Thesis - Simulating Power Quality Problems by ATP-EMTP
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Transcript of Thesis - Simulating Power Quality Problems by ATP-EMTP
Simulating Power Quality Problems by ATP/EMTP
by
Andrew James Senini
Department of Computer Science & Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Queensland.
Submitted for the degree ofBachelor of Engineering (Honours)
In the division ofElectrical Engineering
October 16, 1998.
ii
Mr. Andrew Senini,
3/34 Mitre Street,
St. Lucia, QLD. 4067
Ph: (07) 3371 3585
E-mail: [email protected]
The Dean
School of Engineering
University of Queensland
St Lucia, Qld, 4072
October 16, 1998.
Dear Professor Simmons,
In accordance with the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering
(Honours) in the division of Electrical Engineering, I present the following thesis
entitled “Simulating Power Quality Problems by ATP/EMTP”. This work was
performed under the supervision of Dr. Tapan Saha.
I declare that the work submitted in this thesis is my own, except as acknowledged in
the text and footnotes, and has not been previously submitted for a degree at the
University of Queensland or any other institution.
Yours Sincerely,
Andrew Senini
iii
To…
Mum, Dad, Rebecca, Natalie, Sharon, The Boys, The Seeneys…and last but not least,
my old sparring partner, Fr Greg Jordan, S.J.
iv
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank the following people for their contribution to this thesis.
Dr Tapan Saha. Thesis supervisor. Thanks for keeping the project going and for your
encouragement and good advice throughout the year. I hope to keep in touch in the
future.
Mr. Adrian Mengede. Thank you for your willingness to give a hand, and for the time
you took to provide valuable details about the University of Queensland power system.
Mr. Cristian Pippia. Thank you for proof reading my thesis, and making the changes
that were necessary. It wasn’t that bad, was it?
Mr. Adam Carr. For your advice and sense of humour as I worked through this
project. Thank you for keeping me calm when I was ready to throw the whole lot out
the window. Good luck with old Johnny down in Canberra next year.
v
Abstract
Power quality problems are a major concern in the electricity industry today. Any slight
variation in voltage amplitude or frequency can cause customer equipment to fail, at a
substantial cost in time and money.
The ability to simulate power quality problems in a power system is important. If a
problem can be simulated, then simulating a solution is the next step.
The Alternative Transients Program (ATP) was used to simulate power quality
problems occurring at the University of Queensland. The events simulated were
capacitor switching, system faults, induction motor starting and harmonic distortion.
It was found that the ATP, when used in conjunction with the ATPDraw, is an effective
and cheap method to simulate power quality problems. The results obtained largely
agreed with those recorded during a site survey. Capacitor switching, sags caused by
induction motor starting and harmonic distortion were all within specified limits. The
cause of the harmonic distortion was most likely parallel personal computer and
fluorescent light loads.
vi
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV
ABSTRACT V
LIST OF FIGURES VIII
LIST OF TABLES X
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2 - THEORY 3
2.1 TRANSIENTS 32.2 SHORT DURATION VARIATIONS 42.3 HARMONIC DISTORTION 6
CHAPTER 3 - REVIEW OF THE CURRENT LITERATURE 10
3.1 THE REQUIREMENTS FOR POWER QUALITY SIMULATION 113.2 THE ALTERNATIVE TRANSIENTS PROGRAM (ATP) 14
CHAPTER 4 - SIMULATING EXISTING POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS 19
4.1 GATHERING SYSTEM INFORMATION 214.2 CONSTRUCTING THE MODELS 254.2.1 TRANSFORMER, CAPACITOR, CABLE AND LOAD CALCULATIONS 254.2.2 CONSTRUCTING THE TEMPLATE SYSTEM 294.2.3 THE ATP FILE 314.2.4 CAPACITOR SWITCHING 324.2.5 VOLTAGE SAGS CAUSED BY SYSTEM FAULTS 334.2.6 VOLTAGE SAGS CAUSED BY INDUCTION MOTOR STARTING 344.2.7 HARMONIC DISTORTION 364.2.8 INDUCTION MOTOR STARTING – CENTRAL CHILLER STATION 39
vii
CHAPTER 5 - PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS 40
5.1 CAPACITOR SWITCHING 405.2 SAGS 435.3 INDUCTION MOTOR STARTING, CHEMISTRY BUILDING 455.4 HARMONIC DISTORTION, MS LABORATORY 505.4.1 MS LABORATORY MODELLED AS A LINEAR LOAD 505.4.2 MS LABORATORY MODELLED AS A PARTLY NON-LINEAR LOAD 595.5 CENTRAL CHILLER STATION 675.6 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ATP 68
CHAPTER 6 - CONCLUSIONS 70
6.1 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER WORK 71
APPENDIX A - THE ATP FILES 73
A.1 ATP FILE FOR FIGURE 3.3 73A.2 TEMPLATE.ATP 74A.3 HARM.MOD 77
APPENDIX B - GUIDE TO ATPDRAW COMPONENTS USED 80
APPENDIX C - COMPLETE FOURIER ANALYSIS OF RESULTS 83
BIBLIOGRAPHY 92
viii
List of Figures
Figure 2.1- A lightning stroke current impulsive transient _____________________________________3Figure 2.2 – An oscillatory transient caused by Capacitor Switching [5] _________________________4Figure 2.3 – A momentary interruption [5] ________________________________________________5Figure 2.4 – Voltage Sag [5] ___________________________________________________________5Figure 2.5 – The CBEMA Curve. Grey indicates areas in which equipment malfunction may/may notoccur[21]. __________________________________________________________________________6Figure 2.6 – Breaking down a distorted waveform into sinusoidal components [1]. Note this picture istaken from an American text and thus the fundamental is 60Hz _________________________________7Figure 2.7 – Parallel Resonance [1]______________________________________________________8Figure 2.8 – Triplen harmonics [1] ______________________________________________________9Figure 2.9 – Current injected into the system by a PC load (3 equally balanced phases of PCs) _______9Figure 3.1 – Short Circuit Fault in a radial system _________________________________________11Figure 3.2 – A simple harmonic circuit that can be analysed manually [1] _______________________13Figure 3.3 – Graphic version of file in Appendix A. _________________________________________16Figure 4.1 – Capacitor switching, phase A, MS Lab ________________________________________20Figure 4.2 – Summary of all sags experienced at the MS Lab during site survey[22]._______________20Figure 4.3 – Simplified one line diagram of Chemistry building _______________________________21Figure 4.4 – Substation STL, simple one line diagram _______________________________________22Figure 4.5 – Central Chiller Station _____________________________________________________23Figure 4.6– Part of the ATPDraw file, showing Sub Board A _________________________________30Figure 4.7– Substation STL____________________________________________________________31Figure 4.8– Capacitor switching circuit diagram. __________________________________________33Figure 4.9– Circuit used to simulate three phase and single line to ground faults__________________34Figure 4.10– Computer Science building chiller connection __________________________________36Figure 4.11– Connection of harmonic loads, parallel to MS Lab, from sub board A. _______________38Figure 4.12– Central Chiller Station ____________________________________________________39Figure 5.1 – Capacitor Switching, Phase A, MS Laboratory.__________________________________40Figure 5.2 – Capacitor Switching, Phase B, MS Laboratory __________________________________41Figure 5.3 – Capacitor Switching, Phase C, MS Laboratory. _________________________________41Figure 5.4 – Symmetrical fault, phase A. All phases are identical. _____________________________43Figure 5.5 – SLG Fault. All phases. _____________________________________________________43Figure 5.6 – Standby UPS. ____________________________________________________________44Figure 5.7 – On-line UPS _____________________________________________________________44Figure 5.8 – Induction Motor Starting, Computer Science chiller only __________________________45Figure 5.9 – Induction Motor Starting, Mechanical Services only. _____________________________46Figure 5.10 – Small sag during site survey, probably from motor starting _______________________46Figure 5.11 – Current to parallel PC and fluorescent light circuits. ____________________________47Figure 5.12 – Current on the 11kV feed.__________________________________________________48Figure 5.13 – Current from T3 to Sub. Board A. ___________________________________________48Figure 5.14 – The voltage waveform on the primary side of T3. _______________________________50Figure 5.15– Fourier analysis, voltage waveform, primary side of T3. __________________________50Figure 5.16 – Current waveform, primary side of T3. _______________________________________51Figure 5.17– Fourier analysis, current waveform, primary side. _______________________________51Figure 5.18 – Voltage waveform, secondary of T3. _________________________________________52Figure 5.19– Fourier analysis, voltage waveform, secondary side of T3. ________________________52Figure 5.20 – Current waveform, secondary of T3. _________________________________________53Figure 5.21 – Fourier analysis, current waveform, secondary side of T3. ________________________53Figure 5.22 – Summary of harmonic voltage levels, primary of T3, during site survey[22]. __________54Figure 5.23 – Fourier analysis, current, going from Sub. Board A to T3. ________________________55Figure 5.24 – Passive 5th harmonic filter added at Sub. Board A. ______________________________57
ix
Figure 5.25 – Fourier analysis of voltage at the MS Lab. Primary after addition of 5th harmonic filter._57Figure 5.26 – Current flowing in phase A of the 5th harmonic filter_____________________________58Figure 5.27 – Fourier analysis of current in the filter. THD = 21.9%. __________________________58Figure 5.28– MS Laboratory, voltage waveform, phases A (curve a) &C (curve b), primary side of T3. 59Figure 5.29– Fourier analysis of phase A voltage, primary side of T3. __________________________59Figure 5.30– Fourier analysis of phase C voltage, primary side of T3. __________________________60Figure 5.31– MS Laboratory, current waveform, phases A (curve b) &C (curve a), primary side of T3. 60Figure 5.32– Fourier analysis of phase A current, primary side of T3. __________________________61Figure 5.33– Fourier analysis of phase C current, primary side of T3. __________________________61Figure 5.34– MS Laboratory, voltage waveform, phases A (curve b) &C(curve a), secondary of T3.___62Figure 5.35– Fourier analysis of phase A voltage, secondary side of T3. ________________________62Figure 5.36– Fourier analysis of phase C voltage, secondary side of T3. ________________________63Figure 5.37– MS Laboratory, current waveforms, phases A(curve a) &C(curve b), secondary of T3. __63Figure 5.38– Fourier analysis of phase A current, secondary side of T3. ________________________64Figure 5.39– Fourier analysis of phase C current, secondary side of T3. ________________________64Figure 5.40 – Output from model harm.mod. ______________________________________________65Figure 5.41 – The Fourier analysis of the waveform in figure 5.40._____________________________66Figure 5.42– Induction Motor Starting, Central Chiller. _____________________________________67Figure 5.43 – Motor starting recorded by the PQ Node during survey __________________________67
x
List of Tables
Table 4.1 – Plant and Cable information for modelling of the system. All currents are per phase. ____23Table 4.2 – The TRADY transformer model and recommended values. [18]. _____________________26Table 4.3 – Transformer data __________________________________________________________27Table 4.4 – Cable Data _______________________________________________________________28Table 4.5 – Loads in terms of parallel R and L components___________________________________29Table 4.6 – Loads used for harmonic simulation ___________________________________________38Table B.1 – ATPDraw components used for simulation ______________________________________82Table C.1 – Fourier analysis of MS Lab. Primary voltage (fig. 5.14) ___________________________83Table C.2 – Fourier analysis of MS Lab. Primary current (fig. 5.16) ___________________________84Table C.3 – Fourier analysis at MS Lab. Secondary voltage (Fig. 5.18)_________________________85Table C.4 – Fourier analysis at MS Lab. Secondary current (Fig. 5.20)_________________________85Table C.5 – Fourier analysis. Current, Sub. Board A to T1. (Fig. 5.22) _________________________86Table C.6 – Fourier analysis of phase A voltage, primary side of T3. (Fig 5.28)___________________86Table C.7 – Fourier analysis of phase C voltage, primary side of T3. (Fig 5.29)___________________87Table C.8 – Fourier analysis of phase A current, primary side of T3. (Fig 5.31)___________________88Table C.9 – Fourier analysis of phase C current, primary side of T3. (Fig 5.32) __________________88Table C.10 – Fourier analysis of phase A voltage, secondary side of T3. (Fig 5.34) ________________89Table C.11 – Fourier analysis of phase C voltage, secondary side of T3. (Fig 5.35)________________90Table C.12 – Fourier analysis of phase A current, secondary side of T3. (Fig 5.37) ________________90Table C.13 – Fourier analysis of phase A current, secondary side of T3. (Fig 5.38) ________________91
1
Chapter
1Introduction
A power quality problem is defined in the text Electrical Power Systems Quality [1] as:
“Any problem manifested in voltage, current or frequency deviations that result in
failure or misoperation of customer equipment”.
The changing nature of customer loads has seen an increase in the importance of power
quality problems. This change is due largely to the widespread proliferation of voltage-
sensitive microprocessors, which are present in equipment from VCR’s and PC’s in the
home to hospital diagnostic systems and automated assembly lines in industry.
In some of the industrial systems mentioned above, a power interruption or 30% voltage
sag lasting hundredths of a second can reset controllers and stop an assembly line,
sometimes taking hours to restart. A good example is an industrial plant in the U.S.,
which estimates that a five-cycle interruption in power supply can cost $200 000 [2].
Power quality is therefore a very important issue in today’s competitive electricity
industry. Any utility that can provide cleaner power to crucial processes, or solutions to
correct the power being received will have the competitive edge over others.
Power quality problems manifest themselves in variations in the voltage being received.
This variation can be in the form of transients due to switching or lightning strikes, sags
or swells in the amplitude of the voltage, a complete interruption in the supply, or
harmonic distortion caused by non-linear loads in the system.
Chapter 1 - Introduction
2
The purpose of this thesis is to simulate these events using the Alternative Transients
Program (ATP). This will be done in a practical manner by simulating problems that
have been monitored at the Mass Spectrometry (MS) Laboratory and the Central Chiller
Station, on the St. Lucia campus of the University of Queensland. Monitoring has
revealed the existence of some of these events.
The importance of being able to simulate power quality problems cannot be understated.
If one has the ability to simulate any problem, then the next logical step is to simulate
solutions to the problem. By fully investigating and testing any solution before
installation, serious problems may be found, possibly saving large amounts of time and
money.
This paper firstly examines the theory behind power quality problems: why they
happen, and the effect they have on the power system.
The following section, Chapter 3, conducts a review of literature relevant to the project.
Simple hand methods for calculating the effects of power quality problems are
examined, as well as the software that is currently available to simulate them. The
requirements of simulating power quality for any system are determined. Finally, the
ability of the ATP to simulate the power quality problems being experienced will be
discussed.
Chapter 4 describes the methods used to simulate the power quality problems. Steps in
the process, from gathering the system information to building the models in ATP are
described.
Chapter 5 presents results and then a discussion of their significance, first comparing
them to those obtained by monitoring the site, and then suggesting any solutions to the
problem. Finally, conclusions and recommendations for further work are given in
Chapter 6.
3
Chapter
2Theory
The following is a description of the power quality problems that will be covered in this
paper. The Power Quality problems to be examined are transients, short term variations
and harmonic distortion.
