The Thirteen Colonies The Thirteen Colonies and the British Empireand the British Empire

1607-17501607-1750

IntroductionIntroduction

Between the founding of Jamestown in 1607 and the Between the founding of Jamestown in 1607 and the founding of Georgia in 1733, thirteen distinctly different founding of Georgia in 1733, thirteen distinctly different English colonies developed along the Atlantic Coast of English colonies developed along the Atlantic Coast of North America.North America.

Every colony received its identity and its authority to Every colony received its identity and its authority to operate by means of a operate by means of a chartercharter, a document granting , a document granting special privileges, from the English monarch.special privileges, from the English monarch.

Over time, three types of charters- and three types of Over time, three types of charters- and three types of colonies- developed:colonies- developed:

CorporateCorporate colonies, such as Jamestown (before 1624), colonies, such as Jamestown (before 1624), were operated by joint-stock companies.were operated by joint-stock companies.

RoyalRoyal colonies colonies, , such as Virginia after 1624, were to be such as Virginia after 1624, were to be under the direct authority and rule of the crown.under the direct authority and rule of the crown.

ProprietaryProprietary colonies, such as Maryland and colonies, such as Maryland and Pennsylvania, were under the authority of individuals Pennsylvania, were under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king.granted charters of ownership by the king.

Unlike those who settled the French and Spanish colonies in the Unlike those who settled the French and Spanish colonies in the Americas, the English colonists brought with them a tradition of Americas, the English colonists brought with them a tradition of independence and representative government.independence and representative government.

Accustomed to holding elections for representatives who Accustomed to holding elections for representatives who would speak for property owners and either approve or would speak for property owners and either approve or disapprove important measures, such as taxes, proposed disapprove important measures, such as taxes, proposed by the king’s governmentby the king’s government

While political and religious conflicts and civil war While political and religious conflicts and civil war dominated England, feelings for independence grew in the dominated England, feelings for independence grew in the coloniescolonies

The Chesapeake ColoniesThe Chesapeake ColoniesVirginia and MarylandVirginia and Maryland

In 1632, King Charles I subdivided the vast area that In 1632, King Charles I subdivided the vast area that had been the Virginia colony.had been the Virginia colony.

He chartered a new colony located on either side of He chartered a new colony located on either side of Chesapeake Bay and granted control of it to Chesapeake Bay and granted control of it to Lord Lord CalvertCalvert (Lord Baltimore), as a reward for this Catholic (Lord Baltimore), as a reward for this Catholic nobleman’s loyal service to the crown.nobleman’s loyal service to the crown.

The new colony of The new colony of MarylandMaryland thus became the first of thus became the first of several proprietary colonies.several proprietary colonies.

MarylandMaryland

Charles I decided to Charles I decided to establish proprietorships establish proprietorships rather than granting more rather than granting more colonies to joint-stock colonies to joint-stock companies because he companies because he believed that loyal believed that loyal proprietors like Lord proprietors like Lord Baltimore could be trusted Baltimore could be trusted to faithfully carry out the to faithfully carry out the king’s policies and wishes.king’s policies and wishes.

The first Lord Baltimore The first Lord Baltimore died before he could fulfill died before he could fulfill his twin ambitions ofhis twin ambitions of

- achieving great wealth in - achieving great wealth in his colonyhis colony

- providing a safe haven - providing a safe haven for his fellow Catholicsfor his fellow Catholics

Control of the Maryland Control of the Maryland proprietorship passed in proprietorship passed in 1632 to his son 1632 to his son Cecilius Cecilius CalvertCalvert- the second Lord - the second Lord Baltimore- who set about Baltimore- who set about implementing his father’s implementing his father’s plan in 1634.plan in 1634.

Maryland (continued)Maryland (continued)

To avoid the intolerance To avoid the intolerance and persecution of their and persecution of their Puritan enemies, a number Puritan enemies, a number of wealthy Catholics of wealthy Catholics emigrated to Maryland and emigrated to Maryland and established large colonial established large colonial plantations.plantations.

Catholic settlers, however, Catholic settlers, however, were outnumbered from were outnumbered from the start by Protestant the start by Protestant farmers (mostly farmers (mostly Anglicans).Anglicans).

The Calverts quickly The Calverts quickly realized that they realized that they (Catholics) would always (Catholics) would always be a minority in the colony.be a minority in the colony.

In 1649, Calvert sent from In 1649, Calvert sent from England the draft of an England the draft of an Act Act Concerning ReligionConcerning Religion (Act (Act of Religious Toleration), of Religious Toleration), which assured the freedom which assured the freedom of worship, though only of worship, though only within the bounds of within the bounds of Trinitarian Christianity.Trinitarian Christianity.

One of the earliest laws of One of the earliest laws of religious liberty, it was religious liberty, it was limited to Christianslimited to Christians

Maryland (continued)Maryland (continued)

Despite the passage of the Act of Toleration, tensions Despite the passage of the Act of Toleration, tensions between the Catholic minority and Protestant majority between the Catholic minority and Protestant majority fueled political strife as “zealous Jesuits and crusading fueled political strife as “zealous Jesuits and crusading Puritans” vied for religious dominancePuritans” vied for religious dominance

For a period during the late 17For a period during the late 17thth century, the Protestant century, the Protestant majority, having triumphed, barred Catholics from voting majority, having triumphed, barred Catholics from voting and in 1692 succeeded in repealing the Toleration Act.and in 1692 succeeded in repealing the Toleration Act.

The Chesapeake ColoniesThe Chesapeake Colonies

Due to several factors, the population of the Chesapeake Due to several factors, the population of the Chesapeake colonies grew slowlycolonies grew slowly

unhealthy climateunhealthy climate high death rate due to disease and Indian attackshigh death rate due to disease and Indian attacks imbalance between the number of men and womenimbalance between the number of men and women

- most of the early settlers were young men from England - most of the early settlers were young men from England and and Scotland brought as indentured servants to work the Scotland brought as indentured servants to work the tobacco tobacco fieldsfields

- for example, in 1619, for example, a boatload of - for example, in 1619, for example, a boatload of Englishwomen Englishwomen were transported to Jamestown to were transported to Jamestown to become wives of the become wives of the colonists. Women “were purchased colonists. Women “were purchased for 120 pounds of for 120 pounds of tobacco”tobacco”

TobaccoTobaccoLarge scale cultivation of tobacco required large tracts of land and an extensive Large scale cultivation of tobacco required large tracts of land and an extensive labor supply. To meet demand for labor, planters in the Chesapeake colonies labor supply. To meet demand for labor, planters in the Chesapeake colonies employed a system of indentured servitude.employed a system of indentured servitude.

