/DC

interference mitigation studies and various aspects of cathodic protection and anode bed analysis with

a global perspective, starting literally from the ground up. It consists of eight engineering modules:

RESAP, MALT, MALZ, SPLITS, TRALIN, HIFREQ, FCDIST and FFTSES. This is the primary

interface used to enter data, run computations, and examine results for all software packages other

than Right-of-Way, Autogrid Pro, AutoGroundDesign, SESTLC, SESShield-3D and SESEnviroPlus.

This interface also provides access to the utilities listed below.

TOOLS

AutoTransient automates the process required to carry out a transient analysis with the HIFREQ and

FFTSES modules


Page 2-3

CETU simplifies the transfer of Right-of-Way and SPLITS output data to MALZ. A typical

application is the calculation of conductive interference levels in an AC interference study.

FFT21Data extracts data directly from FFTSES’ output database files (File21) in a spreadsheet-

compatible format or in a format recognized by the new SESPLOT utility.

GraRep is a program that displays and prints graphics or text files. For more information on GraRep

see Chapter 6 of the Utilities Manual or invoke the Windows Help item from the menu bar.

GRServer is an advanced output processor which displays, plots, prints, and modifies configuration

and computation results obtained during previous and current CDEGS sessions.

GRSplits plots the circuit models entered in SPLITS or FCDIST input files. This program greatly

simplifies the task of manipulating, visualizing and checking the components of a SPLITS or FCDIST

circuit.

GRSplits-3D is a powerful interactive 3D graphical environment that allows you to view and edit the

circuit data contained in SPLITS input files and to simultaneously visualize the computation results.

ROWCAD is a graphical user interface for the visualization and specification of the geometrical data

of Right-of-Way projects. Its 3D graphical environment can be used to visualize, specify and edit the

path data of Right-of-Way, and to define the electrical properties of those paths.

SESAmpacity computes the ampacity, the temperature rise or the minimum size of a bare buried

conductor during a fault. It also computes the temperature of bare overhead conductors for a given

current or the current corresponding to a given temperature, accounting for environmental conditions.

SESBat is a utility that allows you to submit several CDEGS engineering program runs at once. The

programs can be run with different JobIDs and from different Working Directories.

SESCad is a CAD program which allows you to create, modify, and view complex grounding

networks and aboveground metallic structures, in these dimensions. It is a graphical utility for the

development of conductor networks in MALT, MALZ and HIFREQ.

SESConductorDatabase gives access to the SES Conductor Database. It allows you to view the

electrical properties of conductors in the database, and to add new conductors to the database or modify

their properties.

SESEnviroPlot is a graphical display tool is an intuitive windows Windows application that

dynamically displays arrays of computation data produced by the SESEnviro software module.

SESGSE rapidly computes the ground resistances of simple grounding systems, such as ground rods,

horizontal wires, plates, rings, etc, in uniform soils. SESGSE also estimates the required size of such

grounding systems to achieve a given ground resistance.

SESPlot provides simple plots from data read from a text file.


Page 2-4

SESScript is a simple programming language that automatically generates input files for parametric

analyses.

SESShield provides optimum solutions for the protection of transmission lines and substations against

direct lightning strikes and optimizes the location and configuration of shield wires and masts in order

to prevent the exposure of energized conductors, busses and equipment. It can also perform risk

assessment calculations associated with lightning strikes on various structures.

SESSystemViewer is a powerful 3D graphics rendition software that allows you to visualize the

complete system including the entire network and surrounding soil structure. Furthermore,

computation results are displayed right on the system components.

SoilModelManager is a software tool that automates the selection of soil model structures that apply

during various seasons.

SoilTransfer utility allows you to transfer the soil model found in several SES files into several

MALT, MALZ or HIFREQ input (F05) files.

TransposIT is a tool for the analysis of line transpositions on coupled electric power line circuits. To

ensure that voltage unbalance is kept within predefined limits, it allows the user to determine the

optimal number of power line transpositions and their required locations.

WMFPrint displays and prints WMF files (Windows Metafiles) generated by CDEGS or any other

software.

2.1.2 Start SESEnviroPlus

In the SES Software group folder, double-click the SESEnviroPlus icon to start the program. The

following screen will appear as shown in Figure 2.3.

Figure 2.3 SESEnviroPlus


Page 2-5

2.1.3 Create a New Project

A new project can be created by clicking the New button in the main toolbar as shown in Figure 2.4 or by

selecting New under the File menu.

Figure 2.4 Toolbar of SESEnviroPlus

The following Job Identification and Working Directory screen will open automatically in which the

“Working Directory” and “Current Job ID” need to be assigned by a user. By default the path for the

project is in the system user’s directory. This can be changed by either manually typing the path in the

text area, or by clicking on the path browser button to specify the desired path.

As explained in Chapter 1, a Working Directory is a directory where all input and output files are created.

A Current Job ID consists of string of characters and numbers that is used to label all the files produced

during a given CDEGS run.

2.1.4 Open and Edit an Existing Project

In the main toolbar, click the Open button , a new window will appear, as shown in Figure 2.5.


Page 2-6

Figure 2.5 Open Existing Projects

Click on the Browse button to load any existing TRALIN input files (TR_*.F05 files). For example, you

can navigate to your working folder (D:\CDEGS Howto\SESEnviroPlus), then double-click the file

“TR_Horizontal AC735kV.F05”. This will load a project defining the data used for Chapter 3 of this

tutorial. You can also load other three files in the same folder for different kinds of computations.

In summary, the four input files used in this tutorial are:

TR_Horizontal AC735kV.F05: for a 735 kV AC Transmission Line

(see Chapter 3);

TR_EPRI2X600kV-D11.2.F05: for a two-pole bipolar HVDC

transmission line (see Chapter 4);

TR_Double-Circuit AC530kV.F05: for a 530 kV AC Transmission Line

(see Appendix C.1);

TR_Three-Pole Homopolar 750kV HVDC Line.F05: for a three-pole homopolar HVDC

Line (see Appendix C.2).

2.1.5 View Input and Output Files

As mentioned in Chapter 1, the input (.F05) and output files (.F09) are ASCII text files which can be

opened by the Notepad or Wordpad. They can also be opened by selecting either the Input Files or the

Output Files under the View menu in the SESEnviroPlus window.


Page 2-7

Figure 2.6 View Input/Output Files and Plot Results

2.1.6 Start the SESEnviroPlot Graphical Display Tool

For any valid SESEnviroPlus run, you can re-load the plotting database files (.X21) and use the

SESEnviroPlot Graphical Display Tool (see Figure 2.7) to plot the computation results. The

SESEnviroPlot Graphical Display Tool can be launched by selecting the View | Plot Results (Ctrl+R)

menu item in Figure 2.6. Section 3.4 of Chapter 3 will provide detailed examples on how to use this tool.

Figure 2.7 SESEnviroPlot Graphical Display Tool


Page 2-8

2.2 PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS

In the SESEnviroPlus screen (see Figure 2.3), the data entry is accomplished through seven project

modules as follows and details of each module will be described in Chapters 3 and 4 of this manual:

Case Description & Options: Enter the project descriptions and define options.

Soil Characteristics: Define a uniform soil.

System Configuration: Enter all parameters specific to the actual line, such as, number of

circuits, number of phases and neutrals per circuit, along with the

bundle geometry and conductor types.

Phase Energization: Specify the voltage energizations on phase conductors.

