Thinking, Language, Intelligence. QOTD Zoe Golden, Emma Shellenback Do standardized tests such as an...
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Transcript of Thinking, Language, Intelligence. QOTD Zoe Golden, Emma Shellenback Do standardized tests such as an...
![Page 1: Thinking, Language, Intelligence. QOTD Zoe Golden, Emma Shellenback Do standardized tests such as an IQ test accurately rank intelligence? A. Yes B.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e625503460f94b5dc97/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Thinking, Language, Intelligence
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QOTD
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Zoe Golden, Emma Shellenback
Do standardized tests such as an IQ test accurately rank intelligence?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Somewhat
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Colin Burke
Do you think academic success has to do more with intellegence or grit (motivational drive and perserverence)?
A: Intellegence
B: Grit
C: Both
D: None of the above
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Cierra Cowden
For you personally, do you feel like your intelligence has been most determined by:
A. genes
B. environment
C. self-motivation
D. a combo of two or more of the above
E. something else
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Keira Maldonado
Do you think that your results of an IQ test should be reviewed for acceptance in college or for a job?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Maybe but it shouldn't be the deciding factor
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Rakan Al-Yaqout
After taking an IQ Test, what was the range of your results?
A) 0 - 70
B) 70 - 100
C) 100 - 130
D) 130 - 150
E) I did not take the test
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Daniel Dilzell
Do you find that your intelligence and ways of thinking are similiar to that of your parents?
A) Yes, identical
B) Somewhat similar
C) Not at all
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Emma Shellenback, Brady Goldsworthy
How many languages can you speak fluently?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5 or more
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Alec Hatlestad
Do you think it is true that animal communication systems are occasionally referential, but lack generativity, recursion and displacement?
A) Yes
B) No
C) Somewhat
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The Big Questions / Issues
What is thinking? What is Intelligence? You think like a brain, not like a computer Your PFC is particularly important for fluid thought
What is special about language, and who has it, really?
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Computer Metaphor
The brain is NOT very much like a computerAnd yet both are information processing systems!
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Where is Memory?
Memory is located in every single synapse in the brain
There are as many different kinds of memory as there are neurons and synapses and brain areas…
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Where is Thinking?
Thinking is located in every single synapse in the brain
There are as many different kinds of thinking as there are neurons and synapses and brain areas…
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But the Frontal Cortex is Special
Frontal cortex, especially Pre-Frontal Cortex (PFC) is particularly important for higher-level cognitive function!
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Key Idea: Top-Down Biasing
PFC active maintenance provides top-down biasing of posterior-cortical processing
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System 1, 2
System 1: posterior cortex – domain-specific knowledge and fast processing
Previously known as automatic processing
System 2: prefrontal cortex – general purpose cognitive processing and problem solving (slow)
Previously known as controlled processing
(It takes a Nobel prize to reinvent a well-established distinction, using much worse terms!)
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Stroop Task: Top Down Biasing
RED
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Stroop Task: Top Down Biasing
GREEN
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Stroop Task: Top Down Biasing
RED
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Stroop Task: Top Down Biasing
GREEN
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Reading is AutomaticColor Naming needs Control
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Key Idea: Top-Down Biasing
“Name colors you idiots!”
“But we prefer reading (Facebook..)”
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The Homunculus Problem
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It Takes a Network..
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PFC Does Active Maintenance
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Active Maintenance Can Do it All
Cognitive Control Maintained activity drives top-down biasing
Planning Think about things that are not there (future)
Motivation Maintain goals
Reward processing Maintain possible outcomes
Decision making Maintain alternatives
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More Dichotomies
System 1 = Automatic = Crystalized Intelligence = posterior cortex with well-tuned synapses over a lifetime of experience (wise..)
System 2 = Controlled = Fluid Intelligence = prefrontal cortex & basal ganglia with strong ability to rapidly update and maintain information in working memory
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g ~ Common Executive Function
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Multiple Intelligences
Thinking is located in every single synapse in the brain
There are as many different kinds of thinking as there are neurons and synapses and brain areas…
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Genetic basis of IQ goes up over time (and so does IQ overall)
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Language Involves all of Cognition
Perception: hearing & reading wordsAttention: picking out words, speakers from manyMotor: speech, writing, etcMemory: semantics, specific content – how do you encode plot of a book?Executive Function: maintaining context, planning speech, syntax structure..
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Language is Special
Symbols Syntax Temporally-extended sequences Cultural transmission Embedded levels of structure:
“The horse raced past the barn fell” "Isn't it true that example-sentences that people that
you know produce are more likely to be accepted?”
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Language Controversies
How special is language: just co-opting existing neural mechs vs. innate language modules?
Rules vs. regularities: is there anything special about rule-like behavior in language? Spelling to sound: Exceptions also have sub-rules.. Overregularization (add “-ed” = “goed”) – evidence
of rule system coming online? Truly variable-like behavior? Generative, abstract.
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Distributed Reps of Words
I cnduo't bvleiee taht I culod aulaclty uesdtannrd waht I was rdnaieg. Unisg the icndeblire pweor of the hmuan mnid, aocdcrnig to rseecrah at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it dseno't mttaer in waht oderr the lterets in a wrod are, the olny irpoamtnt tihng is taht the frsit and lsat ltteer be in the rhgit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it whoutit a pboerlm. Tihs is bucseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey ltteer by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Aaznmig, huh? Yaeh and I awlyas tghhuot slelinpg was ipmorantt! See if yuor fdreins can raed tihs too.
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Biology of Language
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Example of Wernicke’s Aphasia
"How are you today?”:
"Gossiping O.K. and Lords and cricket and England and Scotland battles. I don't know. Hypertension and two won cricket, bowling, batting, and catch, poor old things, cancellations maybe gossiping, cancellations, arm and argument, finishing bowling.”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVhYN7NTIKU
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Those Pesky Time Flies..
Time flies like an arrow. Fruit flies like a banana.
The slippers were found by the nosy dog. The slippers were found by the sleeping dog.
Syntax depends on semantics very deeply, (and yet Chomsky says they are separate..)
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Non-human Language
It is all about the motivation: what does a chimp really want from language??
People really want to share, chimps don’t..