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Transcript of thing entity continuant dependent_continuant specifically_dependent_continuant realizable_entity...
thingentity
continuantdependent_continuant
specifically_dependent_continuantrealizable_entity
disposition
vector_borne_diseasevector_borne_disease
OntologiesOntologies
&&
Disease estim. popul. infected in SSA (milion)
esti. % of SSA population infected
estim % of Global disease burden in SSA
HookwormHookworm 198 198 29%29% 34%34%
SchistosomiasisSchistosomiasis 192192 25%25% 93%93%
AscariasisAscariasis 173173 25%25% 21%21%
TrichuriasisTrichuriasis 162162 24%24% 27%27%
Lymph. filariasisLymph. filariasis 46-5146-51 6-9%6-9% 37-44%37-44%
OnchocerciasisOnchocerciasis 3737 5%5% >99%>99%
Active trachomaActive trachoma 3030 3%3% 48%48%
LoiasisLoiasis ≤ ≤ 1313 1-2%1-2% 100%100%
Yellow feverYellow fever 0.180.18 0.02%0.02% 90%90%
H.A.T.H.A.T. 0.50-0.700.50-0.70 <0.01%<0.01% 100%100%
LeprosyLeprosy 0.300.30 <0.01%<0.01% 14%14%
Visc. LeishmaniasisVisc. Leishmaniasis 0.19-0.240.19-0.24 <0.01%<0.01% NDND
DracunculiasisDracunculiasis 0.0010.001 <0.01%<0.01% 100%100%
Buruli ulcerBuruli ulcer > 0.0004> 0.0004 <0.01%<0.01% 57%57%
Tropical disease burden in SSATropical disease burden in SSA
Population At risk suspected
casesconfirmed
casesinpatient
cases deaths
AfricaAfrica
833,633 K833,633 K 704,798 K704,798 K
110,824 K110,824 K80,394 K80,394 K 5,400 K5,400 K 596 K 596 K
(-> 400 M)(-> 400 M)
AmericaAmerica 550,594 K550,594 K 160,146 K160,146 K 8,796 K8,796 K 674 K674 K 7.2 K7.2 K 1.2 K 1.2 K
EuropeEurope 277,042 K277,042 K 00 00 356356 00 00
SE AsiaSE Asia 1.807,278 K1.807,278 K 1,252,518 K1,252,518 K 117,239 K117,239 K 4,417 K4,417 K 57 K57 K 38 K 38 K
World
5,647,741 K 3,248,885 K 266,184 K 94,265 K 5,645 K
655 K
539-906 K
(-> 2.7 M)
Global malaria burdenGlobal malaria burden
Malaria incidence rateMalaria incidence rate
Dengue incidenceDengue incidence
VBD in the USAVBD in the USA
BacterialDiseases ArboviralDiseases • Lyme Disease • Chikungunya • Plague • Dengue • Tick-borne Relapsing Fever • Eastern Equine Encephalitis • Tularemia • Japanese Encephalitis
• LaCrosse Encephalitis
Rickettsial Zoonoses • Saint Louis Encephalitis
• Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
• West Nile Encephalitis
• Anaplasmosis • Western Equine Encephalitis • Ehrlichiosis • Yellow Fever
MalariaMalaria
The Malaria triadThe Malaria triad
- Good drugs exist, but pathogens are increasingly resistant.
-Most drugs are too expensive: a typical disease of poverty.
-No vaccine available.
-Chemotherapy works well for individual patient but not for area-wide control.
The Malaria problemThe Malaria problem
With the exception of the yellow With the exception of the yellow fever, for which an effective fever, for which an effective vaccine exists, vector-borne vaccine exists, vector-borne diseases have only been controlled diseases have only been controlled through the control of their through the control of their arthropod vectors (insecticides, arthropod vectors (insecticides, physical protection, environmental physical protection, environmental management).management).