Electromagnetic Fields: Specify what type of computations will be performed, such as,

electric fields, magnetic fields, and/or electrical scalar potentials,

and corona electric field (for DC). Current distribution can be

specified if magnetic fields computation is selected

Observation Profiles: Define the locations at which electric fields, magnetic fields, scalar

potentials, Radio Interference (RI) and Acoustical Noise (AN) are

to be computed. This can be specified as individual calculation

points, as a linear array of such points (a profile) or as points

regularly distributed at selected conductor surfaces.

Environmental Impact: Define evaluation methods for RI, AN, Corona Loss (CL), source

circuits/bundle, and atmospheric conditions and altitudes, etc.

In each module, the essential data are to be entered correctly. Otherwise, a prompt message will pop up to

remind you to correct them. Once the data has been entered, click the Run button in the SESEnviroPlus

screen to start the computation. The program will compute and save the results in your working folder.

Chapter 3. Electromagnetic Environmental Evaluations of a 735 kV AC Transmission Line

Page 3-1


ELECTROMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENTAL

EVALUATIONS OF A 735 KV AC

TRANSMISSION LINE

In this chapter, we will describe in details how to use the SESEnviroPlus to carry out electromagnetic

environmental evaluations of the Hydro-Quebec AC 735 kV transmission line.

3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM

Figure 3.1 shows the cross section of the Hydro-Quebec AC 735 kV transmission line1. It consists of a

three-phase transmission line with two shield wires. Each phase is a bundle of four conductors and the

shield wire is a single conductor. The phase bundles are 27.43 m high and the shield wire is 40.23 m high.

The conductors in the phase bundles are located at the corners of 0.457 m by 0.457 m square. The radius

of each conductor is 1.65 cm and the radius of the ground wire is 0.63 cm. The phase conductors are 1193

MCM ACSR 45/7 Bunting and the overhead shield wires are EHS 1/2 steel. The soil resistivity is 100

ohm-meters.

Figure 3.1 Cross Section of Hydro-Quebec 735 kV Line

1 Giao Trinh, P. Sarma Maruvada, J. Flamand and J.R. Valotaire, “A Study of the Corona Performance of Hydro-Québec’s

735-kV Lines,” IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-101, No. 3, March 1982, pp. 681-690.

12.8 m

27.43 m

Profile 1

18m

1.00 m

Earth Surface

13.72 m 13.72 m

45 c

m

Shield wire

Phase bundle

Y

Z


Page 3-2

As shown in Figure 3.1, the magnetic field will be evaluated along Profile 1 which is at 1 m above the

earth surface, from Y = -100 m to Y = + 100 m. The observation points are spaced 1 m apart. The phase

to phase operating voltage is 735 kV. The SESEnviroPlus input file of this example is shown in Printout

B.1 in Appendix B. We assume that the transmission line is perfectly transposed.

3.2 DATA ENTRY

The following provides the steps to prepare the TRALIN file “TR_Horizontal AC735kV.F05”.

3.2.1 Creating the Project

In the SESEnviroPlus screen, click on the New button (or select New under the File menu).

In the Job Identification and Working Directory screen, we recommend the following Working

Directory and Job ID as explained in Chapter 1:

Working Directory: C: (or D:) \CDEGS Howto\SESEnviroPlus

Job ID: Horizontal AC735kV

Click the OK button to close this screen.

In the following section, it is assumed that the reader is entering the data as indicated in the instructions.

Note that it is advisable to save your work regularly with the use of the Save icon in the toolbar or the File

| Save command (in the File menu). The entered data will be saved in an ASCII file named TR_Horizontal

AC735kV.F05 which can be opened by a text editor such as the Notepad. If you intend to enter the data

manually, proceed to the next section, otherwise, you can import all the data by proceeding as follows:


Page 3-3

Importing DATA

Click the button. Browse to the file TR_Horizontal AC735kV.F05 in the working directory,

then click on the Open button in the dialog box. The data described in the next section will be loaded

and you will not have to enter it.

3.2.2 Default Settings

Before starting to enter any data, it may be preferable to adjust the default environment settings to custom

values by clicking on the Settings button in the SESEnviroPlus screen. There is a context sensitive help

available for each field. But of interest, is the “Template” tab in the pop-up screen of “Default Settings”,

which holds the preferred values when starting a new project, as shown in Figure 3.2- Note that these

values are not enforced when opening an existing project.

Figure 3.2 Default Settings

3.2.3 Case Description and Options

As shown in Figure 3.3 and Figure 3.4, the Case Description & Options screen allows a user to enter a

description of the power line, or any other relevant information. This description is optional but very useful

since these descriptions will be saved in the TRALIN input files.


Page 3-4

Figure 3.3 Case Description and Options: Description

Figure 3.4 Case Description and Options: Options

Selecting the Options tab displays the options set in the current project. Since this is a new project, these

options will take the values in the Default Settings dialog under the Template tab. Please note again that,

modifying the setting in the “Options” tab, as shown in Figure 3.4, only affects the current project - if one

wishes to change the default settings when a new project is created please consult the Default Settings.

Consult the online help for further information on each available option. Consult the online help for further

information on each available option.


Page 3-5

3.2.4 Soil Characteristics

The SESEnviroPlus uses a uniform soil model. The default value 100 ohm-m is used, as shown in Figure

3.5.

Figure 3.5 Define Soil Characteristics

3.2.5 System Configuration

The following provides the steps to define the system configuration in Figure 3.1. The initial input data

screen is shown in Figure 3.6.

Figure 3.6 Define System Configuration

Step 1. Define Circuits: (a) To define a new circuit, click the button and a new circuit row

will appear. Enter 735 kV under the circuit Name; (b) By default, the input data in Nb of


Page 3-6

Conductors for the number of sub-conductors in each bundle is set to 4 and the Start

Angle for the first sub-conductor is set to 45 degree. (c) Upon adding the new circuit row,

the grid will show two cells highlighted in red (in error) (see Figure 3.7), which indicates

that the Bundle Radius and the Conductor Radius are still to be assigned to appropriate

values, rather than “0”.

Figure 3.7 Define Circuit and Conductors (The Values in Red Are Still To Be Defined)

Step 2. Figure 3.1Define Phase Conductor Characteristics: (a) As shown in Figure 3.1, the

bundle radius is 0.323 m (= √2 ∗ 0.457/2 m). Enter this value under the Bundle Radius

and this clears the first error. (b) The phase conductors are 1193 MCM ACSR 45/7 Bunting.

As shown in Figure 3.8, this conductor can be defined conveniently from the Conductor

Database by click the button to the right of Phase Conductor Characteristic. The

conductor database screen will pop up (see Figure 3.9). (c) Select ACSR from the drop-

down menu of the Conductor Class. In the list of ACSR conductors, select Baldplate and

click on the Export button. The value in Conductor Radius is filled automatically to

0.0165354 m. Note that this value cannot be modified as it is linked to the Conductor

Database. This database is quite extensive, but if a required conductor is not available, you

can define your own New Conductor Class by clicking on the Advanced button. Please

consult the on-line help for further details.

Click this button to

add a row (circuit)


delete a row (circuit)


Page 3-7

Figure 3.8 Define Bundle Radius and Select Phase Conductor

Figure 3.9 Export ACSR Bunting from Conductor Database

Step 3. Define Bundle Geometry: For each circuit, the geometrical distribution of the sub-

conductors can be defined by selecting the Symmetrical or User Defined options in

Bundle Geometry drop-down menu. In this example we keep the default which is the

Symmetrical, i.e., the sub-conductors are symmetrically defined by the Nb of Conductors


browse to Conductor

Database


Page 3-8

and the Start Angle. If the User Defined option is selected, a new screen appears by

clicking the button on the right, as shown in Figure 3.10. In this case, the angle and distance

of each sub-conductor from the bundle center can be defined individually by the user.