Indentured ServantsIndentured Servants In exchange for payment of In exchange for payment of

their passage to America, their passage to America, young people from the British young people from the British Isles entered into labor Isles entered into labor contracts with landowners contracts with landowners obligating them to work for a obligating them to work for a specified period of time (usually specified period of time (usually seven years) in exchange for seven years) in exchange for room and boardroom and board

In effect, indentured servants In effect, indentured servants were under the absolute rule of were under the absolute rule of their masterstheir masters

At the expiration of the At the expiration of the specified period, they gained specified period, they gained their freedomtheir freedom

Headright SystemHeadright System In an effort to attract new In an effort to attract new

settlers and workers, the settlers and workers, the headright systemheadright system was was established, first in Virginia and established, first in Virginia and later in Maryland.later in Maryland.

In Virginia, the headright system In Virginia, the headright system offered fifty acre grants of land offered fifty acre grants of land which new settlers could acquire which new settlers could acquire in a variety of ways.in a variety of ways.

- each new settler who paid for - each new settler who paid for his his own passage received own passage received fifty fifty acres acres

- anyone (new settler or old) who - anyone (new settler or old) who paid for the passage of paid for the passage of

other other immigrants to Virginia immigrants to Virginia would would receive an additional receive an additional headright for each new arrival.headright for each new arrival.

““Turbulent Virginia” and Bacon’s RebellionTurbulent Virginia” and Bacon’s Rebellion

Economic problemsEconomic problems- beginning in the 1660s, low tobacco prices, due in part to - beginning in the 1660s, low tobacco prices, due in part to

overproduction, brought hard times to the Chesapeake overproduction, brought hard times to the Chesapeake coloniescolonies

Economic distress fueled political unrestEconomic distress fueled political unrest Sir William Berkeley, the royal governor of Virginia (1641-Sir William Berkeley, the royal governor of Virginia (1641-

1652; 1660-1677), adopted policies that favored the large 1652; 1660-1677), adopted policies that favored the large planters and used autocratic powers to govern on their behalf.planters and used autocratic powers to govern on their behalf.- By 1670, the vote was restricted to landowners, and elections - By 1670, the vote was restricted to landowners, and elections

were rarewere rare- each county continued to have only two representatives, - each county continued to have only two representatives, even even though some of the new counties of the interior though some of the new counties of the interior contained contained many more people than the older counties of many more people than the older counties of the tidewaterthe tidewater- Thus, settlers of the “backcountry,” many of them former - Thus, settlers of the “backcountry,” many of them former servants servants and recent arrivals, were underrepresented in and recent arrivals, were underrepresented in the colony’s the colony’s government in Jamestowngovernment in Jamestown

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion

In 1676, backcountry unrest and political rivalries combined In 1676, backcountry unrest and political rivalries combined to create to create Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion

Nathaniel Bacon, newly arrived from England and a Nathaniel Bacon, newly arrived from England and a member of the “backcountry” gentry, seized upon the member of the “backcountry” gentry, seized upon the grievances of western farmers to lead a rebellion against grievances of western farmers to lead a rebellion against Berkeley’s government.Berkeley’s government.

Bacon and those who joined him resented the economic Bacon and those who joined him resented the economic and political control exercised by the Jamestown elite and political control exercised by the Jamestown elite

Howard Zinn describes Bacon’s Rebellion as “not easily Howard Zinn describes Bacon’s Rebellion as “not easily classifiable as either anti-aristocrat or anti-Indian because classifiable as either anti-aristocrat or anti-Indian because it was both.”it was both.”

According to Zinn, Bacon’s “Declaration of the People” of According to Zinn, Bacon’s “Declaration of the People” of July of 1676 “shows a mixture of populist resentment July of 1676 “shows a mixture of populist resentment against the rich and frontier hatred of the Indians.against the rich and frontier hatred of the Indians.

Bacon indicted the Berkeley administration forBacon indicted the Berkeley administration for

1. unjust taxes1. unjust taxes

2. putting favorites in high positions2. putting favorites in high positions

3. monopolizing the fur trade3. monopolizing the fur trade

4. for not protecting western farmers from the Indians4. for not protecting western farmers from the Indians

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion

Backcountry settlements constantly under the threat of Backcountry settlements constantly under the threat of attack from Indians angry about European intrusions attack from Indians angry about European intrusions (encroachment) into their lands (encroachment) into their lands

Begins with a series of attacks by frontier settlers against Begins with a series of attacks by frontier settlers against Indians to defend western districts from Indian raidsIndians to defend western districts from Indian raids

As fighting intensified, Bacon and other backcountry farmers, As fighting intensified, Bacon and other backcountry farmers, angry with Berkley’s cautious and indecisive response to angry with Berkley’s cautious and indecisive response to their cries for help in fighting the Indians, perpetrated a their cries for help in fighting the Indians, perpetrated a series of “unauthorized” raids and massacres against Indian series of “unauthorized” raids and massacres against Indian villages on the Virginia frontier.villages on the Virginia frontier.

In response, Berkeley proclaimed Bacon and his men rebels In response, Berkeley proclaimed Bacon and his men rebels and what had started as an “unauthorized” assault on the and what had started as an “unauthorized” assault on the Indians became a “military challenge to the colonial Indians became a “military challenge to the colonial government” and the most powerful, violent, insurrection government” and the most powerful, violent, insurrection against established authority in the history of the colonies against established authority in the history of the colonies until the Revolutionary Era. until the Revolutionary Era.

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion

Bacon’s army (a motley force of “Englishmen and Negroes, Bacon’s army (a motley force of “Englishmen and Negroes, a mixture of freemen, servants, and slaves) succeeded in a mixture of freemen, servants, and slaves) succeeded in burning Jamestown and forcing the governor into exileburning Jamestown and forcing the governor into exile

Bacon’s death of dysentery in the fall of 1676, however, Bacon’s death of dysentery in the fall of 1676, however, coupled with the arrival of British troops from England coupled with the arrival of British troops from England enabled the colonial government under Berkeley to quickly enabled the colonial government under Berkeley to quickly bring the rebellion to an end.bring the rebellion to an end.