2.1 Transients
Transients can be divided into two categories: oscillatory and impulsive [1].
An impulsive transient is a sudden, non-power frequency change in the steady-state
condition of voltage, current, or both, that is unidirectional in polarity. An example of
an impulsive transient is given below.
Figure 2.1- A lightning stroke current impulsive transient
Lightning is the most common cause of impulsive transients. Lightning transients in the
low voltage (customer) system can occur from either direct strikes to the secondary
circuit or strikes to the primary circuit where transient voltages pass through the
distribution transformer [3].
Chapter 2 – Theory
4
An oscillatory transient is a sudden, non-power frequency change in the steady-state
condition of voltage, current, or both, that includes both positive and negative polarity
values. They are classed in terms of their oscillation: high, medium or low frequency.
Figure 2.2 below illustrates an oscillatory transient.
Figure 2.2 – An oscillatory transient caused by Capacitor Switching [5]
Oscillatory transients are often a part of the system response to impulsive transients.
They are caused directly by capacitor switching, ferro-resonance and transformer
energisation. Capacitor switching is a common problem because it is a daily occurrence
on most utility systems. Sensitive equipment such as Adjustable Speed Drives (ASD’s)
and microelectronics are particularly vulnerable [3] & [4].
2.2 Short Duration Variations
Short-duration variations can be divided into three categories: interruptions, sags and
swells. These are possibly the most important power quality concerns [5].
An interruption occurs when the supply voltage or load current decreases to less than
0.1p.u. for a period of time not exceeding one minute [1]. Interruptions can be the
Chapter 2 – Theory
5
result of power system faults, equipment failures, and control malfunctions. Figure 2.3
below is an example of an interruption.
Figure 2.3 – A momentary interruption [5]
A voltage sag is a decrease in rms voltage or current to between 0.1 and 0.9 p.u. at the
power frequency for a duration between 0.5 cycles and 1 minute [1]. Similarly, a
voltage swell is an increase to between 1.1 and 1.8 p.u. for a similar period of time.
Figure 2.4 below is an illustration of a voltage sag.
Figure 2.4 – Voltage Sag [5]
Chapter 2 – Theory
6
Sags and swells are typically caused by system faults or lightning. Sags can also be
caused by the energisation of loads such as large induction motors, although these are
usually not as severe. Generally, the effect of sags upon equipment is dependent upon
the sensitivity of the equipment and the distance of the equipment from the incident that
caused the sag [6].
One guide for equipment manufacturers is the CBEMA curve (Figure 2.5). This curve
illustrates the voltage variations that equipment should be designed to tolerate.
Figure 2.5 – The CBEMA Curve. Grey indicates areas in which equipment malfunction may/may notoccur[21].
2.3 Harmonic Distortion
Harmonic distortion, occasionally referred to as waveform distortion, is a growing
concern in the electrical industry. Harmonic distortion is caused by non-linear (i.e.
voltage-current curve is not linear) devices in the power system. These devices draw a
non-sinusoidal current when a sinusoidal voltage is applied. This distorted current then
causes distorted bus voltages to appear throughout the system [3].
The cause of these problems are the advent of power electronic converters for
applications such as adjustable speed drives, single phase switched mode power
Chapter 2 – Theory
7
supplies such as those used for PC’s, and saturable devices such as transformers that
have steel cores with non-linear magnetising characteristics.
Harmonics get their name from the fact that these waveforms can be broken down into a
series of sinusoids, each of which has a frequency that is an integer multiple (a
harmonic) of the fundamental. The fundamental in this case is the power frequency
(50Hz in Australia). This process is known as Fourier Analysis [7]. Figure 2.6 below
illustrates a Fourier series.
Figure 2.6 – Breaking down a distorted waveform into sinusoidal components [1]. Note this picture istaken from an American text and thus the fundamental is 60Hz
Harmonic distortion causes problems such as transformer and capacitor bank
overheating, reducing the life of these expensive pieces of equipment. Most frequently,
problems occur when capacitance in the system causes parallel resonance. Any
harmonics at or near the resonant frequency will be amplified and distortion
dramatically increased [1] & [7]. The resonant frequency is defined as:
LCf r π2
1=
This is illustrated below.
Chapter 2 – Theory
8
Figure 2.7 – Parallel Resonance [1]
The resonant frequency/s are the frequency/s at which impedance of the system is at a
maximum. These are the peaks on the graph above.
Harmonic spectrum diagrams assess harmonic distortion. These diagrams show the
relative magnitude of each harmonic of the waveform. It is also quantified by a value,
the total harmonic distortion (THD), which indicates the harmonic content of the
waveform:
1
2
2max
M
M
THD
h
hh∑
==
IEEE Standard 519 – 1992 [8] specifies a maximum THD of 5%.
Finally, one special type of harmonics that should be mentioned are triplen harmonics.
These are odd multiples of the third harmonic (i.e., h = 3, 9, 15, 21…). Figure 2.8
below illustrates triplen harmonics.
Chapter 2 – Theory
9
Figure 2.8 – Triplen harmonics [1]
Figure 8 shows that the triplen harmonic currents are in phase and flow into the neutral
and add. If these currents meet a grounded wye – grounded wye transformer, they will
flow through unimpeded. The neutral connections of such a transformer are susceptible
to overheating when serving single phase loads with high third harmonic content. The
most common cause of triplen harmonics are switched mode power supplies. The
current drawn by a PC switched mode power supply is given below.
Figure 2.9 – Current injected into the system by a PC load (3 equally balanced phases of PCs)
10
Chapter
3 Review of the Current Literature
Any study of a power quality problem must include the following [9]:
• Modelling and Analysis of the problem
• Instrumentation
• Sources
• Solutions
• Fundamental Concepts
• Effects
This paper is mainly concerned with modelling and analysis of the problem. This can
be accomplished by time domain methods, transformed domain methods (e.g. the
frequency domain) and by simulation of the existing circuit.
The purpose of simulation of the system is twofold:
1) Simulating the power system concerned to evaluate the cause of the PQ
problem. These simulations are compared to actual measurements for
verification.
2) Simulating the solution to the PQ problem
In this section, the actual task of simulating power quality problems will be examined.
Firstly, the requirements for any software analysis and some simple methods will be
considered. Secondly, the Alternative Transients Program will be closely examined for
its suitability for the task.
Chapter 3 – Review of the Current Literature
11
3.1 The Requirements for Power Quality Simulation
The obvious requirement for any system or method being used to model a power quality
problem is that it needs to be able to model or take into account all aspects of the system
relative to the power quality problem at hand.
For transient analysis, any system needs to be able to accurately simulate the cause of
transients on the system, as well as to be able to correctly predict the system behaviour
under transient conditions. The ability to model electromagnetic and electromechanical
oscillations ranging in duration from microseconds to seconds, switching and lightning
transients and effects of these such as shaft torsional oscillations are all necessary [10].
Two commercially available packages commonly used to simulate transient situations
are ATP and SPICE [1] & [5].
The ability to model lightning strikes are also necessary to model sags/swells, as is the
ability to model fault conditions such as symmetrical and single line to ground faults. A
hand method to evaluate the threat of voltage sags is given in [6]. A method to evaluate
a simple case on a radial distribution system will be examined briefly.
Figure 3.1 is a simple diagram of a short circuit fault in a radial distribution system.
Figure 3.1 – Short Circuit Fault in a radial system
Chapter 3 – Review of the Current Literature
12
To calculate the sag magnitude at the load, the point of common coupling (PCC) must
first be identified. Figure 3.1 shows the resulting voltage divider. Using simple circuit
analysis, it is found that
21
2
ZZ
ZVsag +
=
Assuming that there is a critical voltage below which the equipment will trip, the above
can be modified as follows
critVZZ
Z<
+ 21
2
Now, let Z2 = L × z, where z is the feeder impedance per kilometre, and L the distance
between the fault and the PCC. Assuming that the X/R ratios of Z1 and Z2 are equal,
then a critical distance, Lcrit, can be defined that represents minimum distance a fault
must be from the PCC in order to not trip the load.
crit
critcrit V
V
z
ZL
−×=
11
Strictly speaking, this method is for single line systems, making it valid only for
symmetrical faults. For single-phase faults, the voltage in the faulted phase can be
calculated using the sum of the three sequence impedances [11]. For phase to phase
faults, the sum of the positive and negative sequence impedances gives the voltage
difference between the faulted phases.
[6] goes on to examine situations of sub-transmission loops, local generation and
feeding from two substations.
The software package usually used to examine sags, swell and interruptions is the ATP
[5].
For anything but the simplest of circuits, sophisticated computer programs are required
for harmonic analysis. An example is given in [1] of a circuit configuration common in
small industrial systems that can be solved easily by hand. It is a single bus system with
a capacitor.
Chapter 3 – Review of the Current Literature
13
Figure 3.2 – A simple harmonic circuit that can be analysed manually [1]
Figure 3.2 above shows the system and its equivalent circuit. The resonant frequency
can be easily determined by using the formula presented earlier. The voltage distortion
due to the current Ih is given by the following:
hh IRCjLC
LjRV
+−
+=ωω
ω21
h = 2, 3, 4….., and ω = 2πf1h
Note that the harmonic content of the source at each harmonic is required in order for
this method to work.
The essentials of a computer program for harmonic analysis can be listed as follows:
• The ability to display waveforms, frequency-response plots and spectral
plots [12]
• The ability to perform frequency (impedance) scans at small intervals of
frequency [1].
• It should be capable of handling large networks of at least several hundred
nodes
• It should be able to display the results in a meaningful and friendly manner
to the user
• The diversity of harmonic loads requires that computer software provide
user definable methods to represent the contributing loads accurately [13].
Chapter 3 – Review of the Current Literature
14
Some of the specialised programs for dealing with harmonic analysis, which are
available in the industry, are V-HARM [12], HI_WAVE [13] and SuperHarm [5]. All
come with a number of harmonic models and meet all of the criteria above.
Another more common program that can be used is PSPICE. The advantage of using
this program is that it is one which is widely used in electrical engineering core courses
to study linear circuits, and thus most electrical engineers are already familiar with it
[14]. Presented in [14] is an example harmonic analysis, where PSPICE is shown to
produce results that agree with other circuit-oriented simulators such as V-HARM and
ATP/EMTP.
3.2 The Alternative Transients Program (ATP)
The ATP is the PC version of the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP). The
EMTP is primarily a simulation program of the electric power industry. It can predict
variables of interest within electric power networks as functions of time, typically
following some disturbance such as the switching of a circuit breaker, or a fault [15].
It was developed at the Bonneville Power Administration in the late 1960s as a
replacement for the Transient Network Analyser (TNA), which was a large analogue
simulator used for transient analysis. What began as approximately 5,000 lines of code
used primarily for switching studies grew into a 70,000 line multipurpose program by
the early 1980s [16].
A simplistic view of a power system is that it is comprised of three categories of
components: Sources, Branches and Switches. The following is a description of these
components and their use in the ATP [17].
ATP has a number of different types of sources, all of which can be either current or
voltage sources. Examples are:
• Ramp functions with linear decay or rise, which is useful for simulating
lightning.
Chapter 3 – Review of the Current Literature
15
• A surge function, also useful for simulating lightning.
• Sinusoidal functions f(t) = Amplitude * cos(2πft + φ)
• Three phase dynamic synchronous machine
Some of the branches available are:
• Series R-L-C
• π-equivalent
• Distributed parameter transmission lines
• Surge arrestors.
• Transformers
More complicated networks require the impedance matrix. There are two supporting
programs to obtain this data. These programs are “Cable Constants” and “Line
Constants”. Surge arrestors are represented by non-linear characteristics built up from
small linear segments. The Voltage/Discharge current characteristic is usually obtained
from the manufacturer.
Transformers are modelled either as a series R-L branch, or if a more detailed study is
required, support programs are available to convert nameplate and test data into a
coupled R-L matrix.
Various types of switches exist. These include:
• Ordinary Switches. Voltage drop is zero when closed, current is zero when
open.
• Voltage Controlled Switch. Useful for simulating flashover.
• Systematic Switch. This is a switch that turns on and off at regular intervals.
May be useful for simulating re-closing of circuit breakers.
TACS is an add-on to the ATP that was developed to simulate the dynamic interactions
between control systems and electric network components in the EMTP. One of its uses
is for the simulation of Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs), used in the converters for
adjustable speed drives, which were discussed earlier as a source of harmonic distortion.
Chapter 3 – Review of the Current Literature
16
Simulation of rotating machinery is also possible in ATP. The Universal Machine
model can represent single, two or three phase synchronous or induction machines,
series or parallel DC machines, and separately excited DC machines. This model can be
used to show the voltage sags caused by motor starting. The effects of system transients
upon these machines can also be simulated.
One feature of particular interest in harmonic analysis is the ability of the program to be
able to perform a frequency scan of the system. This enables resonant frequencies of
the system to be found.
A relatively new addition to the ATP is MODELS. MODELS is a general purpose
description language supported by a set of simulation tools for the representation and
study of time variant systems [20]. This feature is important as it gives the user the
capability described in the previous section, specifically the ability to model harmonic
sources. In fact, [18] contains various harmonic models developed by the author of that
paper, including six and twelve-pulse adjustable speed drives, PC loads and fluorescent
lights. These will be examined further later.
ATP does suffer from a marked lack of usability. The program was conceived at a time
when batch mode computing was the standard, i.e., the user prepared a number of punch
cards, (the equivalent to one line of data) in a fixed format, and put them into the
computer. In its current incarnation, ATP requires inputting information into a text file
in a fixed format, with each “card” represented by one line. This makes the system
difficult to become acquainted with, but once the user becomes, it becomes a lot less
difficult to use. As an example, see Appendix A for the input data file of the circuit
below.
Figure 3.3 – Graphic version of file in Appendix A.
Chapter 3 – Review of the Current Literature
17
Fortunately, a graphical pre-processor, ATPDraw has recently been made available.
This program allows the user to draw the circuit in a CAD-like environment [19]. All
of the sources, branches and switches, as well as the ability to use the universal machine
model, TACS and MODELS have been incorporated into this program. On command,
ATPDraw outputs an ATP ready text file perfectly formatted and ready for simulation.
The output of any ATP simulation consists of two files, filename.lis and filename.pl4.
The first file contains a summary of the program execution and will detail any errors
that the ATP found with the input file. The second file is far more useful in that it can
be used with the graphical post-processor, TPPLOT [15]. It is possible to display any
number of branch or node voltages, or node currents to examine transients, sags and
swells. Viewing these plots can clearly show the effects of the disturbances, and this
can be output to a printer. For harmonic distortion, TPPLOT can display magnitude vs.
frequency plots for frequency scans, as well as perform Fourier analyses on waveforms.
TPPLOT also calculates quantities such as the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD).
Hence, to summarise the characteristics of the ATP that makes it excellent for
simulating power quality problems:
• Transients can be examined through the availability of sources that can
simulate a lightning strike, as well as having voltage controlled switches to
simulate flashover. Capacitor switching can also be easily simulated, given
the availability of capacitors as branches.