Figure 3.10 User Defined Bundle Geometry

Step 4. Define Local Circuit Transposition Status: Three options are provided, Inherited, Yes

and No, as shown in Figure 3.11. In this example, we again keep the default line

transposition status, i.e., Inherited, which sets the transmission line as Transposed under

the Case Description & Options (see Figure 3.4). Note that if the status of line

transposition has not been modified, the Inherited and Yes selections give the same result

as transposed. The selection of No will define the current circuit as not transposed. The

status of the line transposition will affect the return current in neutral wires and the resultant

magnetic field. For a balanced three-phase transmission system, the currents in the ground

return conductors (i.e., neutral, shield, or static wires) contribute significantly to the

resultant magnetic fields. This module computes the resultant magnetic field generated by

the current circulating on all the conductors, including the induced current in the ground

wire.

Figure 3.11 Options for Circuit Transposition


Page 3-9

Step 5. Figure 3.1Define Locations of Phase Conductors: In the Phase and Neutrals block, the

location and surface condition of phase and neutrals for each circuit can be defined, as

shown in Figure 3.12. In the Phase tab, click the button to add the three phase

conductors according to Figure 3.1. The Z Average Coordinates are the average height of

the phase conductors (minimum height plus one third of the sag for horizontal lines). The

sag of the transmission line is not considered in this case. Therefore the Z Actual

Coordinates are left as empty which use the Z Average Coordinates. Note that the Z

Actual Coordinates corresponds to the exact height of the bundle at the point where the

computations (electric fields, scalar potentials, magnetic fields, radio interferences, audible

noises and corona losses) will be evaluated.

Step 6. Figure 3.1Define Locations of Overhead Shield Wires: In the Neutrals tab, we will

define the overhead shield wires according to Figure 3.1 .Note that the characteristics of

each overhead shield wires can be defined individually. As shown in Figure 3.13, click on

the button to the Neutral Conductor Characteristics and select Steel from the drop-down

menu. Select ½ EHS-AG and click on the Export. This defines the first ½ EHS-AG steel

conductor. The characteristics of the second overhead shield wire can be simply defined

by selecting the “1/2 EHS-AG STEEL” from the drop-down list as shown in Figure 3.13.

The locations of phase and overhead shield wires are updated in the circuit layout in Figure

3.13.

Figure 3.12 System Configuration: Define Locations of Phases


Page 3-10

Figure 3.13 System Configuration: Define Neutrals

3.2.6 Phase Energization

In this window, the 735 kV phase conductors are energized. Figure 3.14 shows the input data.

Figure 3.14 Energization of AC 735 kV Transmission Line

Click to define Neutrals

conductors from Conductor

Database


Page 3-11

There are a few points worth noting here:

The Phase Voltages can be defined as per unit values and the Reference Voltages can be

conveniently used as a multiplication factors to define Phase Energization as Phase To Neutral

or Phase To Phase.

The energization values under the Design View are updated as they are entered by the user.

It is possible to specify both AC and DC voltage energizations on the same phase.

3.2.7 Electromagnetic Fields

The Electromagnetic Fields window let you decide what physical quantities to be computed. By default,

Electric Fields, Scalar Potentials and Magnetic Fields are all selected under the Determine. For

illustration purpose, 1000 A is used for the computation of magnetic fields. Figure 3.15 provides the input

data.

Figure 3.15 Electromagnetic Fields Computations of AC 735 kV Transmission Line

3.2.8 Observation Profiles

This window is used to define the desired observation profiles. There are three types of observation

profiles. The Linear Profile is used to rapidly define and evaluate a series of points along a straight line.

The Point Profile is used to define specific observation points. The Surface Profile is used to define how


Page 3-12

many points will be evaluated at the surface of the conductor. The on-line help provides further details in

this option.

As shown in Figure 3.1, the magnetic field will be evaluated along a Linear Profile which is at 1 m above

the earth surface, from Y = -100 m to Y = + 100 m. The observation points are spaced 1 m apart. Figure

3.16 shows the input data.

Figure 3.16 Define Linear Profile

3.2.9 Environmental Impact

The Environmental Impact window, shown in Figure 3.17, is used to compute the Acoustical Noise

(AN), the Radio Interference (RI), and the Corona Loss (CL) of the 735 kV transmission line.

Figure 3.17 Evaluate Environmental Impact of AC 735 kV Transmission Line

The following explains the selections in each tab:

In the “Evaluate” tab, make sure that the “All Circuits” radio button is selected. As shown in

Figure 3.17, this selection indicates that the contribution from all the circuits will be accounted to

evaluate the corona effects.


Page 3-13

In the Acoustical tab, the Semi-Empirical IREQ (Canada) method is selected (see Figure 3.18),

as this method is based on the research work in the Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Québec (IREQ)

of the Hydro-Quebec.

In the Radio Interference tab, the Semi-Empirical IREQ (Canada) method is selected (Figure

3.19). Here the RI is evaluated at 0.5 MHz (the default value). The default methods are also chosen

for the addition of RI, i.e. CISPR for AC transmission lines and RMS for DC transmission lines.

In the Corona Loss tab, again, the IREQ (Canada) method is selected, as shown in Figure 3.20.

In the Atmospheric tab, we select the Heavy Rain condition as an example, as shown in Figure

3.21.

Figure 3.18 AN Calculation for AC 735 kV Transmission Line

Figure 3.19 RI Calculation for AC 735 kV Transmission Line


Page 3-14

Figure 3.20 CL Calculation for AC 735 kV Transmission Line

Figure 3.21 Select Heavy Rain Condition

At this point, you have completed the preparation of the data. Under the File menu, select Save. The file

TR_Horizontal AC735kV.F05 is ready to be submitted to the SESEnviroPlus program in the next section.

If you are a licensee of the SESEnviroPlus software you will now be able to proceed to the next section.

Users of the demo software are not able to process the input file, but are able to peruse all output files that

are already available. Therefore read the next section for reference only.


Page 3-15

3.3 SUBMIT SESENVIROPLUS

Click on the Run button on the SESEnviroPlus toolbar. The SESEnviroPlus program will start and carry

out all requested computations.

Upon completion, the program will produce four important files: an OUTPUT file (TR_ Horizontal

AC735kV.F09), a REPORT file (TR_ Horizontal AC735kV.F27) and two DATABASE files (TR_

Horizontal AC735kV.F21, and TR_ Horizontal AC735kV.X21). The OUTPUT and the REPORT files are

ASCII files. They can be opened by a text editor such as the Notepad or by selecting the View | Output

Files menu item in the SESEnviroPlus window. Any ERROR or WARNING messages generated during

the SESEnviroPlus run will appear in the OUTPUT files. The REPORT file contains the line parameters

computed. The database file TR_ Horizontal AC735kV.F21 can be loaded by the TRALIN Output

Toolbox, while the database file TR_ Horizontal AC735kV.X21 is used by the SESEnviroPlot Graphical

Display Tool for plotting.

Figure 3.22 Running SESEnviroPlus

Click on the Close button. This will start the SESEnviroPlot Graphical Display Tool automatically and

you are ready to plot results.