- Servants and slaves were eventually captured and - Servants and slaves were eventually captured and delivered up to delivered up to their masters. In the end, twenty-their masters. In the end, twenty-three rebel leaders were three rebel leaders were hanged (Zinn, hanged (Zinn, A People’s A People’s HistoryHistory, 34), 34)

Significance of Bacon’s RebellionSignificance of Bacon’s Rebellion

Bacon’s Rebellion exposed (revealed)Bacon’s Rebellion exposed (revealed) the continuing struggle to define the boundary between the continuing struggle to define the boundary between

Indian and white lands in VirginiaIndian and white lands in Virginia the “bitterness of the competition” between eastern and the “bitterness of the competition” between eastern and

western landownerswestern landowners the potential for instability in the colony’s large and the potential for instability in the colony’s large and

growing population of free, landless mengrowing population of free, landless men- “these men-most of them former indentured servants, - “these men-most of them former indentured servants, propertyless, unemployed, with no real prospects” made up propertyless, unemployed, with no real prospects” made up the majority of Bacon’s Armythe majority of Bacon’s Army- what had begun as a conflict against Indians became a - what had begun as a conflict against Indians became a violent manifestation of class resentment directed at the violent manifestation of class resentment directed at the tidewater gentrytidewater gentry-according to Zinn, what was “especially fearsome” for the -according to Zinn, what was “especially fearsome” for the wealthy white planters was that white servants and black wealthy white planters was that white servants and black slaves joined forcesslaves joined forces

How might these potent forces of social unrest be kept in check?How might these potent forces of social unrest be kept in check?

Significance of Bacon’s RebellionSignificance of Bacon’s Rebellion

According to Morgan, there was an obvious lesson in the According to Morgan, there was an obvious lesson in the rebellion, although “Virginians did not immediately grasp rebellion, although “Virginians did not immediately grasp it:”it:”

““Resentment of an alien race might be more powerful than Resentment of an alien race might be more powerful than resentment of an upper class.”resentment of an upper class.”

Significance of Bacon’s RebellionSignificance of Bacon’s Rebellion

““If freemen with disappointed hopes should make common If freemen with disappointed hopes should make common cause with slaves of desperate hope, the results might be cause with slaves of desperate hope, the results might be worse than anything Bacon had done. The answer to the worse than anything Bacon had done. The answer to the problem…was racism, to separate dangerous free whites problem…was racism, to separate dangerous free whites from dangerous slave blacks by a screen of racial contempt from dangerous slave blacks by a screen of racial contempt (Morgan, (Morgan, American Slavery, American FreedomAmerican Slavery, American Freedom, 328).”, 328).”

And so, the most significant effect of Bacon’s Rebellion is And so, the most significant effect of Bacon’s Rebellion is the shift toward slavery, toward racism. Recognizing the the shift toward slavery, toward racism. Recognizing the need to prevent social unrest from below, large plantation need to prevent social unrest from below, large plantation owners of the Chesapeake increasingly turned to the owners of the Chesapeake increasingly turned to the African slave trade to fulfill their need for labor.African slave trade to fulfill their need for labor.

Development of New EnglandDevelopment of New EnglandA Theocratic Society in MassachusettsA Theocratic Society in Massachusetts

Ministers had no political power, but exerted great influence on Ministers had no political power, but exerted great influence on church members, who were the only people who could vote or church members, who were the only people who could vote or hold officehold office

Government, in turn, protected the ministers, taxed the Government, in turn, protected the ministers, taxed the (members and non-members alike) to support the church, and (members and non-members alike) to support the church, and enforced the law requiring attendance at religious servicesenforced the law requiring attendance at religious services

DissidentsDissidents had no more freedom to worship than the Puritans had no more freedom to worship than the Puritans had had in Englandhad had in England- - Puritan religious leaders were intolerant of anyone who Puritan religious leaders were intolerant of anyone who questioned questioned the religious teachings and practices of the the religious teachings and practices of the colonycolony- A common method for dealing with dissidents was to banish - A common method for dealing with dissidents was to banish them them from the Bay Colonyfrom the Bay Colony

Colonial Massachusetts could be described as a theocracy, a Colonial Massachusetts could be described as a theocracy, a society in which the line separating church and state “was hard society in which the line separating church and state “was hard to see”to see”

Development of New EnglandDevelopment of New EnglandRhode Island and ConnecticutRhode Island and Connecticut

As the population of Massachusetts increased, many As the population of Massachusetts increased, many settlers- those who did not accept all the religious tenets of settlers- those who did not accept all the religious tenets of the colony’s leaders or those who lacked church the colony’s leaders or those who lacked church membership (and hence, the right to vote) left and began membership (and hence, the right to vote) left and began to spread settlement throughout present-day New England.to spread settlement throughout present-day New England.

Dissidents formed the nucleus for the founding of several Dissidents formed the nucleus for the founding of several colonies in New England, which would ultimately develop colonies in New England, which would ultimately develop into Rhode Island and Connecticutinto Rhode Island and Connecticut

Rhode IslandRhode Island

Roger Williams went to Boston Roger Williams went to Boston in 1631 as a respected Puritan in 1631 as a respected Puritan MinisterMinister

He believed, however, that He believed, however, that individual conscience was individual conscience was beyond the control of any civil beyond the control of any civil or religious authority (or religious authority (Liberty Liberty of Conscience).of Conscience).

Denied the authority of civil Denied the authority of civil government to regulate government to regulate religious behavior (in effect, religious behavior (in effect, an endorsement of an endorsement of separation of church and separation of church and statestate))

In conflict with other Puritan In conflict with other Puritan leaders, Williams is banished leaders, Williams is banished from the Bay colony.from the Bay colony.