• Symmetrical voltage sags may be simulated, with switches being used to
simulate faults. Voltage controlled switches can also be set to trip out in a
high voltage situation. Voltage sags caused by motor starting are also
examinable through the use of the universal machine or MODELS.
• Harmonic studies are made possible by the existence of TACS and
MODELS to simulate non-linear loads such as ASDs and the switched mode
power supplies of PCs. Frequency scans are possible to find resonant
frequencies of the system.
• The new program ATPDraw is a graphical interface to the ATP that is
simple to use and allows the use of virtually all of the ATP features.
Chapter 3 – Review of the Current Literature
18
• And finally, a graphical post-processor, TPPLOT, allows viewing of time
and frequency plots, as well as being able to give a spectral analysis of any
waveform.
19
Chapter
4Simulating Existing Power Quality Problems
Power quality problems have been experienced at the University of Queensland, and it
was decided early on that these problems were an ideal focus for this project. Two sites
in particular were examined – firstly, the Mass Spectrometry (MS) laboratory in the
Chemistry building and secondly, the Central Chiller Station, where large chillers
(induction motors) had recently been installed. These loads had constantly been
tripping out, causing major disruptions, especially for the work being carried out in the
MS laboratory.
Site surveys were carried out as a part of another thesis project, “Monitoring of
Distribution System Power Quality”, by Andrew Meiklejohn [22]. The monitoring was
carried out using a BMI/Electrotek PQ Node. A full presentation and analysis of the
events recorded can be found there, but a brief summary will now be presented.
The transients recorded were confirmed as capacitor switching at the Energex substation
STL, which services the university and the surrounding suburb. These transients were
recorded in the morning, as the capacitors came online to provide power factor
correction. A good example of the transient is illustrated below. This was one of the
most severe observed.
Chapter 4 – Simulating Existing Power Quality Problems
20
Figure 4.1 – Capacitor switching, phase A, MS Lab
Short-term variations, mainly sags, were also experienced in the MS laboratory. While
most of these were relatively small, one large event was recorded – a fault to ground in
the St. Lucia suburb caused a large sag over the entire campus. Other causes for the
smaller sags, such as starting of remote chillers in the Computer Science (CS) building
will be investigated as a part of the modelling process. A summary of the sags,
presented on the CBEMA curve, is given below [22].
Figure 4.2 – Summary of all sags experienced at the MS Lab during site survey[22].
Finally, some harmonic distortion of the voltage was also experienced. The main cause
of harmonic distortion was found to be the hot water switching signal, used to switch
Chapter 4 – Simulating Existing Power Quality Problems
21
hot water systems. The frequency of this signal was 1050Hz, the 21st harmonic. Other
harmonics, notably the 3rd, 5th, 7th 9th and 11th, were also present.
The power quality problems being experienced at the Central Chiller Station were
capacitor switching (see above) and voltage sags, due to motor starting. More of these
events will be shown later to compare them to the results obtained by simulation.
4.1 Gathering System Information
The first part of the process was to gather information on the system. This involved
finding circuit diagrams, information on transformers, capacitors etc and finally the
nature of the load – the size (kVA) and type (linear or non-linear). The first model built
was that of the Chemistry MS laboratory. The approach taken was to start at the load
and work backwards. Information was gathered from the Campus Electrical Engineer,
the manufacturers of the equipment in the MS laboratory, and Energex. A one-line
diagram of the Chemistry building is given below.
Figure 4.3 – Simplified one line diagram of Chemistry building
It is important to capture all of the other loads, in order to study, for example, the effects
of non-linear PCs or chiller starting in the Computer Science Building. Figures shown
Chapter 4 – Simulating Existing Power Quality Problems
22
represent the loads in terms of the currents they draw. The PQ Node was positioned on
the primary side of transformer T3.
It was then necessary to gather information about Energex substation STL in order to
include effects such as capacitor switching, sags caused by faults in the St. Lucia suburb
and the 21st harmonic hot water switching signal. Figure 4.4 below illustrates this.
Figure 4.4 – Substation STL, simple one line diagram
Further information is summarised in Table 4.1. The final information required is the
circuit diagram for the Central Chiller Station.
Chapter 4 – Simulating Existing Power Quality Problems
23
Figure 4.5 – Central Chiller Station
Table 4.1 below summarises all plant/cable information required to model the system.
SUBSTATION 20 – CHEMISTRY
T1 750 kVA, 11kV ∆ / 430V Υ,
4% impedance.
T2 1000kVA, 11kV ∆ / 433V Υ,
5% impedance
T3 30kVA, 415V ∆ / 208V Υ,
4.43% impedance
Cable – Sub Board A to MS Lab 27m, one conductor per phase
Area of core = 6mm2
Cable – T1 to Sub Board A
(only significant impedance)
8.5m, two conductors per phase
Area of core = 240mm2
Chillers – CS building 2 × 105A, Υ-∆ reciprocating starters to
reduce startup currents
1 × 360A screw chiller
Chapter 4 – Simulating Existing Power Quality Problems
24
Mechanical Services 400 A, Direct on Line (DOL) induction
motor
Computer Science 180A PCs
80A Fluorescent lights
Sub. Board A (from which MS Laboratory
is supplied)
400A total, mixture of PCs, fluorescent
lights and normal, linear loads
MS Laboratory 22.7kVA (3 Phase, worst case)
Mostly linear, a switched pump and some
PCs.
ENERGEX SUBSTATION STL
T4 33kV ∆ / 11kV Υ
Normal Operation: 15.7MVA
Emergency (6 Months)
17.2MVA Summer
19.5MVA Winter
2 hour:
18.75 MVA Summer
21.0 MVA Winter
Impedance: 15%
T5 33kV ∆ / 11kV Υ
Normal Operation: 15.7MVA
Emergency (6 Months)
17.2MVA Summer
19.5MVA Winter
2 hour:
18.75 MVA Summer
21.0 MVA Winter
Impedance: 10% on 10MVA
Source Equivalent Impedance At nominal voltage (33kV), fault level is
467MVA. Z+ = 0.02 + j0.214 p.u. on a
Chapter 4 – Simulating Existing Power Quality Problems
25
10MVA base.
Capacitor Bank 5Mvar, 1.667 Mvar per phase, ungrounded
wye.
Cable – Sub 7 to Sub 10 230m, one conductor per phase
Area of core = 95mm2
SUBSTATION 20 – CENTRAL
CHILLER STATION
T6 1000kVA, 11kV ∆ / 433V Υ,
5% impedance
T7 1000kVA, 11kV ∆ / 433V Υ,
5% impedance
Chiller 1 700A, Υ-∆ reciprocating starters to reduce
startup currents
Chiller 2 400A, Υ-∆ reciprocating starters to reduce
startup currents
Chiller 3 700A, Υ-∆ reciprocating starters to reduce
startup currents
Table 4.1 – Plant and Cable information for modelling of the system. All currents are per phase.
4.2 Constructing the Models
This section will describe the calculations carried out and methods used to build the
models to simulate capacitor switching, voltage sags through faults and motor starting,
and harmonic distortion.
4.2.1 Transformer, Capacitor, Cable and Load Calculations
Example calculations will now be given describing the process by which the cables,
transformers, loads and capacitor bank have been modelled.
ATPDraw [19] has several transformer models. For the purpose of power quality
studies, ATPCON [18] gives recommendations on the use of these models. The only
Chapter 4 – Simulating Existing Power Quality Problems
26
transformer model being used is the ∆-Y transformer, which simplifies the process of
putting the system together. Table 4.2 describes the parameters and recommended
values for use of the TRADY transformer model.
PARAMETER VALUE AND COMMENTIo Always use 0.01Fo Always use 0.001Rmag Always use 999999.0Rp Always use 0.001 on high-sideLp Always 0.001 on high-sideVrp Peak rated kV of the primary winding.Rs Resistance of the secondary winding.Ls Leakage inductance of the secondary winding.Vrs Peak rated kV of the secondary winding.Lag -30 (degrees on secondary side with respect to primary side)OUT Always use 0RMS Always use 1
Table 4.2 – The TRADY transformer model and recommended values. [18].
The values required by this model are consistent with the simple series inductance –
series resistance model of a transformer. Vrp, Rs, Ls, and Vrs are the only variables.
The variable Lag remains at –30 degrees, because all transformers to be used are ∆-Y.
Series R and L values must be taken to the secondary of the transformer.
Calculations for transformer T1 will be used as an example. As listed in Table 1, this
transformer is 750 kVA, 11kV ∆ / 430V Υ, with an impedance of 4%. All R and L
values will be referred to the secondary side of the transformer.
The secondary side voltage is 430V l-l, therefore, on a 750kVA base:
Ω=== 2465.0750000
430 22
P
VZ base
Four percent of 0.2465Ω is 9.86×10-3Ω. This represents the magnitude of Z, or R +
jX.
Chapter 4 – Simulating Existing Power Quality Problems
27
A common X/R ratio for transformers is 10 [11]. Using this value, we find that R=
9.81×10-4Ω, and XL = j9.81×10-3Ω. Using a power system frequency of 50Hz, we have
L= 0.03123mH.
Vrp, the primary voltage, is 11275 ∆. Therefore, the peak primary rated voltage,
Vrp = √2×11275 = 15.945kV. Vrs, the secondary voltage is 430V Y, so we have
Vrs = √(2/3) × 430V = 351.09V
Similar calculations were carried out for all of the transformers in the study. Values are
listed in Table 4.3.
TRANSFORMER VALUES
T1 Vrp = 15.945kV, Vrs = 351.09, Rs = 0.001Ω, Ls = 0.0312mH
T2 Vrp = 15.945kV, Vrs = 353.5, Rs = 0.001Ω, Ls = 0.0297mH
T3 Vrp = 586.9V, Vrs = 169.7V, Rs = 0.0064Ω, Ls = 0.202mH
T4 Vrp = 46.67kV, Vrs = 8.981kV, Rs = 0.127Ω, Ls = 4.03mH
T5 Vrp = 46.67kV, Vrs = 8.981kV, Rs = 0.127Ω, Ls = 4.03mH
T6 Vrp = 15.945kV, Vrs = 353.5, Rs = 0.001Ω, Ls = 0.0297mH
T7 Vrp = 15.945kV, Vrs = 353.5, Rs = 0.001Ω, Ls = 0.0297mH
Table 4.3 – Transformer data
The next calculations to examine are for the 5Mvar capacitor bank in the STL
substation. Working on a per phase basis, there is 1.667Mvar per phase, with a line to
neutral rms voltage of 11275/√3 = 6509.6V rms. Therefore,
Ω=== 42.251666667
6.6509 22
Q
VX C
Therefore, for a power system frequency of 50Hz, C = 125.2µF per phase.
Calculation of cable impedance is very simple. Because the cables are of a relatively
short length, they can be treated as pure resistances. All that is required to calculate the
Chapter 4 – Simulating Existing Power Quality Problems
28
resistance, R, of a length l of cable is the diameter of the cable core and the resistivity,
ρ, of the core. For these cables, with a copper core, ρ = 1.724 × 10-8 Ωm.
To use the 27m cable joining Sub Board A to the MS Lab as an example,
Ω=×
××== −
−
0776.0106
2710724.16
8
A
lR
ρ
All other cable resistances were calculated in a similar manner, and these figures are
presented in Table 4 below.
CABLE RESISTANCE (Ω)
T1 to Sub Board A 0.00305
Sub Board A to MS Lab 0.0776
Substation 7 to Substation 10 Sub 7 – Sub 23: 0.0112
Sub 23 – Sub 10: 0.0075
Table 4.4 – Cable Data
Various aspects of the simulation process required that loads be expressed in terms of
linear components. ATPCON comes complete with models to express loads in terms of
parallel resistor and inductor components. These are called LOADY and LOADD, for
loads connected in wye and delta (or ungrounded wye) configuration, respectively. For
example, the MS Laboratory represents a load of 22.7kVA (7.567 kVA per phase), at a
power factor of 0.85. The line to neutral voltage is 120V (rms). Resistance and
inductance values per phase are required. The load is connected in wye configuration,
and assuming a balanced load we have that P = 0.85 × 7.567 KVA = 6.432 kW per
phase, Q = √(AP2 – P2) = 3988.9 vars. Now, the resistor and inductor are connected in
parallel, so they each have a voltage of 120V across them.
Using Ohm’s law:
mHLQ
VXL 5.1161.3
9.3988
12022
=∴Ω=== , and Ω=== 24.26432
120 22
P
VR
All other Chemistry building loads were developed into linear loads in a similar
manner. Figure 4.3 gives the other loads in the system as currents drawn (per phase).
Chapter 4 – Simulating Existing Power Quality Problems
29
The calculation of R and L for these loads begins by dividing the current in terms of
estimated components. For example, the CS Building draws 260A (in each phase), and,
due to a large PC load, it is estimated that 180A of this represents the PC load and the
other 80A the fluorescent lighting. For the PC load, we have P = VI = 43.2kVA =
129.6kVA (3 phase). The reason for dividing the load like this will become more
obvious when harmonics in the system are discussed. These figures are then used to
determine parallel R and L components, through simple use of Ohm’s Law.
Table 4.5 below shows all Chemistry building loads, divided into R and L components
per phase.
LOCATION R(Ω), L, PER PHASE
CS Chiller R= 0.495, L=2.544mH
Sub Board A PCs R= 2.544, L=13.12mH
Sub Board A Fluorescent Lights R= 1.2772, L=6.56mH
Sub Board A Linear R= 7.67, L=39.3mH
MS Lab R= 2.24, L=11.5mH
CS Building Fluorescent Lights R= 3.529, L=6.56mH
CS Building PCs R= 1.569, L=8.057mH
Mech. Services Linear R= 0.7059, L=3.63mH
Table 4.5 – Loads in terms of parallel R and L components
All information required to build these models in ATP is now available.
4.2.2 Constructing the template system
The first step taken was to construct a template of the system. This involved drawing
the circuit in ATPDraw and putting in all transformers, cable information and linear
loads. The purpose for this was twofold. Firstly, a template made it convenient to make
relatively small changes to switch between studies. For example, to model non-linear
loads from the template, replacement of the linear loads with the appropriate model is
all that is required. Secondly, the template also provided the opportunity to check that
Chapter 4 – Simulating Existing Power Quality Problems
30
the system was working correctly, and that correct voltage and currents were present
throughout.
The first step in building the template was to construct the Chemistry building system.
Part of the ATPDraw diagram is given below.
Figure 4.6– Part of the ATPDraw file, showing Sub Board A
This picture shows most of the components required for the simulation. Transformers
and loads are obvious. The RLC components marked “AMMETER” are three phase
resistors of extremely small magnitude put in place to measure the current flowing to
the loads. A full explanation of all components used for simulation is given in
Appendix B. The parameters are entered by right-clicking the component and filling in
the form that appears.
The next step is to add the Energex Substation STL to the model. All that is required
are two transformers and the source, as well as the source equivalent impedance. This
is given in figure 4.7.
Chapter 4 – Simulating Existing Power Quality Problems
31
Figure 4.7– Substation STL
Thus, the template has been constructed, ready for use with other studies.
4.2.3 The ATP File
The ATP file, template.atp, generated from template.cir, is given in Appendix A. There
are a few things to note about the ATP file itself.