Figure 3.23 SESEnviroPlot Graphical Display Tool


Page 3-16

3.4 PLOT COMPUTATION RESULTS

3.4.1 Plot Radio Noises

In the SESEnviroPlot Graphical Display Tool window (see Figure 3.24), carry out the following:

Select 4-RI Prof: 1 (A.C. Line – Heavy Rain – IREQ simplified under the Computation Block

Number Selection;

Select 3-Distance under X Axis Data Column Selection;

Select both “4-AC Radio Interference (Electric Field <E>)” and “5-AC Radio Interference

(Equivalent Electric Field <H>)” under Y Axis Data Columns Selection.

Click on the Plot button and this will generate Figure 3.25 which represents the RI data gathered

by using a rod antenna.

Click on the Next Plot button. It will generate Figure 3.26 which represents the RI data gathered

by using a loop antenna.

Figure 3.24 Selections for Plotting Radio Interference

If you wish, Figure 3.25 and Figure 3.26 can be saved by selecting the File | Save As… menu item. This

will save a file with an extension *.agl which can be loaded back by using the Compaq Array Viewer

which can be found under the SESSoftware installation folder. However, this is not necessary since these

plots can be generated at any time by first re-loading the plotting database file *.X21 and then by selecting

the View | Plot Results (Ctrl+R) menu item in the SESEnviroPlus window to start the SESEnviroPlot

Graphical Display Tool.


Page 3-17

Figure 3.25 AC Radio Interference (Electric Field <E>) Data Collected Using Rod Antenna


Page 3-18

Figure 3.26 AC Radio Interference (Equivalent Electric Field <H>) Data Collected Using

Loop Antenna

3.4.2 Plot Acoustical Noise


Select 5-AN Prof: 1 (A.C. Line – Heavy Rain – IREQ (Integration) under the Computation

Block Number Selection;


Select 4-AC Audible Noise under Y Axis Data Columns Selection;

Click on the Plot button. This generates Figure 3.28.


Page 3-19

Figure 3.27 Selections for Plotting Acoustical Noise

Figure 3.28 Acoustical Noise Calculated for AC 735 kV Transmission Line


Page 3-20

3.4.3 Plot Magnetic Field


Select 6-A.C. Magnetic Field Profile no. 1 under the Computation Block Number Selection;


Select 11-Resultant of the AC Magnetic Field under Y Axis Data Columns Selection;


Figure 3.29 Selections for Plotting Magnetic Field


Page 3-21

Figure 3.30 Resultant Magnetic Field Calculated for AC 735 kV Transmission Line

3.4.4 Examine Corona Loss

The computation results of Corona Loss can be found in the SESEnviroPlus Output file .F09 as follows.

= = = = = = C O R O N A L O S S C O M P U T A T I O N = = = = = =

=====================================================================

________________________________________________________________________________

G E N E R A T I N G F U N C T I O N S

IREQ's integrating method

Losses W/m

AC VOLTAGE

Line No. Bundle No. RI AN Losses

(dB) (dBA) (Watts/m)

1 1 NA NA 31.0

1 2 NA NA 58.6

1 3 NA NA 31.0

1 901 NA NA 0.00

1 902 NA NA 0.00

Weather conditions: HEAVY RAIN

Total AC corona losses: 120.63 Watts/m or 20.815 dB above 1W/m

Chapter 4. Electromagnetic Environmental Evaluations of a 600 kV DC Line

Page 3-1


ELECTROMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENTAL

EVALUATIONS OF A 600 KV DC LINE

This chapter presents an example for a bipolar 600 kV DC transmission line. Since detailed descriptions

on how to use the SESEnviroPlus to study the AC transmission lines have been provided in the proceeding

chapter, we shall only present appropriate input data screens for the DC line. The computation results will

also be presented.

4.1 DESCRIPTION OF A BIPOLAR DC LINE

A two-pole bipolar HVDC transmission line1 is shown in Figure 4.1. It has two 4×30.5 mm bundled

conductors. The start angle of the first sub-conductor is 0 degree. The bundle radius is 323 mm. The height

and spacing of the poles are 13.0 m and 11.2 m. The electric and magnetic field will be evaluated along a

profile which is at the earth surface, from Y = -15 m to Y = + 15 m. The observation points are spaced 1

m apart.

Figure 4.1 Cross Section of 600 kV Bipolar HVDC Transmission Line

1 H. L. Hill, A. S. Capon, O. Ratz, P. E. Renner, and W. D. Schmit, Transmission Line Reference Book HVDC to ±600 kV,

Electric Power Research Institute, 3412 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, 1976, pp. 87-94.


Page 4-2

The input file (.F05) of this example is the Printout B.2 in Appendix B. It can be loaded under the name

TR_EPRI2X600kV-D11.2.F05 in the input folder as specified in Section 1.8.

4.2 DATA ENTRY

For the DC line, the data entry is different from the AC line in the following three project modules, while

the other four modules are same as those described for the AC line in Chapter 3.

Phase Energization

Electromagnetic Fields

Environmental Impact

4.2.1 Phase Energization

Figure 4.2 shows the energizatons of the DC 600 kV transmission line. The selected reference voltage is

1 kV for “Phase To Neutral”. The operation voltage of phases P1 and P2 are -600 kV and 600 kV,

respectively.

Figure 4.2 Energization of Bipolar 600 kV HVDC Transmission Line

4.2.2 Electromagnetic Fields

Figure 4.3 provides the input data for the Electromagnetic Fields calculations for the DC transmission

line. In addition to the Electric Fields, Scalar Potentials and Magnetic Fields which are selected by

default under the Determine, the space charge effects are considered by selecting the Space-Charge to

calculate corona electric fields. Note that the Physical Parameters for the Space-Charge can be modified


Page 4-3

by clicking on the button next to the Space-Charge. The default parameters are used in this example, as

shown in Figure 4.4.

Figure 4.3 Electromagnetic Fields Computations of DC 600 kV Transmission Line

Figure 4.4 Default Physical Parameters for Space-Charge

Click here to modify

Physical Parameters of

Space-Charge


Page 4-4

For illustration purpose, 1000 A is used for the computation of magnetic fields. In this example, the corona

onset voltages for both poles are set to 290 kV. This value can be different for different poles.

4.2.3 Environmental Impact

Figure 4.5 AN Calculation Method for HVDC 600 kV Transmission Line

Figure 4.6 RI Calculation Method for HVDC 600 kV Transmission Line


Page 4-5

Figure 4.7 CL Calculation Method for HVDC 600 kV Transmission Line

For the RI, AN and CL, the DC evaluation methods are used. In this example, the Semi-Empirical IREQ-

DC method is selected. Figure 4.5, Figure 4.6 and Figure 4.7 show the selected methods for the calculation

of AN, RI and CL, respectively. For the AN calculation, 0.5 MHz is used and the RMS additional method

is selected. In the Atmospheric tab, the Heavy Rain is selected and the rest of parameters are taken from

the default parameters.

4.3 PLOT COMPUTATION RESULTS

4.3.1 Plot Radio Noises


Select 3-RI Prof: 1 (D.C. Line – Heavy Rain – IREQ-DC method under the Computation

Block Number Selection;


Select both “4-DC Radio Interference (Electric Field <E>)” and “5-DC Radio Interference

(Equivalent Electric Field <H>)” under Y Axis Data Columns Selection;

Click on the Plot button and the Next Plot button. This generates Figure 4.9 and Figure 4.10.