Leaving Boston, he flees Leaving Boston, he flees southward to Narragansett southward to Narragansett Bay where he and several Bay where he and several followers found the settlement followers found the settlement of Providence in 1636of Providence in 1636

ProvidenceProvidenceThe new colony is unique in two The new colony is unique in two

respectsrespects1.1. It recognized the rights of It recognized the rights of

Native-Americans and paid Native-Americans and paid them for the use of their them for the use of their landland

2.2. Williams’ government Williams’ government provided for complete provided for complete religious toleration by religious toleration by allowing Catholics, Quakers, allowing Catholics, Quakers, and Jews to worship freelyand Jews to worship freely- for example, no oaths - for example, no oaths regarding religious beliefs, regarding religious beliefs, no taxes to support a state no taxes to support a state church, no compulsory church, no compulsory attendance at worshipattendance at worship

Anne HutchinsonAnne Hutchinson Dissident who questioned Dissident who questioned

the doctrines of Puritan the doctrines of Puritan religious leadersreligious leaders

Openly challenged the Openly challenged the right of the Massachusetts right of the Massachusetts clergy to exercise authority clergy to exercise authority over their congregationsover their congregations

Also created alarm by Also created alarm by “affronting prevailing “affronting prevailing assumptions” and norms assumptions” and norms regarding the proper role regarding the proper role of women in Puritan of women in Puritan society by hosting religious society by hosting religious gatherings in her homegatherings in her home

Branded an antinomian Branded an antinomian (someone who refuses to (someone who refuses to obey the laws of god or man), obey the laws of god or man), she was placed on trial and she was placed on trial and banished from the Bay colonybanished from the Bay colony

Founded the colony of Founded the colony of Portsmouth in 1638, not far Portsmouth in 1638, not far from Willliams’ Providencefrom Willliams’ Providence

Eventually settled in New Eventually settled in New Netherland and was killed in Netherland and was killed in an Indian uprising (Kieft’s an Indian uprising (Kieft’s War)War)

Rhode Island (continued)Rhode Island (continued)

In 1644, Roger Williams was granted a charter In 1644, Roger Williams was granted a charter from the English Parliament joining Providence from the English Parliament joining Providence and Portsmouth into a single colony, Rhode Islandand Portsmouth into a single colony, Rhode Island

Because this colony offered religious freedom for Because this colony offered religious freedom for all, it served as a refuge for people of various all, it served as a refuge for people of various faithsfaiths

ConnecticutConnecticutTo the west of Rhode Island, the fertile Connecticut River Valley To the west of Rhode Island, the fertile Connecticut River Valley attracted settlers who did not agree with all the religious tenets of the attracted settlers who did not agree with all the religious tenets of the leaders of Massachusettsleaders of Massachusetts

HartfordHartford The Rev. Thomas Hooker led a The Rev. Thomas Hooker led a

large group of Boston Puritans large group of Boston Puritans into the valley and founded the into the valley and founded the colony of Hartford in 1636.colony of Hartford in 1636.

The Hartford colonists drew up The Hartford colonists drew up the first written constitution in the first written constitution in American history, theAmerican history, the Fundamental Orders of Fundamental Orders of ConnecticutConnecticut (1639), which (1639), which established a representative established a representative government consisting of a government consisting of a legislature elected by popular legislature elected by popular vote and a governor chosen by vote and a governor chosen by that legislature.that legislature.

New HavenNew Haven South of Hartford, a second South of Hartford, a second

settlement in the Connecticut settlement in the Connecticut Valley was started by John Valley was started by John Davenport in 1637Davenport in 1637

In 1665, New Haven joined In 1665, New Haven joined with Hartford to form the with Hartford to form the colony of Connecticut.colony of Connecticut.

The royal charter for The royal charter for Connecticut granted it a Connecticut granted it a limited degree of self-limited degree of self-government, including government, including election of the governor.election of the governor.

New HampshireNew Hampshire

Last colony to be founded in New England, consisting of a Last colony to be founded in New England, consisting of a few settlements north of Bostonfew settlements north of Boston

Originally part of Massachusetts, it was separated from the Originally part of Massachusetts, it was separated from the Bay colony by King Charles II in 1679 in an attempt to Bay colony by King Charles II in 1679 in an attempt to increase royal control over the coloniesincrease royal control over the colonies

Made a royal colony, it was subject to the authority of an Made a royal colony, it was subject to the authority of an appointed governorappointed governor

Development of New England (continuedDevelopment of New England (continued

The Halfway CovenantThe Halfway Covenant by the 1660s, a generation had passed since the founding of by the 1660s, a generation had passed since the founding of

the first Puritan coloniesthe first Puritan colonies the New England-born settlers showed signs of being less the New England-born settlers showed signs of being less

committed to religious faith and more interested in material committed to religious faith and more interested in material pursuitspursuits

especially alarming was the apparent decline in conversions especially alarming was the apparent decline in conversions –testimonials by individuals that they had received God’s –testimonials by individuals that they had received God’s grace and therefore deserved to be admitted to the church grace and therefore deserved to be admitted to the church as members of the elect.as members of the elect.

How was the Puritan church to retain its power and influence How was the Puritan church to retain its power and influence if younger people failed to become church members?if younger people failed to become church members?

The Halfway CovenantThe Halfway Covenant

In an effort to maintain the In an effort to maintain the church’s power and church’s power and influence in New England influence in New England society, troubled ministers society, troubled ministers in 1662 announced a new in 1662 announced a new formula for partial church formula for partial church membership, the membership, the halfway halfway covenantcovenant

the the halfway covenanthalfway covenant offered partial membership offered partial membership rights to people not yet rights to people not yet converted by admitting to converted by admitting to baptism- but not “full baptism- but not “full communion”- the communion”- the unconverted children of unconverted children of existing membersexisting members

EffectsEffects over time, the halfway over time, the halfway

covenant helped to open covenant helped to open Puritan church doors fully Puritan church doors fully to all comers, whether to all comers, whether converted or notconverted or not

widening of church widening of church membership gradually membership gradually erased the distinction erased the distinction between the “elect” and between the “elect” and other members of societyother members of society

from this time onward from this time onward women were a majority women were a majority in Puritan in Puritan congregationscongregations

New England ConfederationNew England Confederation In the 1640s, the various New England colonies were under the In the 1640s, the various New England colonies were under the

constant threat of attack from Native Americans, the Dutch, and constant threat of attack from Native Americans, the Dutch, and the Frenchthe French

Because of civil war in England, the colonists could expect little Because of civil war in England, the colonists could expect little aidaid

In 1643, four New England colonies (Plymouth, Massachusetts In 1643, four New England colonies (Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven formed a military alliance Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven formed a military alliance known as the known as the New England ConfederationNew England Confederation

- directed by a board comprised of two representatives from - directed by a board comprised of two representatives from each colonyeach colony

- limited powers to act on boundary disputes, the return of - limited powers to act on boundary disputes, the return of runaway runaway servants, and servants, and dealings with Native-Americansdealings with Native-Americans

the confederation lasted until 1684, when colonial rivalries and the confederation lasted until 1684, when colonial rivalries and renewed control by the English monarch brought this first renewed control by the English monarch brought this first experiment in colonial cooperation to an endexperiment in colonial cooperation to an end

set an important precedent for colonies taking unified action set an important precedent for colonies taking unified action toward a common purpose toward a common purpose