Examples range from Malaria (Anopheline Examples range from Malaria (Anopheline mosquitoes - e.g. Europe, Latin America, etc.), mosquitoes - e.g. Europe, Latin America, etc.), to American trypanosomiasis (Chagasto American trypanosomiasis (Chagas’’ disease - disease - kissing bugs), to Onchocerciasis (River kissing bugs), to Onchocerciasis (River blindness - simulid flies), to…blindness - simulid flies), to…
The historic solution:
DDT
(and other insecticides)
Spread of Insecticide ResistanceSpread of Insecticide Resistance
Insecticide Resistance Insecticide Resistance is a heritable change
in the sensitivity of a pest population that is
reflected in the repeated failure of a product
to achieve the expected level of control when
used according to the label recommendation
for that pest species.
Insecticide resistance is a population Insecticide resistance is a population
phenotype, it is the result of phenotype, it is the result of natural natural
selectionselection!!
Insecticide Resistance: managementInsecticide Resistance: management
(Develop new insecticides with a different (Develop new insecticides with a different mode of action).mode of action).
Use more than one insecticides with a Use more than one insecticides with a different mode of action (alternating, different mode of action (alternating, combinatorial, chessboard).combinatorial, chessboard).
Efficient monitoring in combination with Efficient monitoring in combination with above.above.
MIRO & IRBaseMIRO & IRBase
Originally non-BFO, now also integrated into Originally non-BFO, now also integrated into IDOMAL. Stand-alone MIRO is being expanded to IDOMAL. Stand-alone MIRO is being expanded to cover agricultural pests. cover agricultural pests.
Domains: Insecticides (ChEBI), biological Domains: Insecticides (ChEBI), biological material, resistance mechanisms, methods material, resistance mechanisms, methods (future: OBI?), Geo and environment (GAZ & (future: OBI?), Geo and environment (GAZ & ENVO)ENVO)
IRBase: has been integrated into the new PopGen IRBase: has been integrated into the new PopGen section of VectorBase (cross-talk to transmission, section of VectorBase (cross-talk to transmission, population genetics, genome, etc.) population genetics, genome, etc.)
IRBase
The example of Insecticide Resistance:The example of Insecticide Resistance:
Aedes aegypti,Aedes aegypti, 2098 records 2098 records
The example of Insecticide Resistance:The example of Insecticide Resistance:
Aedes aegypti,Aedes aegypti, 2098 records 2098 records
The example of Insecticide Resistance:The example of Insecticide Resistance:
Aedes aegypti - DDT,Aedes aegypti - DDT, 133 records 133 records
IDO
IDOMAL
IDODEN
IDOCHA EuPathDB
VIPR
VectorBase
MDSS
DDSS
GO, ChEBI, GAZ, ENVO, OBI, etc.
IDOMAL
malaria immunology
remedies &natural products
vectorbiology
antimalarial drugs, resistance
symptoms & signs
vectorcontrol
insecticideresistance
malaria epidemiology
etc...
malaria transmission
vector pop.biol. & genet.