Page 4-6

Figure 4.8 Selections for Plotting Radio Interference for HVDC Transmission Line

Figure 4.9 DC Radio Interference (Electric Field <E>) Data Collected Using Rod Antenna


Page 4-7

Figure 4.10 DC Radio Interference (Equivalent Electric Field <H>) Data Collected Using Loop

Antenna

4.3.2 Plot Acoustical Noise


Select 4-AN Prof: 1 (D.C. Line – Heavy Rain – IREQ-DC semi-empirical) under the

Computation Block Number Selection;


Select 4-DC Audible Noise under Y Axis Data Columns Selection;



Page 4-8

Figure 4.11 Selections for Plotting Acoustical Noise for HVDC Transmission Line


Page 4-9

Figure 4.12 Acoustical Noise Calculated for HVDC 600 kV Transmission Line

4.3.3 Plot Magnetic Field


Select 5-D.C. Magnetic Field Profile no. 1 under the Computation Block Number Selection;


Select 11-Resultant of the DC Magnetic Field under Y Axis Data Columns Selection;



Page 4-10

Figure 4.13 Selections for Plotting Magnetic Field for HVDC Transmission Line

Figure 4.14 Resultant Magnetic Field of HVDC 600 kV Transmission Line


Page 4-11

4.3.4 Examine Corona Loss

The computation results of the Corona Loss can be found in the SESEnviroPlus Output file (.F09) as

follows:

= = = = = = C O R O N A L O S S C O M P U T A T I O N = = = = = =

=====================================================================

________________________________________________________________________________

G E N E R A T I N G F U N C T I O N S

IREQ's DC semi-empirical method Level L50 Losses W/m

Summer conditions

DC VOLTAGE Line No. Bundle No. RI AN Losses

(dB) (dBA) (Watts/m)

1 1 NA NA 14.2 1 2 NA NA 14.2

Weather conditions: HEAVY RAIN

Total DC corona losses: 28.440 Watts/m or 14.539 dB above 1W/m

Chapter 5. Conclusions

Page 5-1


CONCLUSIONS

This concludes our concise step-by-step instructions on how to prepare, submit and examine results for a

rapid electromagnetic environmental evaluation for AC/DC transmission lines with respect to radio

interference, acoustical noise, corona loss, magnetic field, and electric field.

Keep in mind that the SESEnviroPlus can handle many different transmission line scenarios, such as, AC-

only; DC-only; AC along with DC lines; AC lines carrying DC, etc. The SESEnviroPlus is designed to

simplify and reduce the work necessary to optimize transmission line designs when considering corona

and environmental parameters; as well as, the ability to reduce the cost of the transmission lines while

remaining within acceptable operation limits.

Only a few of the many features of the software have been used in this tutorial. You should try the many

other options available to familiarize yourself with the CDEGS software package. Your SES Software

DVD also contains a wealth of information stored under the PDF directory. There you will find the

Getting Started with SES Software Packages manual (\PDF\getstart.pdf) which contains useful

information on the CDEGS environment. You will also find other How To…Engineering Guides, Annual

Users’ Group Meeting Proceedings and much more. All Help documents are also available online.

Appendix A. RI, AN and CL Evaluation Methods

Page A-1

AAAPPPPPPEEENNNDDDIIIXXX AAA

RI, AN AND CL EVALUATION METHODS As mentioned in the section “Methodology Used in SESEnviroPlus” in Chapter 1, the various methods

used to evaluate RI, AN and CL are based on empirical data that was obtained for different test conditions

and that is valid in different domains, based on these conditions. This appendix gives detailed information

about these methods and their domain of validity.

In the Domain of Validity, the symbol gm stands for the maximum electric gradient at the conductor

surface.

A.1 RI EVALUATION METHODS

AC semi-empirical radio interference evaluation methods

Name of Method Test Method Domain of Validity

1- IREQ (Canada) Outdoor test cage.

ANSI

2.0 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 10

gm ≤ 35 kV/cm

2- EdF (France) Outdoor test cage and line.

CISPR

225 ≤ V (kV) ≤ 1200

2.0 ≤ d (cm ) ≤ 5.2

n ≤ 8

10≤ gm (kV/cm) ≤ 30

3- CIGRÉ Outdoor test cage and line.

CISPR

200 ≤ V (kV) ≤ 765

2.0 ≤ d (cm ) ≤ 5.0

n ≤ 8

12≤ gm (kV/cm) ≤ 20

4- BPA(USA) Outdoor test line.

ANSI

230 ≤ V (kV) ≤ 750

10 ≤ gm (kV/cm) ≤ 30

5-EPRI(USA) Outdoor test cage and line.

ANSI

345 ≤ V (kV) ≤ 1500

2.1 ≤ d (cm ) ≤ 16.8

8≤ gm (kV/cm) ≤ 35

6- IREQ-SI(Canada) Outdoor test cage.

ANSI

2.0 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 10

gm ≤ 35 kV/cm

Table A.1 AC Semi-Empirical Radio Interference Evaluation Methods


Page A-2

DC semi-empirical radio interference evaluation methods


1- IREQ-DC(Canada) Outdoors test line.

ANSI

(Level L50)

600 < V (kV) < 1200

2.0 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 6.0

gm ≤ 35 kV/cm

1 < n < 8

Bipolar lines

2- IREQ3-DC(Canada) Outdoors test cage and line.

ANSI

(Level L50)

600 < V (kV) < 1200

2.0 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 6.0

gm ≤ 32 kV/cm

1 < n < 8

Bipolar and monopolar lines

3- IREQ4-DC(Canada) Outdoors test cage and line.

ANSI

(Level L5)

600 < V (kV) < 1200

2.0 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 6.0

gm ≤ 32 kV/cm

1 < n < 8


Table A.2 DC Semi-Empirical Radio Interference Evaluation Methods


Page A-3

AC empirical radio interference evaluation methods


1- IREQ-E(Canada) Outdoors test cage, Heavy rain.

ANSI

1 MHz;

BP=9kHz.

gm ≤ 35 kV/cm,

2 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 10

2-CIGRE-E Heavy rain.

CISPR

200 ≤ V (kV) ≤ 765

2.0 ≤ d (cm ) ≤ 5.0 ,

n ≤ 8

12 ≤ gm (kV/cm) ≤ 20

3- BPA-E(USA) L50 fair weather.

ANSI

1 MHz

230 ≤ V (kV) ≤ 750

10 ≤ gm (kV/cm) ≤ 30

4- FGH-E(Germany) L50 fair weather.

ANSI

1 MHz

n ≤ 6

2 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 6

5-CRIEPI-E(Japan) L50 fair weather and L1 heavy

rain.

ANSI

1 MHz

250 ≤ V (kV) ≤ 600

12 ≤ gm (kV/cm) ≤ 22

1 ≤ n ≤ 4

2.5 ≤ d (cm ) ≤ 5.0

6- ENEL-E(Italy) L50 fair weather.

ANSI

1 MHz

0.3 ≤ f (MHz) ≤ 10

400 ≤ V (kV) ≤ 1200

2 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 5

n ≤ 10

7- Westinghouse-E(USA) L50 fair weather.

ANSI

1 MHz

0.2 ≤ f (MHz) ≤ 1.6

3 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 6.6

8- BPA2-E L50 fair and foul weather.

ANSI

1 MHz

V ≤ 1500 kV

Table A.3 AC Empirical Radio Interference Evaluation Methods


Page A-4

DC empirical radio interference evaluation methods


1- BPA-DC-E Outdoor test line and real lines,

Fair weather.