King Philip’s WarKing Philip’s War

CausesCauses continued encroachment continued encroachment

of English settlers onto of English settlers onto Native American lands Native American lands sparked Indian resistancesparked Indian resistance

Metacom, Chief of the Metacom, Chief of the Wampanogs, known to Wampanogs, known to colonists as King Philip, colonists as King Philip, forged a pan-Indian forged a pan-Indian alliance in southern New alliance in southern New England by uniting England by uniting several tribes and several tribes and mounted a series of mounted a series of bloody Indian raids bloody Indian raids against English against English settlements along the settlements along the frontierfrontier

EffectsEffects 52 Puritan towns were 52 Puritan towns were

attacked and 12 destroyed attacked and 12 destroyed entirelyentirely

Hundreds of colonists and Hundreds of colonists and Indians died in the bloodshedIndians died in the bloodshed

although King Philip’s War although King Philip’s War slowed the westward march slowed the westward march of English settlement, the war of English settlement, the war inflicted a lasting defeat on inflicted a lasting defeat on New England Native-New England Native-AmericansAmericans

Reduced in numbers, Reduced in numbers, dispirited, disbanded, Native-dispirited, disbanded, Native-Americans would never again Americans would never again seriously threaten New seriously threaten New England colonistsEngland colonists

Salem Witch TrialsSalem Witch Trials

The Salem Witch Trials, The Salem Witch Trials, one of the most frightening one of the most frightening religious episodes in religious episodes in colonial American history, colonial American history, was sparked by the was sparked by the accusations of adolescent accusations of adolescent girls who claimed to have girls who claimed to have been bewitched by certain been bewitched by certain older womenolder women

a hysterical witch hunt a hysterical witch hunt ensued, resulting in the ensued, resulting in the “legal lynching” of 20 “legal lynching” of 20 individuals, 19 of whom individuals, 19 of whom were hanged and one of were hanged and one of whom was pressed to whom was pressed to deathdeath

Two dogs were also Two dogs were also hangedhanged

SignificanceSignificance revealed deep religious and revealed deep religious and

social conflicts within the social conflicts within the rapidly evolving rapidly evolving Massachusetts village in that Massachusetts village in that most of the accused were most of the accused were among Salem’s prosperous among Salem’s prosperous merchant ranks while their merchant ranks while their accusers came largely from accusers came largely from the ranks of poorer families in the ranks of poorer families in Salem’s agricultural Salem’s agricultural hinterlandhinterland

episode reflects the widening episode reflects the widening social stratification of New social stratification of New England, as well as the England, as well as the conflict between religious conflict between religious tradition and Yankee tradition and Yankee commercialismcommercialism

Restoration ColoniesRestoration ColoniesNew American colonies were founded in the late 17New American colonies were founded in the late 17 thth century during a century during a period in English history known as the period in English history known as the RestorationRestoration . The name refers . The name refers to the restoration to power of an English monarch, Charles II, in 1660 to the restoration to power of an English monarch, Charles II, in 1660 following a brief period of Puritan rule under Oliver Cromwell.following a brief period of Puritan rule under Oliver Cromwell.

The CarolinasThe Carolinas as a reward for helping him gain the throne, Charles II as a reward for helping him gain the throne, Charles II

granted a huge tract of land between Virginia and Spanish granted a huge tract of land between Virginia and Spanish Florida to eight nobles, who became the lord proprietors of Florida to eight nobles, who became the lord proprietors of the Carolinasthe Carolinas

In 1729, two royal colonies South Carolina and North In 1729, two royal colonies South Carolina and North Carolina, were formed from the original proprietorship Carolina, were formed from the original proprietorship

The Carolinas (continued)The Carolinas (continued)

South CarolinaSouth Carolina In 1670, in the southern In 1670, in the southern

Carolinas, a few colonists Carolinas, a few colonists from England and some from England and some planters from the island of planters from the island of Barbados founded the town of Barbados founded the town of Charles TownCharles Town

Initially, the economy was Initially, the economy was based on trading fursbased on trading furs

prospered through the prospered through the development of close development of close economic ties to the economic ties to the English West IndiesEnglish West Indies by by providing foodstuffs to providing foodstuffs to provision sugar plantations on provision sugar plantations on the islandsthe islands

By the middle of the 18By the middle of the 18thth century, century, rice emerged as rice emerged as the principal export cropthe principal export crop

Carolinians paid premium Carolinians paid premium prices for African slaves prices for African slaves experienced in rice cultivationexperienced in rice cultivation

By 1710, blacks constituted a By 1710, blacks constituted a majority of the populationmajority of the population

North CarolinaNorth Carolina Primarily settled by farmers Primarily settled by farmers

from Virginia and New England, from Virginia and New England, many of whom were “squatters” many of whom were “squatters” without legal right to the soilwithout legal right to the soil

characterized by small, self-characterized by small, self-sufficient tobacco farmssufficient tobacco farms

fewer large plantations and fewer large plantations and therefore less reliance on therefore less reliance on slaveryslavery

Inhabitants earned a reputation Inhabitants earned a reputation for being irreligious and anti-for being irreligious and anti-authoritarianauthoritarian

Officially separated from South Officially separated from South Carolina in 1712 and Carolina in 1712 and subsequently each segment subsequently each segment became a royal colonybecame a royal colony

Stono RebellionStono Rebellion

Nearly 100 resentful South Carolina blacks along the Stono Nearly 100 resentful South Carolina blacks along the Stono River exploded in revolt in 1739River exploded in revolt in 1739

Seized weapons, killed several whites and attempted to Seized weapons, killed several whites and attempted to march south to Spanish Floridamarch south to Spanish Florida

Rebellion was ultimately put down forcefully by local militiaRebellion was ultimately put down forcefully by local militia Most participants were executedMost participants were executed

New Amsterdam becomes New YorkNew Amsterdam becomes New York New Amsterdam was a New Amsterdam was a

company town run by and for company town run by and for the Dutch West India the Dutch West India company in the interests of company in the interests of stockholdersstockholders

Dutch colony was aristocratic, Dutch colony was aristocratic, characterized by vast feudal characterized by vast feudal estates fronting the Hudson estates fronting the Hudson River, known as patroonships River, known as patroonships