Firstly, it is fixed format, so it is necessary that all information be placed in correct
columns. This is aided by the numerical data listed across the page at regular intervals.
Occasionally (very rarely) the ATPDraw will generate node names that are too long.
This must be remedied by hand, a very tedious process when not sure where to start
looking.
The parameters for the simulation are set near the top of the file. These are as follows:
• ∆T: The time step for the simulation
• Tmax: End time for the simulation
• Freq: System Frequency. This is only used if Xopt or Copt are non zero, but
it is always good practice to set this to the system frequency, in this case,
50Hz
• Xopt: When set to zero, all inductances are in millihenries. Otherwise, Xopt
is set to the system frequency, and all inductances are given in terms of their
reactance.
• Copt: similar to above, capacitances are in microfarads if Copt is 0.
Chapter 4 – Simulating Existing Power Quality Problems
32
• IOUT: Frequency at which points are output to the screen during simulation.
For example, IOUT = 500 means that every 500th time step will be printed to
the screen. It is better that this be a high number, say 500, or the simulation
will be lengthy.
• IPLOT: Frequency at which points are output to the .PL4 file during
simulation. This has been set to 1, so that each point may be used for
plotting.
These are the most important parameters affecting the simulation. For all simulations,
∆T has been set to 20µs, and Tmax has been set to 0.2s. This gives a simulation time of
ten cycles. Obviously, some system events are longer than this. However, 2-3 cycles is
adequate simulation time to obtain an estimate of any variations in voltage and current.
Making the simulation any longer will merely cause the entire process to become
extremely tedious, especially when simulating with MODELS.
4.2.4 Capacitor Switching
Capacitor switching is very simple to simulate in the ATP – it was, of course, one of the
reasons the program was written in the first place.
A capacitor bank is easily modelled by adding the three phase, ungrounded wye
capacitor bank, CAPD, in series with a 3-phase time controlled switch, which is
programmed to switch on and off at the desired time intervals. It would be expected
that a transient would occur when switching on, and none when switching off, as
transients only normally occur during energisation of the capacitor bank [18]. The
transients recorded by the PQ node also suggest that this will happen; transients were
only present in the morning when the capacitors were brought on line.
Care should be taken to ensure that a resistance is placed in series with the capacitors.
This will ensure that the RC time constant will be greater than the time-step ∆T used in
the simulation, preventing possible numerical instability and erroneous results. During
all simulations, a time-step of 20 microseconds was used. This means that a series R
Chapter 4 – Simulating Existing Power Quality Problems
33
greater than 0.2Ω is necessary. Resistance can be varied further to provide damping of
the transient.
As can be seen from figure 4.8, the 5Mvar capacitor bank is added to the 11kV bus at
Substation STL. All loads were simulated as linear loads.
Figure 4.8– Capacitor switching circuit diagram.
The voltage from the capacitor switching will be displayed at the load (MS Laboratory),
on the primary side of T3, which was where the PQ Node was positioned (see figure
4.1).
4.2.5 Voltage Sags Caused by System Faults
A major voltage sag caused by a single line to ground fault in the St. Lucia suburb was
recorded by the PQ Node during the monitoring of the MS Laboratory site.
Unfortunately, it has proved very difficult to obtain much information about the system
in the suburb, so the following approach to voltage sags has been taken.
• The first sag to be simulated will be a symmetrical (three phase) fault to
ground. While this will result in similar sags on all phases, it will be
Chapter 4 – Simulating Existing Power Quality Problems
34
possible to calibrate the magnitude of the sag with the maximum magnitude
of the sag experienced on site by varying the resistance between the fault and
ground. This can be justified by pointing out that, at this stage, we are
looking at simulating the events taking place at the MS Laboratory. If
these events are at a proper magnitude, then a solution for the problem can
be simulated.
• The second sag to be simulated will be a single line to ground (SLG) fault, to
see if similar results can be found to those experienced at the PQ Node.
These sags were simulated by placing time-controlled switches in series with a
resistance to ground off the 11kV bus of Substation STL. Both the three phase and SLG
cases are illustrated in figure 4.9 below.
Figure 4.9– Circuit used to simulate three phase and single line to ground faults
4.2.6 Voltage Sags Caused by Induction Motor Starting
This section will examine the construction of the circuit for simulation of voltage sags
in the Chemistry building, due to starting of the Computer Science chillers.
Chapter 4 – Simulating Existing Power Quality Problems
35
The starting current for a large induction motor is several times its rated load current.
This high current may cause voltages on the distribution feeder to temporarily drop to
unacceptably low values. The main concern is that sags from this equipment may be
causing the sensitive MS Laboratory equipment to fail. The chiller motors to be
simulated come with Y-∆ starters to reduce the amount of current drawn at startup.
ATPCON comes complete with a three phase induction motor model. The file
IM3P.MOD was developed in [18] as a simple alternative to the complicated machine
models available in ATP. All that is required for the model are a few simple pieces of
data, most of which can be readily approximated. These are:
• HP3P: The three phase Horse Power of the machine
• RDPF: Fundamental power factor at full load (have used 0.85)
• START: The current multiplier, times full load current. It is recommended
in [18] that this is usually about five for normal motors, but a value of 3 will
be used due to the ∆-Y starters on the machines being studied.
• SDPF: Fundamental displacement power factor during startup(this has been
set to 0.2 for all simulations)
• VLNRMS: The line to neutral voltage of the bus to which the motor is
attached (240-250V)
• F: The power system frequency (50Hz)
The following is taken from [18]. It describes the function of the induction motor
model, IM3P.
“For the first few cycles, the motor is treated as a fixed resistor in each phase, sized for
one-tenth of its rated kVA input.
Next, it enters the starting phase with current multiplier “START” and displacement
power factor “SDPF.” START is in the 5.0 range, and SDPF is in the 0.2 range.
Chapter 4 – Simulating Existing Power Quality Problems
36
For the last few cycles, it becomes a fixed sinusoidal current injector with the power
and displacement power factor “RDPF” that describe the rated power condition. RDPF
is in the 0.80 range.”
In order to save simulation time, the CS chillers have been combined into one large
motor (worst case), with a full load rating of 350 kW (three phase), or 411.8kVA at a
power factor of 0.85. This gives a full load horsepower rating of 411.8/0.746 = 552HP.
The connection of this motor is shown in figure 4.10 below.
Figure 4.10– Computer Science building chiller connection
The other loads in the CHEMIND model are represented as linear loads, so that the full
effect of the motor starting can be studied.
4.2.7 Harmonic Distortion
The non-linear loads in the Chemistry building system were found to be mainly
personal computers (PCs) and fluorescent lights. PCs in particular inject a particularly
distorted current into the system due to their switched mode power supplies. The sizes
of these loads were estimated from the amount of current being drawn into each part of
the system. The MS Laboratory itself has a small Adjustable Speed Drive (ASD) motor
driving a small pump, as well as a SUN workstation.
Chapter 4 – Simulating Existing Power Quality Problems
37
A 21st harmonic source of suitable amplitude was also placed at Substation STL to
simulate the effect of the 1050Hz harmonic throughout the system.
As discussed earlier, these non-linear loads inject non-linear currents into the system,
which in turn can cause distorted voltages to appear on the bus. ATPCON has models
to simulate the non-linear current injection by three phase and single phase PC loads,
three phase fluorescent lights, and six and 12 pulse ASDs. It was decided firstly to
simulate the MS Laboratory as a linear load, and then to add in a small ASD and PC
load for the second simulation.
[18] gives an explanation of how these harmonic models work.
“The non-linear load is treated as shunt resistance for the first 3 (i.e., IA + 1) cycles (of
60 Hz), then as a sinusoidal current injector with user-input displacement power factor
for the next 3 (i.e., IB + 1) cycles, and finally as a harmonic current injector for the
remainder of the study (usually 4 more cycles, for a total of 10 cycles).”
The information required for the non-linear load models is similar for all models. Given
below is the information required by the three phase PC (PC3P) model.
• KVA3P: the three phase kVA of the PC load
• DPF: Fundamental frequency displacement power factor (set to 1.0 for all
simulations [18])
• VLNRMS: Line to neutral bus voltage
• PSHIFT: Connecting transformer phase shift, degrees
• TRIPLE: 0 to include triplen harmonics, 1 to exclude them
• F: Power system frequency (50Hz)
For the first simulation, non-linear loads parallel to the MS Laboratory were modelled,
as well as the Computer Science load. This gave the following values, estimated from
the current drawn by each load:
Chapter 4 – Simulating Existing Power Quality Problems
38
LOCATION LOAD (KVA)
Sub Board A
PCs 79.59
Fluorescent Lights 158.4
Computer Science
PCs 129.6
Fluorescent Lights 57.6
Table 4.6 – Loads used for harmonic simulation
In all of these cases, triplen harmonics were included. Figure 4.11 illustrates the
connection of the PC and fluorescent light loads parallel to the MS Lab, from Sub
Board A.
Figure 4.11– Connection of harmonic loads, parallel to MS Lab, from sub board A.
For the next simulation, a small ASD and PC load were added to the MS Laboratory.
These were 2 kVA (3 phase) and 1 kVA (phase C) respectively. The values for the
linear part of the load were adjusted accordingly.
Chapter 4 – Simulating Existing Power Quality Problems
39
4.2.8 Induction Motor Starting – Central Chiller Station
This is very similar to the induction motor section above. The same models were used
to examine the starting characteristic of these motors.
The Central Chiller Plant system was added to the template, in the configuration given
in Figure 4.12. The ATPDraw circuit diagram is given below.
Figure 4.12– Central Chiller Station
Again, as with the induction motors in the previous section a startup current three times
the rated current was used.
40
Chapter
5 Presentation and Analysis of Results
5.1 Capacitor Switching
For all figures 5.1,5.2 and 5.3 opening of the switch occurred at t = 0.1172.
Figure 5.1 – Capacitor Switching, Phase A, MS Laboratory.
The transient has a magnitude of approximately 75V, or 22%.
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
41
Figure 5.2 – Capacitor Switching, Phase B, MS Laboratory
This transient has a magnitude of approximately 30V, or 9%.
Figure 5.3 – Capacitor Switching, Phase C, MS Laboratory.
There is only a small transient on phase C.
As can be seen from the waveform in Figure 5.1, capacitor switching was calibrated to a
very similar result to what was being seen at the MS Laboratory site. Compare this with
figure 4.1. It was necessary to vary the size of the damping resistors in order to get this
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
42
result, but again, it must be pointed out that the aim is to simulate the power quality
problems being recorded by the PQ Node at the Mass Spectrometry Laboratory.
It should be pointed out that the magnitude of the capacitor switching at the MS
Laboratory is not very severe. The figure mentioned above was a worst case situation,
with switching occurring at the peak voltage. This transient represented a variation of
22% in voltage for a fraction of a cycle.
Now that a good result has been obtained from the simulation, what techniques can be
used to limit the effect of capacitor switching?
[1] states that the best means of reducing the effect of capacitor switching is to take
measures at the capacitor bank itself. Some solutions are pre-insertion (damping)
resistors, synchronous closing, where transients are prevented by timing closure of the
switches so that the system voltage matches the capacitor voltage at the instant the
contacts mate, and, finally, zero crossing switching, where each phase is switched
separately at respective zero crossing points. Figure 5.3 shows a greatly reduced
transient on phase C, because switching occurs near the zero crossing point.
These simulations also show that the opening of the switch at the capacitor bank
produces no obvious distortions in the voltage.
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
43
5.2 Sags
Figure 5.4 – Symmetrical fault, phase A. All phases are identical.
The voltage has sagged down to 35%.
Figure 5.5 – SLG Fault. All phases.
For the SLG fault, phase B is down to approximately 50%, phase A is down to 70%,
and phase C has remained unchanged.
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
44
Sags were calibrated in simulation to be on a similar level to the severest sags
experienced during the site survey. The symmetrical fault produced expected results.
To realistically simulate sags, a survey of all other feeders parallel to the university
would be required. At this stage, the author remains unsure as to the effectiveness of
using the ATP to simulate unsymmetrical faults in a full and realistic manner.
However, as was pointed out earlier, if the simulation can be made to produce results
that were similar to those being experienced at the site of the survey, then it is possible
to simulate a solution.
The most common demand-side mitigation technique for severe sags is the UPS, or
Uninterruptible Power Supply. Figures 5.6 and 5.7 below illustrate two different design
philosophies, Standby and On-line UPS.
Figure 5.6 – Standby UPS.
Figure 5.7 – On-line UPS
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
45
The Standby UPS has a controller that detects the disturbance, and then switches the
load to the battery backed inverter. The most important parameter here is the time it
takes to switch the battery backup on. A value of 4ms is an acceptable time for
switching to the batteries [1].
On-line UPS systems are always a part of the power system. The incoming AC power
is rectified into DC power, which then charges the batteries and in turn is inverted back
into AC for the load. When incoming supply fails, the inverter is fed from the battery
backup. This provides a complete ride-through capability. On-line UPS systems can,
however, be quite lossy.
These systems could possibly be simulated with the ATP using a combination of
MODELS logic and TACS. The first thing to do would be to investigate the control of
these processes, using MODELS to simulate this part, and then TACS to simulate the
switching of any silicon controlled rectifiers in the inverter.
5.3 Induction Motor Starting, Chemistry Building
Figure 5.8 – Induction Motor Starting, Computer Science chiller only
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
46
Here the voltage has sagged by approximately 6.3%. This simulated the starting of the
chillers in the Computer Science building only.
Figure 5.9 – Induction Motor Starting, Mechanical Services only.
This represents a sag of only 1%.
The induction motor model, IM3P, performed quite well, giving small sags of between
5% and 7%, similar to many of the smaller sags being recorded at the MS Laboratory
site. Figure 5.10 below gives an example of one of the smaller sags experienced during
the site survey. These can be attributed to induction motor starting by the characteristic
“ramping up” of the rms voltage after the initial sag.
Figure 5.10 – Small sag during site survey, probably from motor starting
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
47
Perhaps the biggest surprise during simulation was the extremely small sag given as a
result of starting the motor on the Mechanical Services part of the circuit. Whilst this
motor is smaller than the combination of the chiller motors in the Computer Science
building, it is a direct on-line motor, meaning that no means are being employed to
“soften” the start of the motor. The motors in the CS building employ Y-∆ starters to
reduce start-up current.
To investigate this further, figures 5.11, 5.12 and 5.13 below represent the currents in
several parts of the circuit during the motor start-up. Figure 5.11 shows the current in
the PC and fluorescent light circuits (parallel to the Mechanical Services motor), 5.12
shows the current on the 11kV feed to both T1 and T2, and 5.13 shows the current from
T1 to Sub. Board A.
Figure 5.11 – Current to parallel PC and fluorescent light circuits.
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
48
Figure 5.12 – Current on the 11kV feed.
Figure 5.13 – Current from T3 to Sub. Board A.
These figures show that the start-up current being drawn by the motor is coming from
two places: the parallel PC and fluorescent light circuits, and the source. As can be
seen, there is little current drawn from the circuit behind the transformer T3. This can
be explained by the fact that the source represents very low impedance compared to that
of the Chemistry building.