insecticidalsubstances
IR methodology
geographyGAZ
environmentENVO
and more…and more…
OBI/MIRO: assayOBI/MIRO: assay MIRO: resistance assay
MIRO: resistance assay
CHEBI: insecticideCHEBI: insecticideis_a participates_in
MIRO: OrganismMIRO: Organism
MIRO: resistanceMIRO: resistance
VB_CV: genotypeVB_CV: genotype
PATO: PhenotypePATO: Phenotype
VB_CV/MIRO: Mosquito population
VB_CV/MIRO: Mosquito population
GAZ: GeolocationGAZ: Geolocation
IDOMAL: Human population
IDOMAL: Human population
IDOMAL: Transmission
detection assay
IDOMAL: Transmission
detection assay
IDOMAL:Human biting rate
Sporozoite rateParous rate
Vectorial capacity
IDOMAL:Human biting rate
Sporozoite rateParous rate
Vectorial capacity
ENVO : Environmental conditions
e.g.Rice field,
Irrigation scheme,swamp,altitude,
av. temperature,annual rainfall,
av. humidity
ENVO : Environmental conditions
e.g.Rice field,
Irrigation scheme,swamp,altitude,
av. temperature,annual rainfall,
av. humidity
GAZ:Country,Province,District,
GPS coordinates
GAZ:Country,Province,District,
GPS coordinates
OBI/MIRO: collection assay
OBI/MIRO: collection assay
IDOMAL:Season
IDOMAL:Season
Season +
Geolocation +
Human population +
Mosq. population
is_ahas_input
has_output is_a
has_output
has_outputis_a
has_input
has_member
has_quality
is_a
has_qualityis_about
located_in
IDOMAL: Malaria control measuresIDOMAL: Malaria control measures
OBI/MIRO: assayOBI/MIRO: assay MIRO: resistance assay
MIRO: resistance assay
CHEBI: insecticideCHEBI: insecticideis_a participates_in
MIRO: OrganismMIRO: Organism
MIRO: resistanceMIRO: resistance
VB_CV: genotypeVB_CV: genotype
PATO: PhenotypePATO: Phenotype
VB_CV/MIRO: Mosquito population
VB_CV/MIRO: Mosquito population
GAZ: GeolocationGAZ: Geolocation
IDOMAL: Human population
IDOMAL: Human population
IDOMAL: Transmission
detection assay
IDOMAL: Transmission
detection assay
IDOMAL:Human biting rate
Sporozoite rateParous rate
Vectorial capacity
IDOMAL:Human biting rate
Sporozoite rateParous rate
Vectorial capacity
ENVO : Environmental conditions
e.g.Rice field,
Irrigation scheme,swamp,altitude,
av. temperature,annual rainfall,
av. humidity
ENVO : Environmental conditions
e.g.Rice field,
Irrigation scheme,swamp,altitude,
av. temperature,annual rainfall,
av. humidity
GAZ:Country,Province,District,
GPS coordinates
GAZ:Country,Province,District,
GPS coordinates
OBI/MIRO: collection assay
OBI/MIRO: collection assay
IDOMAL:Season
IDOMAL:Season
Season +
Geolocation +
Human population +
Mosq. population
is_ahas_input
has_output is_a
has_output
has_outputis_a
has_input
has_member
has_quality
is_a
has_qualityis_about
located_in
IDOMAL: Malaria control measuresIDOMAL: Malaria control measures
"IDOVBD":Additional data
models
"IDOVBD":Additional data
models
“Oth_Ont2”:Additional data
models
“Oth_Ont2”:Additional data
models
“Oth_Ont1”:Additional data
models
“Oth_Ont1”:Additional data
models
Chris Stoeckert, David Roos et al., pers. communic.Chris Stoeckert, David Roos et al., pers. communic.
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
• The people who did the work:Ioana Bujila, Elena Deligianni, Emmanuel Dialynas, Vicky Dritsou, Elvira Mitraka, Inga Siden-Kiamos, Pantelis Topalis
• Our collaborators:All members of VectorBase (esp. Frank Collins), Marita Troye-Blomberg (malaria immunology/U. Stockholm), all PIs of Transmalariabloc (esp. George Christophides), John Vontas (Insecticide resistance/U. Crete)
• The hands that fed us:
VectorBase (NIAID), BioMalPar, EVIMalR and
Transmalariabloc (EU-DG XII)
• The people who did the work:Ioana Bujila, Elena Deligianni, Emmanuel Dialynas, Vicky Dritsou, Elvira Mitraka, Inga Siden-Kiamos, Pantelis Topalis
• Our collaborators:All members of VectorBase (esp. Frank Collins), Marita Troye-Blomberg (malaria immunology/U. Stockholm), all PIs of Transmalariabloc (esp. George Christophides), John Vontas (Insecticide resistance/U. Crete)
• The hands that fed us:
VectorBase (NIAID), BioMalPar, EVIMalR and
Transmalariabloc (EU-DG XII)
Τέλος
Ευχαριστώ!
Τέλος
Ευχαριστώ!