Extraordinarily diverse, the Extraordinarily diverse, the colony was home to a colony was home to a heterogeneous population, heterogeneous population, including Dutch, English, including Dutch, English, Scandinavian, German, Scandinavian, German, French, and African settlers French, and African settlers (imported as slaves by the (imported as slaves by the Dutch West India Company)Dutch West India Company)

Charles II wished to Charles II wished to consolidate the crown’s consolidate the crown’s holdings along the Atlantic holdings along the Atlantic Coast and close the gap Coast and close the gap between the New England and between the New England and the Chesapeake coloniesthe Chesapeake colonies

In 1664, a British naval fleet In 1664, a British naval fleet seized control of the Dutch seized control of the Dutch colony from its governor Peter colony from its governor Peter StuyvesantStuyvesant

Colony was thereupon Colony was thereupon renamed New York, in honor renamed New York, in honor of the Duke of York (the of the Duke of York (the future James II)future James II)

The Dutch had governed their The Dutch had governed their sprawling colony (present-day sprawling colony (present-day New York, New Jersey, and New York, New Jersey, and Delaware) without the benefit Delaware) without the benefit of an assembly and so the of an assembly and so the duke “saw no reason to duke “saw no reason to trouble his government” with trouble his government” with such a body.such a body.

Ultimately, James was Ultimately, James was grudgingly forced to yield, grudgingly forced to yield, and New York’s first assembly and New York’s first assembly met in 1683.met in 1683.

New JerseyNew Jersey Believing New York to Believing New York to

be too large territorially be too large territorially to administer to administer effectively, James gave effectively, James gave to two friends, Lord to two friends, Lord John Berkelely and Sir John Berkelely and Sir George Carteret, the George Carteret, the lands located between lands located between the Hudson River and the Hudson River and Delaware BayDelaware Bay

In 1674, one proprietor In 1674, one proprietor received West New received West New Jersey and the other Jersey and the other East New JerseyEast New Jersey

To attract settlers, both To attract settlers, both proprietors made proprietors made generous land offers generous land offers and allowed religious and allowed religious freedom and an freedom and an assemblyassembly

Eventually sold they Eventually sold they sold proprietary sold proprietary interests to various interests to various groups of Quakersgroups of Quakers

the crown decided in the crown decided in 1702 to combine the 1702 to combine the two Jerseys into a two Jerseys into a single royal colonysingle royal colony

Pennsylvania and DelawarePennsylvania and Delaware

To the west of New To the west of New Jersey lay a broad Jersey lay a broad expanse of expanse of forested landforested land

Originally settled Originally settled by a peace-loving by a peace-loving Christian sect, the Christian sect, the QuakersQuakers

QuakersQuakers or members of the Religious Society of Friends or members of the Religious Society of Friends

Quakers believed in the Quakers believed in the followingfollowing

Equality of all men and Equality of all men and womenwomen

NonviolenceNonviolence Resistance to military Resistance to military

serviceservice Quakers furthered Quakers furthered

believed that religious believed that religious authority was found within authority was found within each person’s private soul each person’s private soul and not in the Bible or any and not in the Bible or any outside sourceoutside source

In the 17In the 17thth century, such century, such views seemed to pose a views seemed to pose a radical challenge to radical challenge to established authorityestablished authority

Quakers of England are Quakers of England are widely persecuted and widely persecuted and jailed for their beliefsjailed for their beliefs

William PennWilliam Penn

Young convert to the Quaker faithYoung convert to the Quaker faith Son of a victorious admiral in the Son of a victorious admiral in the

service of the Kingservice of the King Elder Penn opposed William’s Elder Penn opposed William’s

religious beliefs but came to religious beliefs but came to respect the sincerity of his son’s respect the sincerity of his son’s faith and upon his death left his faith and upon his death left his son considerable wealth.son considerable wealth.

In addition, the royal family owed In addition, the royal family owed the father a large debt, which was the father a large debt, which was paid to William in 1681 in the form paid to William in 1681 in the form of a land grant in the Americas for of a land grant in the Americas for a colony which he called a colony which he called Pennsylvania or Penn’s woods.Pennsylvania or Penn’s woods.

““The Holy Experiment”The Holy Experiment”- Penn wanted to test ideas he had - Penn wanted to test ideas he had developed based on his Quaker beliefsdeveloped based on his Quaker beliefs

Penn wanted his colony to achieve three purposesPenn wanted his colony to achieve three purposes

1.1. provide a religious refuge for Quakers and provide a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted peoplesother persecuted peoples

2.2. enact liberal ideas in governmentenact liberal ideas in government

3.3. generate income and profits for himselfgenerate income and profits for himself

The “Holy Experiment”The “Holy Experiment”

He provided the colony with He provided the colony with a a Frame of GovernmentFrame of Government (1682-1683 which (1682-1683 which guaranteed a representative guaranteed a representative assembly elected by assembly elected by landowners and a written landowners and a written constitution, the constitution, the Charter of Charter of LibertiesLiberties (1701), which (1701), which guaranteed freedom of guaranteed freedom of worship for all and worship for all and unrestricted immigration.unrestricted immigration.

Unlike other colonial Unlike other colonial proprietors, who proprietors, who governed from governed from England, Penn crossed England, Penn crossed the ocean to supervise the ocean to supervise the founding of a new the founding of a new town on the Delaware town on the Delaware River named River named Philadelphia, bringing Philadelphia, bringing with him a grid with him a grid pattern of streets later pattern of streets later imitated by other imitated by other American cities.American cities.

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

Penn believed, as had Penn believed, as had Roger Williams, that Roger Williams, that Native Americans Native Americans should be reimbursed should be reimbursed for their landfor their land

no major conflicts with no major conflicts with Indians during his Indians during his lifetimelifetime

Penn successfully Penn successfully attracted settlers from attracted settlers from throughout Europe by throughout Europe by offering political and offering political and religious freedom as well religious freedom as well as generous land termsas generous land terms

Pennsylvania prospered Pennsylvania prospered from the outset because from the outset because of the successful of the successful recruitment of recruitment of emigrants, Penn’s emigrants, Penn’s thoughtful planning, and thoughtful planning, and the mild climate and the mild climate and fertile soilfertile soil

DelawareDelaware

In 1702, Penn granted the “lower In 1702, Penn granted the “lower counties” of Pennsylvania their own counties” of Pennsylvania their own representative assembly.representative assembly.