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
49
The impedance seen from the high side of transformer T3, an 11kV ∆ /430 kV Y
transformer, can be calculated as follows:
VsideVsidell
LLkVside ZZ
V
VZ 415415
2
11 57.702≈=
Hence, this will represent an impedance much higher than the source, and is relatively
protected to the effects of the starting of the mechanical services motor.
Mitigation techniques for the effects of sags caused by induction motor starting can take
two approaches. The first is a similar approach to that of sags; a standby or on-line
UPS, the second is to use techniques such as the Y-∆ starters described earlier.
Fortunately, the IM3P model provided by ATPCON is fairly flexible in this regard, with
the ability to simply specify how much more current the motor will draw at start-up than
during normal operation. One thing that could make the model more realistic would be
the ability to accurately simulate the ramp-up function during startup.
Again, it should be pointed out that the magnitude of the sags shown by the modelling is
not very severe. Many of the induction motor starting events recorded by the PQ Node
during the survey of the MS Laboratory were within tolerance levels, as shown by the
CBEMA curve [21].
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
50
5.4 Harmonic Distortion, MS Laboratory
5.4.1 MS Laboratory Modelled as a Linear Load
Figure 5.14 – The voltage waveform on the primary side of T3.
Figure 5.15– Fourier analysis, voltage waveform, primary side of T3.
Figure 5.15 shows the harmonic breakdown of the primary side voltage. This wave has
a THD of 4.9%.
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
51
Figure 5.16 – Current waveform, primary side of T3.
Figure 5.17– Fourier analysis, current waveform, primary side.
Figure 5.17 shows the harmonic breakdown of the primary side current. This wave has
a THD of 3.44%.
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
52
Figure 5.18 – Voltage waveform, secondary of T3.
Figure 5.19– Fourier analysis, voltage waveform, secondary side of T3.
Figure 5.19 shows the harmonic breakdown of the secondary side voltage. This wave
has a THD of 4.04%.
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
53
Figure 5.20 – Current waveform, secondary of T3.
Figure 5.21 – Fourier analysis, current waveform, secondary side of T3.
Figure 5.21 shows the harmonic breakdown of the secondary side current. This wave
has a THD of 3.45%.
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
54
Figures 5.14 – 5.21 show the results given for the harmonic studies. Note the
dominance of the 21st harmonic, Hot Water Switching signal (HWSS), which is used to
switch hot water systems on and off. As was discussed in Chapter 4, this signal was
added at the 33kV bus to simulate the HWSS, at a proportion calculated from results of
the site survey.
Figure 5.22 below gives a summary of the harmonic spectra of the voltage waveforms
on all phases, for the duration of the site survey [22]. These can be compared with the
results given by the ATP. When comparing these figures, it is important to keep in
mind that the simulations were made on the basis of educated guesses about the type
and sizes of the loads in the building.
Figure 5.22 – Summary of harmonic voltage levels, primary of T3, during site survey[22].
Examining, for example, figure 5.15, and comparing it with figure 5.22, shows that the
simulation results are actually quite acceptable – the lower order harmonics are present
in similar levels, and the 21st is dominant, giving similar THDs for both.
Looking at figure 5.19, we can see that the 3rd and 9th (triplen) harmonics have been
suppressed at the secondary side. This makes sense, given that triplen (zero sequence)
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
55
components should be suppressed by a ∆-Y transformer, although the 21st harmonic has
passed through unsuppressed.
The interesting thing to note with these results is the current waves, on both sides of the
transformer T3, given in figures 5.16 and 5.20. The harmonic spectra of these (figures
5.17 and 5.21) are quite good – again dominated by the 21st harmonic, but in both cases
with THDs of around 4%. This shows that only a very small portion of the harmonic
currents injected by the parallel PC and fluorescent light loads are going to the MS
Laboratory.
The reason for this becomes obvious by using a similar argument to the one used when
explaining the induction motor results previously. Table 4.4 shows that the cable
running from Sub. Board A to the MS Laboratory represents an impedance of
approximately 0.0776Ω, and the impedance back to the transformer is 0.00305Ω. In
addition, the MS Laboratory load, when brought to the high side of the 415V ∆/208V Y
transformer, represents an impedance of approximately 17Ω (see section 5.3 for the
example equation). Thus it is obvious that only a small portion of the harmonic current
will flow to the MS Laboratory. To illustrate this point further, figure 5.23 gives the
breakdown of the current flowing from Sub. Board A to the transformer, T3.
Figure 5.23 – Fourier analysis, current, going from Sub. Board A to T3.
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
56
This is a badly distorted wave with a THD of 42.4%!
It is obvious, then, that the distortion that is occurring to the voltage is a result of the
harmonic currents from the sources parallel to the site in question.
These results all give THDs less than the 5% limit set by IEEE-519 [8]. However the
voltage at the primary, which has a THD of 4.9%, is very close to unacceptable.
In order to suppress the harmonic currents injected by the PC and fluorescent loads, and
thus suppress the distortion of the voltage, harmonic filters can be used. Active filters
[23] inject their own currents which cancel out the currents injected by the non-linear
load. They are called “active” because they adjust the output current according to the
levels being injected by the non-linear load. Passive filters work by providing a low
impedance path for the harmonic currents to ground.
A passive filter, to suppress 5th harmonic currents present in the PC and fluorescent light
loads, will now be presented. [18] gives a guide on the design of the filter. The filter
consists of a series R-L-C circuit tuned to the fifth harmonic, where R is the parasitic
resistance of the inductors used. Noting from figure 5.23 that the 5th harmonic current is
quite high, a large capacity filter is required. Following [18], the filter will be rated at
150 kVar per phase. Two basic rules given are:
• The filter must be rated to a line to neutral voltage of 1.2 × Vlnrms.
• As maximum capacitor voltage occurs at a frequency just below resonant
frequency, the filter shall be tuned to 4.7 rather than 5 times the fundamental
[18]
Values of C, L and R can then be calculated thus:
mFV
QC
rms
76.516.314288
150000
2.1 2ln,
=×
=××
=ω
HC
Lres
µω
6.791076.5)7.416.314(
11322
=×××
== −
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
57
Therefore, if parasitic resistance is approximately XL/50 at 50Hz, R = 0.5mΩ. Figure
5.24 gives the circuit added to the ATPDraw harmonics circuit at Sub. Board A.
Figure 5.24 – Passive 5th harmonic filter added at Sub. Board A.
Figures 5.25, 5.26 and 5.27 below give the result after adding the filter.
Figure 5.25 – Fourier analysis of voltage at the MS Lab. Primary after addition of 5th harmonic filter.
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
58
Figure 5.26 – Current flowing in phase A of the 5th harmonic filter
Figure 5.27 – Fourier analysis of current in the filter. THD = 21.9%.
Figure 5.25 shows that the 5th harmonic content of the waveform at the MS Laboratory
primary has been much reduced. This has also brought the THD down to 3.8%.
Figures 5.26 and 5.27 show the current in the filter, which has a strong 5th harmonic
component. This filter is impractical and very lossy – figure 5.26 shows a peak current
in the filter of 800A! However, these results do reinforce the theory that harmonics
from the parallel PC and fluorescent loads are causing the distorted voltage at the
primary of T3.
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
59
5.4.2 MS Laboratory Modelled as a Partly Non-Linear Load
A small 3 phase six pulse ASD was added, and a small PC load on phase C
Figure 5.28– MS Laboratory, voltage waveform, phases A (curve a) &C (curve b), primary side of T3.
Figure 5.29– Fourier analysis of phase A voltage, primary side of T3.
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
60
Figure 5.30– Fourier analysis of phase C voltage, primary side of T3.
Figures 5.29 and 5.30 above show the Fourier analyses of the phase A and C voltage
waveforms. THDs are 4.88% and 4.9% respectively.
Figure 5.31– MS Laboratory, current waveform, phases A (curve b) &C (curve a), primary side of T3.
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
61
Figure 5.32– Fourier analysis of phase A current, primary side of T3.
Figure 5.33– Fourier analysis of phase C current, primary side of T3.
Figures 5.32 and 5.33 above show the Fourier analyses of the phase A and C current
waveforms. THDs are 11.4% and 12.8% respectively.
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
62
Figure 5.34– MS Laboratory, voltage waveform, phases A (curve b) &C(curve a), secondary side of T3.
Figure 5.35– Fourier analysis of phase A voltage, secondary side of T3.
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
63
Figure 5.36– Fourier analysis of phase C voltage, secondary side of T3.
Figures 5.35 and 5.36 above show the Fourier analyses of the phase A and C voltage
waveforms (208V side). THDs are 4.07% and 4.11% respectively.
Figure 5.37– MS Laboratory, current waveforms, phases A(curve a) &C(curve b), secondary side of T3.
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
64
Figure 5.38– Fourier analysis of phase A current, secondary side of T3.
Figure 5.39– Fourier analysis of phase C current, secondary side of T3.
Figures 5.38 and 5.39 above show the Fourier analyses of the phase A and C current
waveforms, on the secondary of T3. THDs are 4.02% and 19.5% respectively.
Figure 5.28 shows the phase A and C voltage waves at the primary of T3. These are
quite similar, as is also shown by the spectra in figures 5.29 and 5.30. Again, these
compare favourably with the results of the site survey given previously. Predictably,
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
65
because of the PC on phase C, the primary current is more distorted on phase C than
phase A.
It is interesting to note that, comparing the current breakdowns on phase C for the
primary and secondary (figures 5.33 and 5.39), the triplen harmonics present in the
phase C current on the primary side have only been slightly suppressed. It can be seen
that the THD has gone down by approximately 7%, but the relative levels have
remained similar.
One way to accurately model any solutions to the voltage distortion problem at the MS
Laboratory is to design a voltage source to simulate the exact voltages present. Using
the MODELS feature of the ATP, this can be done quite easily.
Using the worst case levels for each phase from figure 5.22 (which was phase C, except
for the 21st harmonic) a voltage source was designed to give a similar Fourier
breakdown to that recorded by the PQ Node. This is given as HARM.MOD in
Appendix A. Given below are the waveform and spectrum produced. This source
could then be used to test the effectiveness of any techniques employed to filter the
incoming voltage.
Figure 5.40 – Output from model harm.mod.
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
66
Figure 5.41 – The Fourier analysis of the waveform in figure 5.40.
HARM.MOD was adapted from the method used in [8] to construct the harmonic
models in ATPCON.
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
67
5.5 Central Chiller Station
Figure 5.42– Induction Motor Starting, Central Chiller.
This represents a sag of approximately 10%.
The results of this set of simulations are similar to those produced during the site
survey. Figure 5.43 gives a motor starting example from the Central Chiller site
recorded during the survey.
Figure 5.43 – Motor starting recorded by the PQ Node during survey
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
68
As can be seen by comparing figures 5.42 and 5.43, the results have been reasonably
similar. For a further discussion of induction motor starting, please see section 5.3
above.
5.6 The Effectiveness of the ATP
The Alternative Transients Program is a program that was derived from the EMTP, first
written in the 1960s. Today, the ATP/EMTP is still used extensively throughout the
power industry, for purposes like those in this project.
On its own, the ATP is a difficult program to use. It would have been an extremely
time consuming and near impossible task for the author to have written the files used for
this project by hand. The fixed FORTRAN compatible formatting of the files limits the
size of hand written ATP simulations to small systems only. Even installing the ATP
for use with the Windows 95 operating system was a task that was at times very
frustrating.
However, because the ATP has been a standard worldwide, there is much collective
experience in the use of the program. It was this experience which was drawn upon
through the use of the models provided in ATPCON.
ATPDraw has been an essential step in the evolution of the ATP. Now it is possible to
simulate large systems and generate the files in an instant. A newer version of
ATPDraw, designed specifically for Windows 95, is available. ATPDraw for DOS was
used, simply because the ATPCON models were written for the DOS version. It would
be a relatively simple but time consuming task to convert these files to ATPDraw for
Windows. This would perhaps be a good idea for any future work, because frequent
crashes and memory problems caused by ATPDraw/ATP made the system frustrating to
use.
Another problem with the ATP is simulation time. Once MODELS are introduced, the
simulation process can become quite lengthy. For example, simulating a number of
harmonic sources or induction motors at once resulted in simulations taking as long as
Chapter 5 – Presentation and Analysis of Results
69
five minutes. Occasionally, the ATPDraw generates incorrect files. These errors can be
very difficult to find.
The TPPLOT viewer for the output files is extremely versatile, but has quite a steep
learning curve. A menu driven, Windows based viewer for the .pl4 files output by the
ATP would be an excellent addition to the software suite.
From a technical point of view, the ATP is an excellent performer. Most of the
simulation results were similar to those experienced during the site survey, especially
when the approximations made to the system are considered. The author is still
doubtful, however, about the use of the ATP for simulation of unsymmetrical voltage
sags. More work needs to be carried out in this area.
Specialised software is available for the simulation of each of the events simulated in
this project. However, the ATP is a relatively inexpensive, proven all-round performer
that, with the addition of MODELS and ATPDraw, becomes more flexible and much
easier to use.
70
Chapter
6 Conclusions
• Simulation of Power Quality problems was attempted using the Alternative
Transients Program
• Capacitor switching at the distribution substation STL was successfully
simulated. It was found that, although some calibration to the results of the
site survey was required, results of the simulation were quite accurate, with
similar magnitude and rise times to the transients recorded during the site
survey. These simulations also agreed with theory that states that switching
off capacitor banks causes little to no disturbance in the system.
• The capacitor switching simulation also showed that the transient is much
reduced when switched near the zero crossing of the voltage waveform.
• Sags caused by faults in the distribution system were also simulated.
• Sags caused by induction motor starting were simulated. The first induction
motors to be simulated were those present in the Chemistry building system.
These showed that it was possible for many of the smaller sags recorded
during the site survey to be attributed to induction motors in the system.
These simulations also showed that a system could be partly protected from
the effects of nearby induction motor starting by a step down transformer,
especially one with a high turns ratio.
• Simulation of induction motor starting at the Central Chiller Station also
gave similar results to those seen during a site survey.
• The induction motor model provided by ATPCON[18] is extremely flexible,
with solutions to induction motor starting problems, such as “soft-starting”
very simple to simulate, due to the fact that magnitude of startup current can
be specified.
Chapter 6 – Conclusions
71
• The harmonic models provided by ATPCON [18] were used successfully to
obtain remarkably accurate results, given the estimates of the system that
were made. These showed that the most likely cause of the voltage
distortion being experienced were harmonic currents being injected by
parallel PC and fluorescent light loads. These currents then caused distorted
voltages to appear. Again, good protection against distorted currents is
provided by a step down transformer.
• As with the induction motor model, all harmonic models used in the
simulation were extremely easy to use, and gave good results
• A harmonic voltage source was developed that can be used to accurately
simulate voltages being recorded by power quality monitors.
• One drawback of the use of MODELS in simulation is the increase in
simulation time. Simulations where a number of these loads were placed in
the system took as long as five minutes.
• The ATPDraw is an ideal way to interface with the ATP. The time saved by
instant generation of the file for ATP processing was invaluable.