CISPR

1 MHz

V < 600kV

3.0 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 6.5

gm ≤ 30 kV/cm

1 < n < 4

0.3 ≤ f (MHz) ≤ 10

Bipolar lines

2-EPRI-DC-E(USA) Outdoor test line, Fair weather

ANSI

834 kHz

V < 600kV

3.0 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 6.5

gm ≤ 30 kV/cm

1 < n < 4

0.3 ≤ f (MHz) ≤ 10

Bipolar lines

3- Sweden-DC-E(Sweden) Outdoor test line, L50 fair

weather.

CISPR

1 MHZ

V < 750kV

gm ≤ 26 kV/cm

1 < n < 4

0.3 ≤ f (MHz) ≤ 10


4- BPA2-DC-E Outdoor test line and real lines,

L50 fair weather.

ANSI

1 MHz

V < 600kV

3.0 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 6.5

gm ≤ 30 kV/cm

1 < n < 4

0.3 ≤ f (MHz) ≤ 10

Bipolar lines

5- BPA3-DC-E Outdoor test line and real lines,

L50 fair weather.

ANSI

1 MHz

V < 600kV

3.0 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 6.5

gm ≤ 30 kV/cm

1 < n < 4

0.3 ≤ f (MHz) ≤ 10

Bipolar lines

Table A.4 DC Empirical Radio Interference Evaluation Methods


Page A-5

A.2 AN EVALUATION METHODS

AC audible noise semi-empirical methods


1- IREQ(Canada) Outdoor test cage, Heavy

rain (0.7 in/hr), New

conductors

2.0≤ d (cm) ≤ 10

gm ≤ 35 kV/cm

2-EPRI(USA) Heavy rain 230 ≤ V (kV) ≤ 1500

10 ≤ gm (kV/cm) ≤ 30

2.1≤ d (cm) ≤ 16.8 cm

3- IREQ-SI(Canada) Outdoor test cage, Heavy


conductors

2.0≤ d (cm) ≤ 10

gm ≤ 35 kV/cm

Table A.5 AC Semi-Empirical Audible Noise Evaluation Methods

D.C. audible noise semi-empirical methods


1- IREQ-DC(Canada) Outdoor test line (Level L50). 600 < V (kV) < 1200

2.0 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 6.0

gm ≤ 35 kV/cm

1 < n < 8

Bipolar lines

2- IREQ3-DC(Canada) Outdoor test cage and line

(Level L50).

600 V (kV) < 1200

2.0 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 6.0

gm ≤ 32 kV/cm

1 < n < 8


3- IREQ4-DC(Canada) Outdoor test cage and line

(Level L5).

600 < V (kV) < 1200

2.0 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 6.0

gm ≤ 32 kV/cm

1 < n < 8


Table A.6 DC Semi-Empirical Audible Noise Evaluation Methods


Page A-6

AC audible noise empirical methods


1- IREQ-E(Canada) Outdoor test cage, Heavy


conductors

345 ≤ V(kV) ≤ 1500

n ≥ 2

2- GE-E(USA) L5 Heavy rain 230 ≤ V(kV) ≤ 1500

n ≤ 16

2 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 6

3- BPA-E(USA) L50 Rain 330 ≤ V(kV) ≤ 1200

n ≤ 6

2 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 6.5

4- EdF-E(France) L5 Heavy rain 400 ≤ V(kV) ≤ 1500

n ≤ 6

2 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 6.0

5- ENEL-E(Italy) L5 Heavy rain 400 ≤ V(kV) ≤ 1200

n ≤ 10

2 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 5.0

6- FGH-E(Germany) L5 Heavy rain n ≤ 6

2 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 6.0

Table A.7 AC Empirical Audible Noise Evaluation Methods

DC audible noise empirical methods


1- BPA-DC-E(USA) Outdoor test cage and line

(Level L50).

100 < V (kV) < 600

3.0 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 6.5

gm ≤ 30 kV/cm

1 < n < 4

Bipolar lines

2- EPRI-DC-E(USA) Outdoor test cage and line

(Level L50).

100 < V (kV) < 600

3.0 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 6.5

gm ≤ 30 kV/cm

1 < n < 4

Bipolar lines

Table A.8 DC Empirical Audible Noise Evaluation Methods


Page A-7

A.3 CL EVALUATION METHODS

AC corona loss evaluation methods.


1- IREQ(Canada) Outdoor test cage, Heavy

rain (0.7 in/hr)

2.0 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 10

gm ≤ 35 kV/cm

2- BPA(USA) Outdoor test line 230 ≤ V (kV) ≤ 750

n ≤ 8

2 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 5.2

10 ≤ gm (kV/cm)≤ 30

3- EdF(France) Outdoor test cage and line 300 ≤ V (kV) ≤ 1250

n ≤ 8,

2 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 5.2,

10 ≤ gm (kV/cm) ≤ 30

4-EPRI(USA) Outdoor test cage and line 230 ≤ V (kV) ≤ 1500

10 ≤ gm (kV/cm) ≤ 30

2.1 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 16.8

Table A.9 AC Corona Loss Evaluation Methods


Page A-8

DC corona loss evaluation methods.


1- IREQ-DC(Canada) Outdoor test line (Level L50). 600 < V (kV) <1200

2.0 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 6.0

gm ≤ 35 kV/cm

1 < n < 8

Bipolar lines

2- IREQ3-DC(Canada) Outdoor test line and test cage

(Level L50).

600 <V (kV) <1200

2.0 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 6.0

gm ≤ 32 kV/cm

1 < n < 8


3- IREQ4-DC(Canada) Outdoor test line and test cage

(Level L5).

600 <V (kV)<1200

2.0 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 6.0

gm ≤ 32 kV/cm

1 < n < 8


4- CorbelliniPelacchi-DC(Italy) Compilation of several published

methods.

230 ≤ V (kV) ≤ 1200

Bipolar lines

No seasonal variations taken into

account

5- Anneberg-DC(Sweden) Outdoor test line (Level L50). V < 750kV

gm ≤ 26 kV/cm



account

6- EPRI-DC(USA) Outdoor test line (Level L50). V < 600kV

3.0 ≤ d (cm) ≤ 6.5

gm ≤ 30 kV/cm

1 < n < 4

Bipolar lines


account

Table A.10 DC Corona Loss Evaluation Methods

Appendix B. Command Input Mode

Page B-1

AAAPPPPPPEEENNNDDDIIIXXX BBB

COMMAND INPUT MODE Any of the interfaces listed below or a text editor can be used to prepare the input data. The Windows

Toolbox input mode convert the results of an input session to a Command Mode compatible ASCII

input file which can be edited at any time. This document describes the Windows Toolbox mode detail.

The Windows Toolbox mode.

The Command Mode.

Plain Text Editor Mode.

Printout B.1 and Printout B.2 show the TRALIN input files that are generated in Chapter 3 and Chapter

4, respectively. These TRALIN files are ASCII files which can be edited directly by an experienced

user. Similar files can be prepared quite easily by following the information contained in the template

shown in Figure B.1.

TRALIN

TEXT,PROJECT,0,A horizontal 735kV AC line which runs from north to south.

OPTIONS

UNITS,METRIC

SYSTEM

LINES,TRANSPOSED

CIRCUIT,735 kV,4,0.323,45.,0.0165354,0,0.,0.

PHASE,Phase A,1,-13.72,27.43,27.43,0.

PHASE,Phase B,2,0.,27.43,27.43,0.

PHASE,Phase C,3,13.72,27.43,27.43,0.

NEUTRAL,Steel-1,0.0062865,-9.,40.23,40.23,0.,1,0

NEUTRAL,Steel-2,0.0062865,9.,40.23,40.23,0.,1,0

STRANDS,1,1,45,0.0131369,0.0489019,0.00206756,0.0041402,2,2

CLASS_INFO,ACSR,60.,0.