This act, in effect, created a separate This act, in effect, created a separate colony: Delaware, although until the colony: Delaware, although until the American Revolution, it had the same American Revolution, it had the same governor as Pennsylvania.governor as Pennsylvania.

Georgia: The Last ColonyGeorgia: The Last Colony

chartered in 1732chartered in 1732 last of the British last of the British

colonies and the only colonies and the only one to receive direct one to receive direct financial support from financial support from the home government in the home government in LondonLondon

Two principal reasons for Two principal reasons for British interest in British interest in starting a new southern starting a new southern colonycolony

1.1. to create a defensive to create a defensive buffer to protect the buffer to protect the prosperous South prosperous South Carolina plantations Carolina plantations from the threat of from the threat of invasion from Spanish invasion from Spanish FloridaFlorida

2.2. to provide a refuge for to provide a refuge for the impoverished and the impoverished and debtors to begin life debtors to begin life anewanew

Georgia: The Last ColonyGeorgia: The Last Colony

Given a royal charter for a Given a royal charter for a proprietary colony, a group proprietary colony, a group of philanthropists led by of philanthropists led by James OglethorpeJames Oglethorpe founded Georgia’s first founded Georgia’s first settlement, Savannah, in settlement, Savannah, in 1733.1733.

Oglethorpe acted as the Oglethorpe acted as the colony’s first governor and colony’s first governor and put into effect a plan for put into effect a plan for making the colony thrive.making the colony thrive.

Strict regulations included Strict regulations included an absolute ban on an absolute ban on drinking rum, the drinking rum, the prohibition of slavery, and prohibition of slavery, and restrictions on the size of restrictions on the size of property holdings were property holdings were imposed.imposed.

Because of the constant Because of the constant threat of Spanish attack, threat of Spanish attack, the colony failed to thrivethe colony failed to thrive

by the early 1750s, the by the early 1750s, the strict rules had been strict rules had been loosened (for example, the loosened (for example, the ban on slavery was ban on slavery was removed in 1750).removed in 1750).

In 1752, Oglethorpe and In 1752, Oglethorpe and his group of trustees his group of trustees returned control of the returned control of the colony to the King and colony to the King and Georgia became a royal Georgia became a royal colony.colony.

The colony grew slowly by The colony grew slowly by developing a plantation developing a plantation system along lines similar system along lines similar to South Carolinato South Carolina

Mercantilism and the EmpireMercantilism and the Empire

Most European kingdoms in the 17Most European kingdoms in the 17thth century adopted an century adopted an economic policy of economic policy of mercantilismmercantilism, which looked upon trade, , which looked upon trade, colonies, and the accumulation of wealth as a basis for a colonies, and the accumulation of wealth as a basis for a country’s military and political powercountry’s military and political power

According to mercantilist theory, a government should According to mercantilist theory, a government should regulate trade and production in order to become self-regulate trade and production in order to become self-sufficientsufficient

Under the system of mercantilism, a colonial power seeks to Under the system of mercantilism, a colonial power seeks to establish a favorable establish a favorable balance of tradebalance of trade with her colonies. with her colonies. Colonies provide Colonies provide raw raw materials to the parent country for the materials to the parent country for the growth and profit of that country’s industries. In addition, growth and profit of that country’s industries. In addition, colonies provide the parent country with a colonies provide the parent country with a marketmarket for her for her manufactured goods.manufactured goods.

Colonies existed for one purpose: to enrich the parent countryColonies existed for one purpose: to enrich the parent country

Mercantilism and the EmpireMercantilism and the Empire

Mercantilist policies had guided both the Spanish and the Mercantilist policies had guided both the Spanish and the French colonies from their inception. Mercantilism began to French colonies from their inception. Mercantilism began to be applied to the English colonies, however, only after the be applied to the English colonies, however, only after the turmoil of England’s civil war had subsided.turmoil of England’s civil war had subsided.

Beginning in 1650, England’s government began to put in Beginning in 1650, England’s government began to put in place a mercantilist policy with the series of place a mercantilist policy with the series of Navigation Navigation ActsActs

Acts of Navigation and TradeActs of Navigation and Trade

The The Acts of Navigation and TradeActs of Navigation and Trade (1650-1673) established (1650-1673) established three rules for colonial tradethree rules for colonial trade

1.1. Trade to and from colonies could be carried only by Trade to and from colonies could be carried only by English or colonial-built ships, which could be operated English or colonial-built ships, which could be operated only by English or colonial crewsonly by English or colonial crews

2.2. All goods imported into the colonies, except for some All goods imported into the colonies, except for some perishables, could pass only through ports in Englandperishables, could pass only through ports in England

3.3. Specified or Specified or enumeratedenumerated goods from the colonies could goods from the colonies could be exported to England only. Tobacco was the original be exported to England only. Tobacco was the original enumerated good, but over a period of years, the list enumerated good, but over a period of years, the list grew to include most colonial productsgrew to include most colonial products

Mercantilism: Impact on the coloniesMercantilism: Impact on the colonies

Positive EffectsPositive Effects

1.1. New England shipbuilding New England shipbuilding prosperedprospered

2.2. Chesapeake tobacco had Chesapeake tobacco had a monopoly in Englanda monopoly in England

3.3. English military and naval English military and naval forces protected the forces protected the colonies from potential colonies from potential attacks by the French attacks by the French and the Spanishand the Spanish

Negative EffectsNegative Effects

1.1. Colonial Colonial manufacturing was manufacturing was severely restrictedseverely restricted

2.2. Chesapeake farmers Chesapeake farmers received low prices received low prices for their cropsfor their crops

3.3. Colonists had to pay Colonists had to pay high prices for high prices for manufactured goods manufactured goods from Englandfrom England

Enforcement of the ActsEnforcement of the Acts

Resentment slowly developed in the colonies against Resentment slowly developed in the colonies against regulatory laws imposed by the distant government in regulatory laws imposed by the distant government in London. Especially in New England, colonists would London. Especially in New England, colonists would routinely defy the Navigation Acts by smuggling in French, routinely defy the Navigation Acts by smuggling in French, Dutch, and other prohibited goods.Dutch, and other prohibited goods.