• The addition of MODELS to the ATP made simulating harmonic and
induction motor loads much easier.
• Some work needs to be done to improve the ATP for use with Windows.
System crashes and memory problems were a regular occurrence.
• TPPLOT, the viewer for the output of the ATP, is extremely versatile, but
needs to be updated into a menu driven system, which would be much
simpler and quicker to use.
• The ATP is a good, all-round performer for the simulation of power quality
problems
6.1 Recommendations for Further Work
• The first recommendation I would make would be that the ability of the ATP
to simulate system faults be more extensively researched
• Convert the ATPCON models for use with ATPDraw for Windows 95. This
newer version would possibly have many of the bugs removed, as well as
Chapter 6 – Conclusions
72
being easier to use and the advantage of (simple) portability of circuit
diagrams to other programs.
• Conduct more work on the solutions to power quality problems. The author
is convinced that MODELS and TACS could be used to create solutions
such as UPS systems and active filters.
• An ideal project for this type of work would be to conduct the simulations
before the building is built and the equipment installed. This would help to
predict any power quality problems before they happen. An accurate survey
of the load would also be possible using electrical plans.
• Finally, the possibility of an equivalent software package to the ATP should
also be examined. Although the ATP proved to be useful for the project,
simulation time is just too long for large and/or complicated systems. The
program itself is prone to quirks, and at times can produce some very bizarre
results.
73
Appendix
AThe ATP Files
A.1 ATP File for Figure 3.3
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE$MONITOR$CLOSE, UNIT=4 STATUS=DELETE Destroy empty date/time plot file of "SYSDEP"$OPEN, UNIT=4 FILE=FIG33.PL4 FORM=FORMATTED STATUS=UNKNOWN RECL=8000CC *******************************************************************************CC EMTP DATA FILE - FIG33.DATCCC 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890C *******************************************************************************CC MISCELLANEOUS DATA CARDSCC DELTA. TMAX. XOPT. COPT. EPSILN. TOLMAT. TSTART. 0.00005 0.1 50.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0CC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890C IOUT. IPLOT. IDOUBL. KSSOUT. MAXOUT. IPUN. MEMSAV. ICAT. NENERG. IPRSUP. 40 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0CC SERIES RLC BRANCHCC BUS1. BUS2. BUS3. BUS4. R. L. C. . SRC-A NODE-A 0.2 0.1 0.0 0 SRC-B NODE-B 0.2 0.1 0.0 0 SRC-C NODE-C 0.2 0.1 0.0 0 NODE-ADELT-A 5.0 0.5 0.0 0 NODE-BDELT-B 4.0 0.1 0.0 0 NODE-CDELT-C 1.0 2.0 0.0 0 DELT-ADELT-B 2.0 1.0 0.0 1 DELT-BDELT-C 5.0 0.0 0.0 1 DELT-CDELT-A 1.0 1.0 50.0 1CCBLANK CARD TERMINATING BRANCH CARDSBLANK CARD TERMINATING SWITCH CARDSCC VOLTAGE SOURCE - SINUSOIDAL (CHANGE V. TO 1 FOR CURRENT SOURCE)CC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890C BUS1.V.AMPLITUDE.FREQUENCY. PHASE. A1. TSTART. TSTOP.14SRC-A 0 240.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 -1.0 0.014SRC-B 0 240.0 50.0 -120.0 0.0 -1.0 0.014SRC-C 0 240.0 50.0 120.0 0.0 -1.0 0.0CBLANK CARD TERMINATING SOURCE CARDSCC NODE OUTPUT SPECIFICATION CARD (can have more than one line of nodes to output)
Appendix A – The ATP Files
74
C .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... NODE-ANODE-BNODE-CSRC-ABLANK CARD ENDING NODE NAMES FOR VOLTAGE OUTPUTBLANK CARD TERMINATING PLOT SPECIFICATION CARDSCBEGIN NEW DATA CASEBLANK TERMINATION-OF-RUN CARD
A.2 Template.atp
BEGIN NEW DATA CASEC ------------------------------------------------C Generated by ATPDRAWC a Bonneville Power Administration programC Programmed by H.K.H›idalen, EFI - NORWAY 1995C ------------------------------------------------$PREFIX,C:\ATPDRAW\LIB\$SUFFIX, .LIB$DUMMY, XYZ000C Miscellaneous Data Card ....POWER FREQUENCY 5.0E+01CC ∆T Tmax Xopt CoptC | | | | 2.0E-05 2.0E-01 0.0E+00 0.0E+00CC IOUT IPLOTC | | 500 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 0C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890/BRANCHC < n 1>< n 2><ref1><ref2>< R >< L >< C >C < n 1>< n 2><ref1><ref2>< R >< A >< B ><Leng><><>0 TRANSFORMER .01 .001TX00011.00E6 0 1.414213562E-01 4.501581581E+02 9999 1X0001AX0001B .0001 .000115.945 2X0002A .001 .0312 .3511 TRANSFORMER TX0001 TX0002 1X0001BX0001C 2X0002B TRANSFORMER TX0001 TX0003 1X0001CX0001A 2X0002C X0002AX0038A .0003 3 X0002BX0038B .0003 3 X0002CX0038C .0003 3C Cable - Sub 23 to Sub 10 X0006AX0001A .0075 1 X0006BX0001B .0075 1 X0006CX0001C .0075 1 X0038AX0009A .0776 3 X0038BX0009B .0776 3 X0038CX0009C .0776 3 X0012AX0010A .001 3 X0012BX0010B .001 3 X0012CX0010C .001 3C Cable - Sub 7 to Sub 23 X0018AX0006A .0112 0 X0018BX0006B .0112 0 X0018CX0006C .0112 0 TRANSFORMER .01 .001TX00041.00E6 0 1.414213562E-01 4.501581581E+02 9999 1X0062AX0062B .001 .001 46.67 2X0023A .1265 4.03 8.981 TRANSFORMER TX0004 TX0005 1X0062BX0062C 2X0023B
Appendix A – The ATP Files
75
TRANSFORMER TX0004 TX0006 1X0062CX0062A 2X0023C TRANSFORMER .01 .001TX00071.00E6 0 1.414213562E-01 4.501581581E+02 9999 1X0009AX0009B .0001 .0001 .5869 2X0012A .0064 .202 .1697 TRANSFORMER TX0007 TX0008 1X0009BX0009C 2X0012B TRANSFORMER TX0007 TX0009 1X0009CX0009A 2X0012C X0038AX0031A 1.0E-5 1 X0038BX0031B 1.0E-5 1 X0038CX0031C 1.0E-5 1 X0038AX0019A 1.0E-5 1 X0038BX0019B 1.0E-5 1 X0038CX0019C 1.0E-5 1C PCs - off Sub Board A X0038AX0030A 1.0E-5 1 X0038BX0030B 1.0E-5 1 X0038CX0030C 1.0E-5 1 X0043AX0011A 1.0E-5 3 X0043BX0011B 1.0E-5 3 X0043CX0011C 1.0E-5 3 X0002AX0043A .0075 0 X0002BX0043B .0075 0 X0002CX0043C .0075 0 X0048AX0032A 1.0E-5 1 X0048BX0032B 1.0E-5 1 X0048CX0032C 1.0E-5 1 X0046AX0048A 1.0E-5 1 X0046BX0048B 1.0E-5 1 X0046CX0048C 1.0E-5 1 X0048AX0049A 1.0E-5 1 X0048BX0049B 1.0E-5 1 X0048CX0049C 1.0E-5 1 TRANSFORMER .01 .001TX00101.00E6 0 1.414213562E-01 4.501581581E+02 9999 1X0062AX0062B .001 .001 46.67 2X0023A .1265 4.03 8.981 TRANSFORMER TX0010 TX0011 1X0062BX0062C 2X0023B TRANSFORMER TX0010 TX0012 1X0062CX0062A 2X0023C TRANSFORMER .01 .001TX00131.00E6 0 1.414213562E-01 4.501581581E+02 9999 1X0001AX0001B .0001 .0001 15.56 2X0048A .001 .0297 .3535 TRANSFORMER TX0013 TX0014 1X0001BX0001C 2X0048B TRANSFORMER TX0013 TX0015 1X0001CX0001A 2X0048C1 X0062AX0055A .626 11.492 X0062BX0055B .294 7.03 .626 11.493 X0062CX0055C .294 7.03 .294 7.03 .626 11.49/SWITCHC < n 1>< n 2>< Tclose ><Top/Tde >< Ie ><Vf/CLOP >< type > X0023AX0018A -1. 1. X0023BX0018B -1. 1. X0023CX0018C -1. 1. X0048AX0002A 1. -1. X0048BX0002B 1. -1. X0048CX0002C 1. -1./SOURCEC < n 1><>< Ampl. >< Freq. ><Phase/T0>< A1 >< T1 >< TSTART >< TSTOP >
Appendix A – The ATP Files
76
14X0055A 0 26944. 50. -1. 1.14X0055B 0 26944. 50. -120. -1. 1.14X0055C 0 26944. 50. 120. -1. 1.C MS Lab, Linear PortionC User specified object: LOADYC RA = 2.2E+00C LA = 1.1E+01C RB = 2.2E+00C LB = 1.1E+01C RC = 2.2E+00C LC = 1.1E+01C VOLTS = X0010A$INCLUDE, LOADY, X0010, 2.24, 11.5, 2.24, 11.5, 2.24, 11.5C CS ChillerC User specified object: LOADYC RA = 4.9E-01C LA = 2.5E+00C RB = 4.9E-01C LB = 2.5E+00C RC = 4.9E-01C LC = 2.5E+00C VOLTS = X0011A$INCLUDE, LOADY, X0011, .495, 2.544, .495, 2.544, .495, 2.544C Linear - Sub Board AC User specified object: LOADYC RA = 7.7E+00C LA = 3.9E+01C RB = 7.7E+00C LB = 3.9E+01C RC = 7.7E+00C LC = 3.9E+01C VOLTS = X0019A$INCLUDE, LOADY, X0019, 7.67, 39.3, 7.67, 39.3, 7.67, 39.3C Sub Board A PCsC User specified object: LOADYC RA = 2.6E+00C LA = 1.3E+01C RB = 2.6E+00C LB = 1.3E+01C RC = 2.6E+00C LC = 1.3E+01C VOLTS = X0030A$INCLUDE, LOADY, X0030, 2.554, 13.12, 2.554, 13.12, 2.554, 13.12C Fluoro's - Off Sub Board AC User specified object: LOADYC RA = 1.3E+00C LA = 6.6E+00C RB = 1.3E+00C LB = 6.6E+00C RC = 1.3E+00C LC = 6.6E+00C VOLTS = X0031A$INCLUDE, LOADY, X0031,1.2772, 6.56,1.2772, 6.56,1.2772, 6.56C CS Building - Fluoro'sC User specified object: LOADYC RA = 3.5E+00C LA = 1.8E+01C RB = 3.5E+00C LB = 1.8E+01C RC = 3.5E+00C LC = 1.8E+01C VOLTS = X0032A$INCLUDE, LOADY, X0032, 3.529,18.128, 3.529,18.128, 3.529,18.128C CS Building - PCsC User specified object: LOADYC RA = 1.6E+00C LA = 8.1E+00C RB = 1.6E+00C LB = 8.1E+00C RC = 1.6E+00C LC = 8.1E+00C VOLTS = X0046A$INCLUDE, LOADY, X0046, 1.569, 8.057, 1.569, 8.057, 1.569, 8.057C Mech Services - Linear
Appendix A – The ATP Files
77
C User specified object: LOADYC RA = 7.1E-01C LA = 3.6E+00C RB = 7.1E-01C LB = 3.6E+00C RC = 7.1E-01C LC = 3.6E+00C VOLTS = X0049A$INCLUDE, LOADY, X0049, .7059, 3.63, .7059, 3.63, .7059, 3.63BLANK BRANCHBLANK SWITCHBLANK SOURCE X0012AX0009AX0009BX0009CX0001AX0011AX0062AX0062BX0062CX0038A X0038BX0038CX0002AX0002BX0002CBLANK OUTPUTBLANK PLOTBEGIN NEW DATA CASEBLANK
A.3 HARM.MOD
MODEL HARMCOMMENT HARM.MOD IS A HARMONIC VOLTAGE SOURCE DEVELOPED FROM THE ATPCON [18] MODEL ASD6P. INSTEAD OF INJECTING CURRENTS, THIS MODEL OUTPUTS A HARMONIC VOLTAGE, USING TACS SOURCE 60 AT THE OUTPUT.
ANDREW SENINI, 2/9/98.
PHASE B AND C LAG AND LEAD PHASE A BY 120 DEGREES, RESPECTIVELY. SINE SERIES HARMONIC VOLTAGE.