CONDUCTOR_INFO,Bunting

STRANDS,2,2,6,0.975553,2.2127,0.0020955,0.0020955,3,2

CLASS_INFO,STEEL,60.,0.

CONDUCTOR_INFO,1/2 EHS-AG

STRANDS,3,3,6,0.975553,2.2127,0.0020955,0.0020955,3,2

CLASS_INFO,STEEL,60.,0.

CONDUCTOR_INFO,1/2 EHS-AG

PARAMETERS

BASE-VALUES

FREQUENCY,60.

GRADIENT,RMS-FIELD

DETERMINE,BOTH,1,1,1,0

PROFILES,ALL,201,-100.,1.,100.,1.

DISTRIBUTION,POLAR,1,1,1,0,1000.,0.,0.,0.,0.

DISTRIBUTION,POLAR,1,2,1,-120,1000.,-120.,0.,0.,0.


REFERENCE,PHASE-PHASE,735.

ENVIRO

WORKSPACE

SURFACEDEFINITIONMODE,BYBUNDLE

PARAMETERS

ATMOSPHERIC,0.0,760.0,25.0

METEO,HEAVYRAIN

CHARGES-DISTRIBUTION,-1,-1

SPACE-CHARGE,GRADIENT,0.00013,0.00017,2.2E-12

RADIO-NOISE,0.5,1,0

METHOD,IREQ

METHOD,IREQ-SI

AUDIBLE-NOISE


Page B-2

METHOD,IREQ

CORONA-LOSS

METHOD,IREQ

ENDPROGRAM

Printout B.1 TRALIN Input File in Chapter 3 (TR_Horizontal AC735kV.F05)

TRALIN

TEXT,PROJECT,0,Bipolar HVDC Transmission Line

OPTIONS

RUN-IDENTIFICATION,HVDCLine2X600kV

UNITS,METRIC

REDUCTION,NO

SYSTEM

LINES,NOTTRANSPOSED

CIRCUIT,C1,4,0.323,0.,0.01525,0,0.,0.

PHASE,P1,1,5.6,13.,13.,0.

PHASE,P2,2,-5.6,13.,13.,0.

STRANDS,1,1,0,1.,1.,0.,0.,1,1

CLASS_INFO,,0.,0.

CONDUCTOR_INFO

SOIL-TYPE

UNIFORM,100.0,1.0,1.0

PARAMETERS

BASE-VALUES

FREQUENCY,60.

GRADIENT,RMS-FIELD


PROFILES,ALL,31,-15,0.,15,0.

DISTRIBUTION,POLAR,1,1,0,0,0.,0.,-600.,1000.,290.


REFERENCE,NEUTRAL-PHASE,1.

STRIP,6,120.

ENVIRO

WORKSPACE


PARAMETERS


METEO,HEAVYRAIN

CHARGES-DISTRIBUTION,-1,-1

SPACE-CHARGE,VOLTAGE,0.00013,0.00017,2.2E-12

RADIO-NOISE,0.5,1,0

METHOD,IREQ-DC

AUDIBLE-NOISE

METHOD,IREQ-DC

CORONA-LOSS

METHOD,IREQ-DC

ENDPROGRAM

Printout B.2 TRALIN Input File in Chapter 4 (TR_EPRI2X600kV-D11.2.f05)


Page B-3

Figure B.1 TRALIN Input File Template

Appendix C. Extra Examples

Page C-1

AAAPPPPPPEEENNNDDDIIIXXX CCC

EXTRA EXAMPLES

C.1 EXTRA EXAMPLE 1 – THREE PHASE AC 500 KV DOUBLE-CIRCUIT LINE

This example is a 500 kV double-circuit line as described in Ref. 3 in Appendix D. It is an existing line

constructed at a high altitude with known measured characteristics. Measurement of RI has been made

with a loop antenna at a distance of 22.9 meters from the centerline and at a height of 2 meters above

ground. The long term measured L5 value is 73 dB above 1 μV/m (CISPR) at 0.5 MHz or a line voltage

of 530 kV. Figure C.1 shows a schematic diagram of this line. The system is made up of circuit 1 with

phases A1, B1 and C1, circuit 2 with phases A2, B2 and C2, and two neutrals, N1 and N2. The two circuits

are symmetrically distributed. The height of the phase conductors is 12.8 m for A1 and C2, 22.3 m for B1

and B2, and 31.8 m for C1 and A2. The two neutrals N1 and N2 are located at a height of 40 m. All heights

listed here are measured at mid-span. The sag of all conductors is 9 m. The separation between phases A1

and C2 is same as that between C1 and A2, namely 9.2 m. Phases B1 and B2 are separated by 15.2 m. The

two neutrals N1 and N2 are 3.7 m apart. Each bundle is composed of 3 conductors with the diameter of

4.07 cm. The diameter of the bundle is 0.527 m. The diameter of the neutrals is 2.05 cm.

The calculations are carried for both heavy rain and fair weather conditions. For heavy rain conditions,

the calculated RI at 0.5 MHz along a profile located at 2 m above ground is shown in Figure C.2 and

Figure C.3 for a rod antenna and a loop antenna, respectively.

The input file (.F05) of this example is shown in Printout C.1 in Appendix C. It can also be loaded under

the name TR_Double-Circuit AC530kV.F05 in the input folder as specified in Section 1.8.

Figure C.1 Cross Section of Double-Circuit Horizontal 500 kV Line

12.8 m 22.9 m

8.2 m9.2 m

15.2 m

3.7 m

9.5 m

9.5 m9.2 m

3 x 40.7 mm

Loop Antenna

N1

C1

B1

A1

A2

B2

C2

N2


Page C-2

Figure C.2 RI along a Profile at 2 m above the Ground for a Rod Antenna

Figure C.3 RI along a Profile at 2 m above the Ground for a Loop Antenna

Figure C.2 and Figure C.3 show that when the measurement is taken at 15 meters from the outer phase

(22.9 m on either side of the center), the difference between the rod and the loop antenna is 7.4 dB (81.3

dB – 73.9 dB). At this point on the line, the ratio of the electric field to the magnetic field is not equal to

120π, and therefore the standard conversion technique to compute electric field value can’t be used. (This

technique usually involves adding 51.53 dB directly to the measured magnetic field value taken with the

loop antenna and expressing it in an equivalent electric field value). This also indicates that one must

clearly specify what type of antenna was used to take the readings.


Page C-3

TRALIN

TEXT,MODULE,0,V. L. Chartier, L. Y. Lee, L. D. Dickson, K. E. Martin

TEXT,MODULE,0,"Effect of High Altitude on High Voltage AC Transmission Line Corona

TEXT,MODULE,0,Phenomena."

TEXT,MODULE,0,IEEE Trans., Vol. PWRD-2, No. 1, pp. 225-237, January 1987.

OPTIONS

RUN-IDENTIFICATION,BPA_Double_500kV

UNITS,METRIC

SYSTEM

LINES,NOTTRANSPOSED

CIRCUIT,C1,3,.263964,90.,0.0203454

PHASE,A,1,-4.6,15.8,12.8,0.

PHASE,B,2,-7.6,25.3,22.3,0.

PHASE,C,3,-4.6,34.8,31.8,0.

CIRCUIT,C2,3,.263964,90.,0.0203454

PHASE,C2,1,4.6,15.8,12.8,0.

PHASE,B2,2,7.6,25.3,22.3,0.