The British government was often lax in enforcing the acts, The British government was often lax in enforcing the acts, and its agents in the colonies were known for their and its agents in the colonies were known for their corruptioncorruption

From time to time, the crown would attempt to overcome From time to time, the crown would attempt to overcome colonial resistance to its trade laws. For example, in 1684, colonial resistance to its trade laws. For example, in 1684, the crown revoked the charter of Massachusetts Bay the crown revoked the charter of Massachusetts Bay because that colony had been the center of smuggling because that colony had been the center of smuggling activityactivity

The Dominion of New EnglandThe Dominion of New England

A new king, James II A new king, James II succeeded to the throne in succeeded to the throne in 16851685

He was determined to He was determined to increase royal control over the increase royal control over the colonies by combining them colonies by combining them into larger administrative units into larger administrative units and doing away with and doing away with representative assembliesrepresentative assemblies

In 1686, he combined New In 1686, he combined New York, New Jersey, and the York, New Jersey, and the various New England colonies various New England colonies into a single administrative into a single administrative body called the body called the Dominion of Dominion of New EnglandNew England. Sir Edmund . Sir Edmund Andros was sent from England Andros was sent from England to serve as governor of the to serve as governor of the dominiondominion

The new governor made The new governor made himself instantly unpopular himself instantly unpopular by levying taxes, limiting by levying taxes, limiting town meetings, and town meetings, and revoking land titlesrevoking land titles

The Dominion of New England (continued)The Dominion of New England (continued)

James II did not remain in James II did not remain in power very longpower very long

As a result of his heavy-As a result of his heavy-handed style of asserting handed style of asserting his royal powers, he was his royal powers, he was deposed in the Glorious deposed in the Glorious Revolution in 1688 and Revolution in 1688 and replaced with two new replaced with two new sovereigns, William and sovereigns, William and MaryMary

With James’ fall, the With James’ fall, the Dominion of New England Dominion of New England came to an end and came to an end and Massachusetts Bay, New Massachusetts Bay, New York and the other colonies York and the other colonies again operated under again operated under separate chartersseparate charters

Permanent restrictionsPermanent restrictions Despite the Glorious Despite the Glorious

Revolution, mercantilist Revolution, mercantilist policies remained in forcepolicies remained in force

In the 18In the 18thth century, there century, there were more English officials were more English officials in the Colonies than in any in the Colonies than in any earlier eraearlier era

Restrictions on colonial Restrictions on colonial trade, though poorly trade, though poorly enforced, were widely enforced, were widely resented and resistedresented and resisted

Institution of SlaveryInstitution of Slavery

Slavery became rooted in American society in the Slavery became rooted in American society in the closing decades of the 17closing decades of the 17thth century century

The number of slaves grew rapidly from only a The number of slaves grew rapidly from only a few thousand in 1670 to tens of thousands in the few thousand in 1670 to tens of thousands in the early eighteenth centuryearly eighteenth century

The institution of slavery existed in ALL thirteen The institution of slavery existed in ALL thirteen of the original coloniesof the original colonies

By 1750, half of Virginia’s population and two-By 1750, half of Virginia’s population and two-thirds of South Carolina’s population were slavesthirds of South Carolina’s population were slaves

Increased demand for slavesIncreased demand for slavesTheThe following factors explain why slavery became increasingly following factors explain why slavery became increasingly important, especially in the southern coloniesimportant, especially in the southern colonies

1.1. Reduced migrationReduced migration: an increase in wages in England : an increase in wages in England reduced the supply of immigrants to the coloniesreduced the supply of immigrants to the colonies

2.2. Dependable work forceDependable work force: Large-plantation owners were : Large-plantation owners were disturbed by the political demands of small farmers and disturbed by the political demands of small farmers and indentured servants and by the threat to the social order indentured servants and by the threat to the social order posed by Bacon’s Rebellion. Planters believed that posed by Bacon’s Rebellion. Planters believed that slavery would provide a stable labor supply that could be slavery would provide a stable labor supply that could be better controlledbetter controlled

3.3. Cheap laborCheap labor: As tobacco prices fell, rice and indigo : As tobacco prices fell, rice and indigo became the most profitable crops. To grow such crops became the most profitable crops. To grow such crops required large tracts of land and a large supply of required large tracts of land and a large supply of unskilled laborunskilled labor

Slave Laws:Slave Laws:Drawing of the Color LineDrawing of the Color Line

As the number of slaves increased, colonial assemblies As the number of slaves increased, colonial assemblies adopted laws to ensure that African Americans would be adopted laws to ensure that African Americans would be held in perpetual bondage and that their slave status would held in perpetual bondage and that their slave status would be inherited by their childrenbe inherited by their children

In 1641, Massachusetts became the first colony to In 1641, Massachusetts became the first colony to recognize the slavery of “lawful” captivesrecognize the slavery of “lawful” captives

Virginia in 1661 enacted legislation stating that children of Virginia in 1661 enacted legislation stating that children of slaves inherited their mother’s slave status for lifeslaves inherited their mother’s slave status for life

By 1664, Maryland passed a law stating that baptism did By 1664, Maryland passed a law stating that baptism did not affect a slave’s status and barred miscegenation and not affect a slave’s status and barred miscegenation and the intermarriage of whites and blacksthe intermarriage of whites and blacks

A “color line” was drawn as both racism and slavery A “color line” was drawn as both racism and slavery became more deeply entrenched in American colonial became more deeply entrenched in American colonial societysociety

Triangular TradeTriangular Trade

For most of the 17For most of the 17thth century, the English trade in African century, the English trade in African slaves had been monopolized by a single company, the slaves had been monopolized by a single company, the Royal African CompanyRoyal African Company

By the late 17By the late 17thth century, the company’s monopoly expired century, the company’s monopoly expired and and New England merchants entered the lucrative New England merchants entered the lucrative slave trade and began to compete with British slave trade and began to compete with British slaversslavers

Merchant ships would regularly follow a triangular, or three Merchant ships would regularly follow a triangular, or three part, trade routepart, trade route

AP Free ResponseAP Free Response

1.1. How did economic, geographic, and How did economic, geographic, and social factors encourage the growth of social factors encourage the growth of slavery as an important part of the slavery as an important part of the economy of the southern colonies economy of the southern colonies between 1607 and 1775?between 1607 and 1775?

2.2. Analyze the impact of the Atlantic trade Analyze the impact of the Atlantic trade routes established in the mid 1600’s on routes established in the mid 1600’s on economic development in the British economic development in the British North American colonies. Consider the North American colonies. Consider the period 1650-1750.period 1650-1750.