THE ONLY INPUTS REQUIRED ARE THE LINE TO NEUTRAL VOLTAGE REQUIRED, AND THE FREQUENCY
ENDCOMMENTOUTPUT VOLTSA,VOLTSB,VOLTSCDATA VLNRMS,FVAR VOLTSA,VOLTSB,VOLTSC,WT,ANG,ASCALEVAR PI180,A120,FT,ASTEPVAR A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,A7,A9,A11,A13,A15,A16,A17,A19VAR A20,A21,A22,A23,A25,A27,A29VAR AMAG1,AMAG2,AMAG3,AMAG4,AMAG5,AMAG7,AMAG9,AMAG11,AMAG13VAR AMAG15,AMAG16,AMAG17,AMAG19,AMAG20,AMAG21,AMAG22,AMAG23,AMAG25VAR AMAG27,AMAG29VAR ANG1,ANG2,ANG3,ANG4,ANG5,ANG7,ANG9,ANG11,ANG13,ANG15,ANG16VAR ANG17,ANG19,ANG20,ANG21,ANG22,ANG23,ANG25,ANG27,ANG29CONST IA VAL : 2, IB VAL : 2COMMENT SET THE INITIAL VALUESENDCOMMENTINIT VOLTSA:= 0.0 VOLTSB:= 0.0 VOLTSC:= 0.0 PI180:= PI / 180 A120:= 120 * PI180 ASCALE:= VLNRMS * SQRT(2) ASTEP:= ASCALE / 100.0 * timestep / 1.667e-5COMMENT SET THE MAGNITUDES AND ANGLES OF EACH HARMONIC THESE CAN BE ADJUSTED EASILY TO FIT ANY REQUIRED VOLTAGE SOURCEENDCOMMENT AMAG1:= 1.000000 AMAG2:= 0.002365 / AMAG1 AMAG3:= 0.025068 / AMAG1 AMAG4:= 0.001488 / AMAG1 AMAG5:= 0.025409 / AMAG1
Appendix A – The ATP Files
78
AMAG7:= 0.011441 / AMAG1 AMAG9:= 0.016214 / AMAG1 AMAG11:= 0.008959 / AMAG1 AMAG13:= 0.010242 / AMAG1 AMAG15:= 0.010540 / AMAG1 AMAG16:= 0.001576 / AMAG1 AMAG17:= 0.009682 / AMAG1 AMAG19:= 0.009333 / AMAG1 AMAG20:= 0.002581 / AMAG1 AMAG21:= 0.037794 / AMAG1 AMAG22:= 0.001706 / AMAG1 AMAG23:= 0.005931 / AMAG1 AMAG25:= 0.005627 / AMAG1 AMAG27:= 0.002139 / AMAG1 AMAG29:= 0.002077 / AMAG1 AMAG1:= 1.0000 A1:= 0 * PI180 A2:= 0 * PI180 A3:= 0 * PI180 A4:= 0 * PI180 A5:= 180 * PI180 A7:= 180 * PI180 A9:= 0 * PI180 A11:= 0 * PI180 A13:= 0 * PI180 A15:= 0 * PI180 A16:= 0 * PI180 A17:= 180 * PI180 A19:= 180 * PI180 A20:= 0 * PI180 A21:= 0 * PI180 A22:= 0 * PI180 A23:= 0 * PI180 A25:= 0 * PI180 A27:= 0 * PI180 A29:= 180 * PI180ENDINITCOMMENT FIRST SET THE VALUES FOR THE ANGLES, THEN OUPUT THE HARMONIC WAVEFORMENDCOMMENTEXEC FT:= F * T WT:= 2 * PI * FT ANG:= 0 ANG1:= A1 + ANG ANG2:= A2 + 2 * ANG ANG3:= A3 + 3 * ANG ANG4:= A4 + 4 * ANG ANG5:= A5 + 5 * ANG ANG7:= A7 + 7 * ANG ANG9:= A9 + 9 * ANG ANG11:= A11 + 11 * ANG ANG13:= A13 + 13 * ANG ANG15:= A15 + 15 * ANG ANG16:= A16 + 16 * ANG ANG17:= A17 + 17 * ANG ANG19:= A19 + 19 * ANG ANG20:= A20 + 20 * ANG ANG21:= A21 + 21 * ANG ANG22:= A22 + 22 * ANG ANG23:= A23 + 23 * ANG ANG25:= A25 + 25 * ANG ANG27:= A27 + 27 * ANG ANG29:= A29 + 29 * ANG VOLTSA:= AMAG1 * SIN( WT + ANG1) + AMAG2 * SIN( 2 * WT + ANG2) + AMAG3 * SIN( 3 * WT + ANG3) + AMAG4 * SIN( 4 * WT + ANG4) + AMAG5 * SIN( 5 * WT + ANG5) + AMAG7 * SIN( 7 * WT + ANG7) + AMAG9 * SIN( 9 * WT + ANG9) + AMAG11 * SIN(11 * WT + ANG11) + AMAG13 * SIN(13 * WT + ANG13)
Appendix A – The ATP Files
79
+ AMAG15 * SIN(15 * WT + ANG15) + AMAG16 * SIN(16 * WT + ANG16) + AMAG17 * SIN(17 * WT + ANG17) + AMAG19 * SIN(19 * WT + ANG19) + AMAG20 * SIN(20 * WT + ANG20) + AMAG21 * SIN(21 * WT + ANG21) + AMAG22 * SIN(22 * WT + ANG22) + AMAG23 * SIN(23 * WT + ANG23) + AMAG25 * SIN(25 * WT + ANG25) + AMAG27 * SIN(27 * WT + ANG27) + AMAG29 * SIN(29 * WT + ANG29)COMMENT PHASE B LAGS BY 120 DEGREESENDCOMMENT WT:= WT - A120 VOLTSB:= AMAG1 * SIN( WT + ANG1) + AMAG2 * SIN( 2 * WT + ANG2) + AMAG3 * SIN( 3 * WT + ANG3) + AMAG4 * SIN( 4 * WT + ANG4) + AMAG5 * SIN( 5 * WT + ANG5) + AMAG7 * SIN( 7 * WT + ANG7) + AMAG9 * SIN( 9 * WT + ANG9) + AMAG11 * SIN(11 * WT + ANG11) + AMAG13 * SIN(13 * WT + ANG13) + AMAG15 * SIN(15 * WT + ANG15) + AMAG16 * SIN(16 * WT + ANG16) + AMAG17 * SIN(17 * WT + ANG17) + AMAG19 * SIN(19 * WT + ANG19) + AMAG20 * SIN(20 * WT + ANG20) + AMAG21 * SIN(21 * WT + ANG21) + AMAG22 * SIN(22 * WT + ANG22) + AMAG23 * SIN(23 * WT + ANG23) + AMAG25 * SIN(25 * WT + ANG25) + AMAG27 * SIN(27 * WT + ANG27) + AMAG29 * SIN(29 * WT + ANG29)COMMENT PHASE C LEADS BY 120 DEGREESENDCOMMENT WT:= WT - A120 VOLTSC:= AMAG1 * SIN( WT + ANG1) + AMAG2 * SIN( 2 * WT + ANG2) + AMAG3 * SIN( 3 * WT + ANG3) + AMAG4 * SIN( 4 * WT + ANG4) + AMAG5 * SIN( 5 * WT + ANG5) + AMAG7 * SIN( 7 * WT + ANG7) + AMAG9 * SIN( 9 * WT + ANG9) + AMAG11 * SIN(11 * WT + ANG11) + AMAG13 * SIN(13 * WT + ANG13) + AMAG15 * SIN(15 * WT + ANG15) + AMAG16 * SIN(16 * WT + ANG16) + AMAG17 * SIN(17 * WT + ANG17) + AMAG19 * SIN(19 * WT + ANG19) + AMAG20 * SIN(20 * WT + ANG20) + AMAG21 * SIN(21 * WT + ANG21) + AMAG22 * SIN(22 * WT + ANG22) + AMAG23 * SIN(23 * WT + ANG23) + AMAG25 * SIN(25 * WT + ANG25) + AMAG27 * SIN(27 * WT + ANG27) + AMAG29 * SIN(29 * WT + ANG29)COMMENT OUTPUT TO THE ATPENDCOMMENT VOLTSA:= VOLTSA * ASCALE VOLTSB:= VOLTSB * ASCALE VOLTSC:= VOLTSC * ASCALEENDEXECENDMODEL
80
Appendix
BGuide to ATPDraw Components Used
COMPONENT USE & PARAMETERS
Resistor
Inductor
Capacitor
3 phase series RLC. Enter R, L and C in perphase values
Time controlled single phase switch. Specify theopening and closing times
Time controlled three phase switch. Specify theopening and closing times (all phases open andclose simultaneously)3 phase AC source. Specify:- Starting and stopping times- Peak magnitude- Frequency- Voltage or Current source- Phase shift, in degrees or secondsTACS Source Type 60Specify start and stop times, voltage or currentsource
3 phase pi-equivalent model (used for sourceimpedance)Specify mutual and self resistance, capacitanceand inductance for each phaseVoltage probeSpecify 1,2, or 3 phases
Splitter. Separate 3 phase line into individualphases.
Appendix B – Guide to Atpdraw Components Used
81
Loady [18] – Grounded Y 3-phase loadSpecify parallel R and L for each phase
Capd [18] – 3 phase ∆ /ungrounded Y capacitorbankSpecify capacitance in each phaseTRADY - ∆/Y Transformer(see Table 2.2)
PC1P [18] – Single phase PC load.Specify:- Single-phase kVA-Fundamental frequency displacement powerfactor. - line-to-neutral voltage - Power system frequencyIM3P [18] – Three phase induction motor load.(see section 4.2.6)
ASD6P [18] – Three phase 6 pulse ASD.Specify: -Three-phase kVA - Fundamental frequency displacement powerfactor.(1.0 for voltage-source drive, 0.80 forcurrent source drive) - Line to neutral rms voltage - Connecting transformer phase shift (degrees) - Shape, 0 for current-source drive, 1 for low-ripple voltage-source drive - Power system frequencyPC3P [18] – Three phase PC load.(see section 4.2.7)
Appendix B – Guide to Atpdraw Components Used
82
FL3P [18] – Three phase fluorescent light load.(identical to the PC3P model)
HARM – Three phase harmonic voltage source.Specify:- line to neutral voltage- frequency
Table B.1 – ATPDraw components used for simulation
83
Appendix
C Complete Fourier Analyses of Results
Harmonic Cosine Sine Complex Percent ofnumber coefficient coefficient amplitude fundamental
1 -1.74E+02 2.79E+02 3.29E+02 99.99999
2 -6.00E-02 -2.21E-01 2.29E-01 0.06973
3 -1.25E+00 4.80E+00 4.96E+00 1.50881
4 -3.84E-02 -1.22E-01 1.28E-01 0.03885
5 6.16E+00 2.52E+00 6.65E+00 2.0253
6 -8.63E-02 -1.19E-01 1.47E-01 0.04462
7 -8.83E-01 -6.42E+00 6.48E+00 1.97316
8 -7.79E-02 7.54E-03 7.83E-02 0.02383
9 -4.89E+00 2.00E+00 5.29E+00 1.60874
10 1.83E-02 -1.68E-02 2.48E-02 0.00755
11 1.68E+00 3.15E+00 3.57E+00 1.08633
12 -4.43E-02 -7.83E-02 8.99E-02 0.02737
13 6.18E-01 -1.58E+00 1.70E+00 0.51594
14 -6.15E-02 -9.89E-03 6.23E-02 0.01896
15 -2.12E-01 -1.33E-02 2.12E-01 0.06461
16 -5.71E-02 -8.46E-03 5.78E-02 0.01758
17 -6.42E-02 -1.13E-03 6.42E-02 0.01955
18 -7.60E-02 1.11E-02 7.68E-02 0.02337
19 -1.02E-01 3.39E-02 1.07E-01 0.03268
20 -1.81E-01 9.65E-02 2.05E-01 0.06251
21 -8.22E+00 6.08E+00 1.02E+01 3.11256
22 1.50E-01 -1.45E-01 2.09E-01 0.06355
23 6.34E-02 -7.94E-02 1.02E-01 0.03093
24 3.38E-02 -5.72E-02 6.65E-02 0.02024
Derived from table: 1) RMS value = 2.32622162E+02 2) THD = 4.90101385E+00 %
Table C.1 – Fourier analysis of MS Lab. Primary voltage (fig. 5.14)
Harmonic Cosine Sine Complex Percent ofnumber coefficient coefficient amplitude fundamental
1 -3.85E+01 1.78E+01 4.24E+01 100
2 -8.34E-03 -1.37E-02 1.60E-02 0.0378
3 -7.61E-03 -7.78E-03 1.09E-02 0.02564
4 -5.36E-03 -3.90E-03 6.63E-03 0.01562
5 5.77E-01 4.49E-01 7.31E-01 1.72245
Appendix C – Complete Fourier Analyses of Results
84
6 -7.66E-03 -6.15E-03 9.82E-03 0.02315
7 9.87E-02 -6.85E-01 6.92E-01 1.63069
8 -7.29E-03 6.72E-03 9.91E-03 0.02336
9 -6.76E-03 5.88E-03 8.95E-03 0.02109
10 -6.69E-03 7.22E-03 9.85E-03 0.0232
11 4.45E-02 3.79E-01 3.81E-01 0.89868
12 -8.58E-03 -2.77E-03 9.01E-03 0.02124
13 1.14E-01 -1.21E-01 1.66E-01 0.39152
14 -1.22E-02 1.29E-03 1.22E-02 0.02882
15 -1.12E-02 3.30E-04 1.12E-02 0.0264
16 -1.08E-02 7.10E-05 1.08E-02 0.02537
17 -1.09E-02 2.63E-04 1.09E-02 0.02569
18 -1.18E-02 8.49E-04 1.18E-02 0.02788
19 -1.47E-02 1.82E-03 1.48E-02 0.03481
20 -2.41E-02 3.39E-03 2.43E-02 0.05733
21 -9.71E-01 8.20E-02 9.75E-01 2.29637
22 1.38E-02 1.37E-03 1.39E-02 0.03277
23 2.78E-03 2.33E-03 3.63E-03 0.00855
24 -1.55E-03 2.32E-03 2.79E-03 0.00656
Derived from table: 1) RMS value = 3.00309963E+01 2) THD = 3.44592214E+00 %
Table C.2 – Fourier analysis of MS Lab. Primary current (fig. 5.16)
Harmonic Cosine Sine Complex Percent ofnumber coefficient coefficient amplitude fundamental
1 -9.50E+00 1.61E+02 1.61E+02 100
2 -1.30E-02 -1.33E-01 1.33E-01 0.08283
3 -1.09E-02 -8.73E-02 8.80E-02 0.05463
4 -8.00E-03 -6.05E-02 6.10E-02 0.03787
5 1.59E+00 2.80E+00 3.22E+00 2.00104
6 -2.70E-02 -7.44E-02 7.92E-02 0.04916
7 -1.38E+00 -2.82E+00 3.14E+00 1.94838
8 -6.03E-03 -1.82E-02 1.92E-02 0.0119
9 -1.07E-02 -1.97E-02 2.24E-02 0.01391
10 -1.48E-02 -1.10E-02 1.84E-02 0.01142
11 -5.59E-01 1.58E+00 1.67E+00 1.03966
12 -3.89E-03 -4.57E-02 4.59E-02 0.0285
13 1.68E-01 -7.80E-01 7.98E-01 0.49529
14 -1.45E-02 -1.12E-02 1.83E-02 0.01138
15 -1.55E-02 -1.20E-02 1.96E-02 0.01216
16 -1.77E-02 -9.89E-03 2.02E-02 0.01256
17 -2.11E-02 -6.50E-03 2.21E-02 0.01373
18 -2.69E-02 -1.36E-03 2.69E-02 0.01672
19 -3.84E-02 8.00E-03 3.92E-02 0.02435
20 -7.26E-02 3.40E-02 8.01E-02 0.04975
21 -3.49E+00 2.56E+00 4.33E+00 2.6862