PHASE,A2,3,4.6,34.8,31.8,0.

NEUTRAL,N2,0.0102895,1.85,43.,40.,0.,2

NEUTRAL,N1,0.0102895,-1.85,43.,40.,0.,1

STRANDS,1,1,84,.0162763,.0320628,1.84912E-03,.0055499,2,2

CLASS_INFO,Acsr,60.,0.

CONDUCTOR_INFO,Chukar

STRANDS,2,2,84,.0162763,.0320628,1.84912E-03,.0055499,2,2

CLASS_INFO,Acsr,60.,0.

CONDUCTOR_INFO,Chukar

STRANDS,3,3,19,1.34112E-03,.408823,.0020574,0.,2,2

CLASS_INFO,Alumoweld,60.,0.

CONDUCTOR_INFO,19 No. 6

STRANDS,4,4,19,1.34112E-03,.408823,.0020574,0.,2,2

CLASS_INFO,Alumoweld,60.,0.

CONDUCTOR_INFO,19 No. 6

SOIL-TYPE

UNIFORM,300.0,1.0,1.0

PARAMETERS

BASE-VALUES

FREQUENCY,60.

GRADIENT,RMS-FIELD


INDIVIDUAL

POINTS,22.9,1.5

POINTS,22.9,2.

PROFILES,ALL,51,-25.,2,25.,2

DISTRIBUTION,POLAR,1,1,1,0

DISTRIBUTION,POLAR,1,2,1,-120



DISTRIBUTION,POLAR,2,2,1,-120



STRIP,6,120.

ENVIRO

WORKSPACE


PARAMETERS

CORONA

ATMOSPHERIC,1935.0,760.0,25.0

METEO,HEAVYRAIN

METEO,FAIRWEATHER

CHARGES-DISTRIBUTION,3,6

RADIO-NOISE,0.5,1,0

METHOD,IREQ

AUDIBLE-NOISE

METHOD,IREQ

CORONA-LOSS

METHOD,IREQ

ENDPROGRAM

Printout C.1 TRALIN Input File for Extra Example 1 (TR_Double-Circuit AC530kV.f05)


Page C-4

C.2 EXAMPLE 2 – THREE-POLE HOMOPOLAR HVDC LINE The three-pole homopolar configuration system shown in Figure C.4 consists of three 4×29.2 mm bundles

located at (-15 m, 18 m), (0 m, 18 m) and (15 m, 18 m), respectively. The bundle radius is 212.1 mm. The

operating voltage is 750 kV and the corona onset voltage is 600 kV. The calculated corona electric field

along a profile located 1 m above the ground under the transmission line is shown in Figure C.5.

The input file (F05) for this example is shown in Printout C.2 in Appendix C. It can also be loaded under

the name TR_Three-Pole Homopolar 750kV HVDC Line.F05 in the input folder as specified in Section

1.8.

Figure C.4 Homopolar Three-Pole HVDC Line

Figure C.5 Corona Electric Field at 1 m above Earth Surface

18 m

15 m0.0292 m

15 m

1 2 3

45.0°

0.21

21m


Page C-5

TRALIN

TEXT,PROJECT,0,Three-Pole homopolar HVDC transmission line.

OPTIONS

RUN-IDENTIFICATION,OLSON_7_M

UNITS,METRIC

SYSTEM

LINES,NOTTRANSPOSED

CIRCUIT,OLSO,4,0.21213,45.0,0.0146177,0,0.,0.

PHASE,A,1,-15.,18.,18.,0.

PHASE,B,2,0.,18.,18.,0.

PHASE,C,3,15.,18.,18.,0.

STRANDS,1,1,0,1.,1.666,0.,0.,1,1

CLASS_INFO,,0.,0.

CONDUCTOR_INFO

SOIL-TYPE

UNIFORM,100.0,1.0,2.8

PARAMETERS

BASE-VALUES

FREQUENCY,60.

GRADIENT,RMS-FIELD

DETERMINE,FIELD,1,1,1,1

PROFILES,ALL,101,-50.,1.,50.,1.

DISTRIBUTION,CARTESIAN,1,1,0,0,0.,0.,1.,0.,0.8




STRIP,6,120.

ENVIRO

WORKSPACE


PARAMETERS

CORONA,1


METEO,HEAVYRAIN

METEO,FAIRWEATHER

CHARGES-DISTRIBUTION,3,6

SPACE-CHARGE,VOLTAGE,0.00013,0.00017,2.2E-12

RADIO-NOISE,0.5,0,1

METHOD,ALL

AUDIBLE-NOISE

METHOD,ALL

CORONA-LOSS

METHOD,ALL

ENDPROGRAM

Printout C.2 TRALIN Input File for Extra Example 2 (TR_Three-Pole Homopolar 750kV

HVDC Line.F05)

Appendix D. Usefull References

Page D-1

AAAPPPPPPEEENNNDDDIIIXXX DDD

USEFUL REFERENCES 1. P.S. Maruvada, “Corona Performance of High Voltage Transmission Lines”, Baldock, Hertfordshire, England:

Research Studies Press Ltd., 2000.

2. H. L. Hill, A. S. Capon, O. Ratz, P. E. Renner, and W. D. Schmit, Transmission Line Reference Book HVDC to

±600 kV, Electric Power Research Institute, 3412 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, 1976.

3. V. L. Chartier, L. Y. Lee, L. D. Dickson, K. E. Martin, “Effect of High Altitude on High Voltage AC Transmission

Line Corona Phenomena”, IEEE Trans., Vol. PWRD-2, No. 1, pp. 225-237, January 1987.

4. R.D. Dallaire, P.S. Maruvada, “Analysis of Radio Interference from Short Multi Conductor Lines. Part 1.

Theoretical Analysis” IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-100, April 1981, pp.2100-2108.

5. Olsen R.G., Stimson, B.O., “Predicting VHF/UHF electromagnetic noise from corona on power-line conductor”

IEEE Trans. On Electromagnetic. Compatibility, EMC-30, pp.13-22, 1988.

6. R.G. Olsen, S.D. Schennum, V.L. Chartier, “Comparison of Several Methods for Calculating Power Line

Electromagnetic Interference Levels and Calibration with Long-term Data”, IEEE Trans., Vol. PWRD-7, No.2,

April 1992, pp.903-913.

7. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), “Transmission Line Reference Book. 345 kV and Above/Second

Edition”, Palo Alto, CA, 1982

8. V.L. Chartier, “Empirical Expressions for Calculating High Voltage Transmission Line Corona Phenomena”,

First Annual Seminar Technical Program for Professional Engineers, Bonneville Power Administration (BPA),

1983.

9. IEEE Committee Report, “Radio Noise Guide for High-Voltage Transmission Lines”, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-

90, No.2, March/April 1971, pp.833-842.

10. C.H. Gary, “The Theory of Excitation Function: A Demonstration of its Physical Meaning”, IEEE Trans., Vol.

PAS-91, Jan/Feb 1972, pp.305-310.

11. S. Fortin, H. Zhao, J. Ma and F. P. Dawalibi, “A New Approach to Calculate the Ionized Field of HVDC

Transmission Lines in the Space and on the Earth Surface”, IEEE International Conference on Power System

Technology, Chongqing, China, October 22-26, 2006.

12. Zhao Huiliang, Fortin Simon, Ma Jinxi and F. P. Dawalibi, “Electromagnetic Environmental Evaluation of HVDC

Transmission Lines”, ICEE 2007, Hong Kong.

Notes

NOTES

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