Appendix C – Complete Fourier Analyses of Results
85
22 6.86E-02 -6.86E-02 9.70E-02 0.06023
23 3.22E-02 -4.12E-02 5.23E-02 0.03247
24 2.03E-02 -3.18E-02 3.77E-02 0.02343
Derived from table: 1) RMS value = 1.14012352E+02 2) THD = 4.04554605E+00 %
Table C.3 – Fourier analysis at MS Lab. Secondary voltage (Fig. 5.18)
Harmonic Cosine Sine Complex Percent ofnumber coefficient coefficient amplitude fundamental
1 -4.88E+01 6.92E+01 8.47E+01 100
2 -1.99E-02 -5.82E-02 6.15E-02 0.07263
3 -1.93E-02 -3.74E-02 4.21E-02 0.04973
4 -1.76E-02 -2.56E-02 3.11E-02 0.03668
5 5.38E-01 1.34E+00 1.44E+00 1.70677
6 -2.03E-02 -3.29E-02 3.87E-02 0.04571
7 -5.17E-01 -1.31E+00 1.41E+00 1.66395
8 -1.04E-02 -7.26E-03 1.27E-02 0.01499
9 -1.08E-02 -8.10E-03 1.35E-02 0.01599
10 -1.18E-02 -4.42E-03 1.26E-02 0.01483
11 -2.94E-01 6.91E-01 7.51E-01 0.88748
12 -5.74E-03 -1.97E-02 2.05E-02 0.02426
13 8.67E-02 -3.44E-01 3.54E-01 0.41873
14 -1.12E-02 -4.56E-03 1.21E-02 0.01424
15 -1.13E-02 -4.96E-03 1.24E-02 0.01459
16 -1.20E-02 -4.08E-03 1.27E-02 0.01495
17 -1.35E-02 -2.60E-03 1.37E-02 0.01619
18 -1.59E-02 -3.91E-04 1.59E-02 0.01877
19 -2.10E-02 3.61E-03 2.13E-02 0.02519
20 -3.64E-02 1.47E-02 3.93E-02 0.04638
21 -1.60E+00 1.09E+00 1.94E+00 2.28567
22 2.83E-02 -2.92E-02 4.07E-02 0.04805
23 1.19E-02 -1.75E-02 2.11E-02 0.02494
24 6.55E-03 -1.34E-02 1.49E-02 0.01766
Derived from table: 1) RMS value = 5.98991661E+01 2) THD = 3.44800854E+00 %
Table C.4 – Fourier analysis at MS Lab. Secondary current (Fig. 5.20)
Harmonic Cosine Sine Complex Percent ofnumber coefficient coefficient amplitude fundamental
1 -3.37E+02 4.34E+02 5.50E+02 100
2 4.30E-01 -3.73E-01 5.69E-01 0.10355
3 1.74E+02 2.32E+01 1.76E+02 31.95304
4 -3.28E-01 -5.67E-01 6.55E-01 0.11917
5 3.25E+01 -1.09E+02 1.14E+02 20.71207
6 -6.03E-01 5.75E-01 8.33E-01 0.15158
7 -7.35E+01 2.27E+01 7.70E+01 13.99754
8 6.62E-01 2.79E-01 7.18E-01 0.13058
9 3.38E+01 5.12E+01 6.13E+01 11.15331
10 -3.44E-02 -6.50E-01 6.51E-01 0.11837
Appendix C – Complete Fourier Analyses of Results
86
11 2.11E+01 -1.87E+01 2.82E+01 5.12679
12 -4.22E-01 1.81E-02 4.23E-01 0.07685
13 -1.13E+01 -1.29E+00 1.14E+01 2.06872
14 2.20E-02 -1.06E-02 2.44E-02 0.00444
15 2.83E-01 1.03E+00 1.07E+00 0.19405
16 -4.18E-02 -5.07E-02 6.57E-02 0.01196
17 -4.26E-02 -4.11E-02 5.92E-02 0.01076
18 -4.40E-02 -3.53E-02 5.64E-02 0.01025
19 -4.92E-02 -2.88E-02 5.70E-02 0.01037
20 -6.80E-02 -1.72E-02 7.01E-02 0.01275
21 -2.09E+00 8.13E-01 2.25E+00 0.40876
22 1.69E-02 -4.61E-02 4.91E-02 0.00893
23 -4.88E-03 -3.55E-02 3.58E-02 0.00651
24 -1.23E-02 -3.15E-02 3.38E-02 0.00615
Derived from table: 1) RMS value = 4.22303589E+02 2) THD = 4.24401741E+01 %
Table C.5 – Fourier analysis. Current, Sub. Board A to T1. (Fig. 5.22)
Harmonic Cosine Sine Complex Percent ofnumber coefficient coefficient amplitude fundamental
1 -1.74E+02 2.79E+02 3.28E+02 100
2 -6.46E-02 -2.23E-01 2.32E-01 0.07072
3 -1.22E+00 4.54E+00 4.71E+00 1.43262
4 -4.06E-02 -1.22E-01 1.28E-01 0.03906
5 6.02E+00 2.27E+00 6.43E+00 1.95895
6 -8.90E-02 -1.16E-01 1.46E-01 0.04459
7 -1.04E+00 -6.42E+00 6.51E+00 1.98167
8 -7.89E-02 9.73E-03 7.95E-02 0.02422
9 -4.99E+00 2.12E+00 5.42E+00 1.65104
10 1.86E-02 -1.62E-02 2.47E-02 0.00751
11 1.75E+00 3.24E+00 3.68E+00 1.12199
12 -4.59E-02 -7.85E-02 9.10E-02 0.0277
13 6.71E-01 -1.52E+00 1.66E+00 0.50685
14 -6.43E-02 -1.11E-02 6.52E-02 0.01986
15 -2.13E-01 -2.01E-02 2.14E-01 0.06524
16 -5.95E-02 -8.83E-03 6.02E-02 0.01833
17 -5.65E-02 3.77E-02 6.79E-02 0.02069
18 -7.89E-02 9.55E-03 7.95E-02 0.02419
19 -1.34E-01 5.23E-02 1.44E-01 0.04385
20 -1.83E-01 9.47E-02 2.06E-01 0.06278
21 -8.26E+00 6.09E+00 1.03E+01 3.12329
22 1.49E-01 -1.47E-01 2.09E-01 0.06369
23 3.02E-02 -6.84E-02 7.47E-02 0.02276
24 3.36E-02 -5.95E-02 6.84E-02 0.02082
Derived from table: 1) RMS value = 2.32507111E+02 2) THD = 4.88265467E+00 %
Table C.6 – Fourier analysis of phase A voltage, primary side of T3. (Fig 5.28)
Appendix C – Complete Fourier Analyses of Results
87
Harmonic Cosine Sine Complex Percent of
number coefficient coefficient amplitude fundamental
1 3.29E+02 1.10E+01 3.29E+02 100
2 -8.48E-02 -1.68E-02 8.64E-02 0.02626
3 -1.31E+00 5.17E+00 5.34E+00 1.6224
4 -1.11E-01 -4.88E-02 1.22E-01 0.03696
5 -5.27E+00 4.24E+00 6.76E+00 2.05459
6 -1.16E-01 -1.03E-01 1.55E-01 0.04715
7 -5.04E+00 3.70E+00 6.25E+00 1.90089
8 -8.05E-02 -1.68E-01 1.86E-01 0.05657
9 -4.81E+00 1.71E+00 5.11E+00 1.5525
10 -9.98E-03 -1.97E-01 1.97E-01 0.05997
11 -3.63E+00 -3.49E-01 3.65E+00 1.10853
12 7.46E-02 -1.58E-01 1.75E-01 0.05314
13 -1.59E+00 -1.33E-03 1.59E+00 0.48431
14 1.12E-01 -1.16E-01 1.61E-01 0.04895
15 -5.66E-02 -8.74E-02 1.04E-01 0.03167
16 8.85E-02 -7.41E-02 1.15E-01 0.03508
17 3.67E-02 -7.46E-02 8.31E-02 0.02526
18 7.24E-02 -5.83E-02 9.29E-02 0.02825
19 1.17E-01 -4.30E-02 1.25E-01 0.03791
20 1.67E-01 -3.92E-02 1.71E-01 0.052
21 9.40E+00 3.92E+00 1.02E+01 3.09501
22 -2.03E-01 -2.55E-01 3.26E-01 0.09923
23 -7.69E-02 -2.70E-01 2.81E-01 0.0854
24 -2.02E-02 -2.34E-01 2.35E-01 0.07135
Derived from table: 1) RMS value = 2.32910782E+02 2) THD = 4.89550686E+00 %
Table C.7 – Fourier analysis of phase C voltage, primary side of T3. (Fig 5.29)
Harmonic Cosine Sine Complex Percent ofnumber coefficient coefficient amplitude fundamental
1 -3.73E+01 2.12E+01 4.29E+01 100
2 -1.15E-02 -1.26E-02 1.70E-02 0.03965
3 -1.36E+00 2.61E+00 2.94E+00 6.86308
4 -1.14E-03 -5.38E-03 5.50E-03 0.01281
5 4.53E-01 3.30E+00 3.34E+00 7.77459
6 3.27E-03 -2.48E-02 2.51E-02 0.0584
7 1.16E+00 1.68E-01 1.17E+00 2.73123
8 -1.99E-03 -1.55E-02 1.56E-02 0.03642
9 1.14E+00 -1.80E-01 1.15E+00 2.6903
10 -1.39E-02 -1.11E-02 1.78E-02 0.04144
11 1.61E-01 -3.91E-01 4.23E-01 0.98526
12 -1.00E-02 -6.16E-03 1.18E-02 0.02739
13 1.40E-01 -5.69E-01 5.86E-01 1.36569
14 -1.21E-02 6.11E-03 1.36E-02 0.03161
15 -3.70E-02 1.85E-02 4.13E-02 0.09634
16 -8.46E-03 -1.97E-04 8.46E-03 0.01972
17 9.94E-02 -1.60E-01 1.89E-01 0.43968
Appendix C – Complete Fourier Analyses of Results
88
18 -1.21E-02 6.21E-03 1.36E-02 0.03161
19 1.37E-01 4.50E-02 1.45E-01 0.33707
20 -2.79E-02 5.94E-03 2.85E-02 0.06642
21 -8.65E-01 1.61E-01 8.80E-01 2.05102
22 9.16E-03 1.06E-03 9.23E-03 0.0215
23 1.18E-01 5.94E-02 1.32E-01 0.30821
24 -9.62E-03 1.45E-03 9.73E-03 0.02267
Derived from table: 1) RMS value = 3.05356216E+01 2) THD = 1.13892031E+01 %
Table C.8 – Fourier analysis of phase A current, primary side of T3. (Fig 5.31)
Harmonic Cosine Sine Complex Percent ofnumber coefficient coefficient amplitude fundamental
1 3.55E+01 2.09E+01 4.12E+01 100
2 -1.82E-04 -2.45E-02 2.45E-02 0.05951
3 1.35E+00 -2.64E+00 2.96E+00 7.19686
4 -1.31E-02 -1.62E-02 2.09E-02 0.05068
5 -1.36E+00 -2.93E+00 3.23E+00 7.8549
6 -1.10E-02 2.55E-03 1.13E-02 0.02749
7 -2.03E+00 -3.62E-01 2.06E+00 5.01244
8 5.56E-03 -1.72E-03 5.82E-03 0.01414
9 -1.14E+00 1.64E-01 1.15E+00 2.79322
10 1.52E-02 -4.89E-03 1.60E-02 0.03887
11 -3.54E-01 2.75E-01 4.48E-01 1.08887
12 1.51E-02 -6.15E-03 1.63E-02 0.03962
13 -3.18E-01 2.22E-01 3.87E-01 0.94078
14 2.02E-02 -6.32E-03 2.11E-02 0.05132
15 4.33E-02 -1.90E-02 4.73E-02 0.11489
16 1.47E-02 5.75E-04 1.47E-02 0.03569
17 9.82E-02 1.82E-01 2.06E-01 0.50123
18 9.57E-03 -5.50E-03 1.10E-02 0.02681
19 -3.19E-02 -1.48E-01 1.51E-01 0.36723
20 1.75E-02 8.82E-03 1.96E-02 0.04758
21 5.07E-01 6.69E-01 8.40E-01 2.0392
22 -2.65E-03 -2.09E-02 2.11E-02 0.05126
23 -1.10E-01 6.01E-02 1.25E-01 0.30342
24 1.45E-02 -1.57E-02 2.14E-02 0.05192
Derived from table: 1) RMS value = 2.93328075E+01 2) THD = 1.23759346E+01 %
Table C.9 – Fourier analysis of phase C current, primary side of T3. (Fig 5.32)
Harmonic Cosine Sine Complex Percent of
number coefficient coefficient amplitude fundamental
1 -9.74E+00 1.61E+02 1.61E+02 100
2 -9.07E-03 -1.34E-01 1.34E-01 0.08328
3 4.67E-03 -1.60E-01 1.60E-01 0.09952
4 -5.29E-03 -6.39E-02 6.41E-02 0.03974
5 1.53E+00 2.18E+00 2.66E+00 1.65126
Appendix C – Complete Fourier Analyses of Results
89
6 -2.21E-02 -7.26E-02 7.59E-02 0.04705
7 -1.47E+00 -3.21E+00 3.53E+00 2.18706
8 6.98E-04 -1.08E-02 1.09E-02 0.00673
9 -3.68E-02 1.42E-02 3.94E-02 0.02446
10 -5.21E-03 -3.34E-03 6.19E-03 0.00384
11 -5.82E-02 1.52E+00 1.52E+00 0.94449
12 -5.17E-03 -3.51E-02 3.55E-02 0.02199
13 5.51E-01 -8.07E-01 9.77E-01 0.60609
14 -2.58E-02 6.13E-04 2.58E-02 0.016
15 -2.48E-02 -1.50E-03 2.49E-02 0.01541
16 -2.72E-02 4.06E-03 2.75E-02 0.01708
17 1.31E-01 4.09E-01 4.29E-01 0.26606
18 -4.23E-02 -5.48E-04 4.23E-02 0.02624
19 2.78E-02 3.80E-01 3.81E-01 0.23642
20 -8.90E-02 2.31E-02 9.20E-02 0.05702
21 -3.50E+00 2.74E+00 4.44E+00 2.75447
22 5.12E-02 -8.33E-02 9.78E-02 0.06064
23 -3.26E-01 1.44E-01 3.57E-01 0.2212
24 1.96E-02 -5.21E-02 5.57E-02 0.03452
Derived from table: 1) RMS value = 1.14123451E+02 2) THD = 4.06981230E+00 %
Table C.10 – Fourier analysis of phase A voltage, secondary side of T3. (Fig 5.34)
Harmonic Cosine Sine Complex Percent of
number coefficient coefficient amplitude fundamental
1 1.45E+02 -7.20E+01 1.62E+02 100
2 2.87E-02 5.51E-02 6.22E-02 0.0384
3 1.71E+00 1.12E+00 2.05E+00 1.26494
4 1.70E-02 5.47E-03 1.79E-02 0.01104
5 -6.58E-02 -2.53E-01 2.61E-01 0.16117
6 1.03E-02 -1.54E-02 1.85E-02 0.01144
7 -2.96E-01 5.47E-01 6.22E-01 0.38419
8 1.59E-02 -5.46E-02 5.68E-02 0.03511
9 -2.40E-01 -2.39E+00 2.40E+00 1.48198
10 1.19E-02 -2.93E-02 3.16E-02 0.01953
11 -2.47E+00 -1.75E+00 3.03E+00 1.86836
12 6.54E-02 2.13E-03 6.54E-02 0.04039
13 -1.60E+00 4.95E-02 1.60E+00 0.99018
14 9.60E-02 5.11E-04 9.60E-02 0.05926
15 1.34E-01 9.54E-02 1.65E-01 0.10159
16 7.01E-02 3.73E-03 7.02E-02 0.04332
17 -3.75E-01 -3.47E-02 3.76E-01 0.23249
18 8.64E-02 2.05E-03 8.64E-02 0.05338
19 3.67E-01 -2.78E-01 4.60E-01 0.2841
20 1.25E-01 1.80E-02 1.26E-01 0.07781
21 4.42E+00 1.40E+00 4.63E+00 2.862
Appendix C – Complete Fourier Analyses of Results
90
22 -4.06E-02 -5.93E-02 7.19E-02 0.04438
23 -1.18E-02 -4.57E-01 4.57E-01 0.28236
24 4.37E-02 -1.90E-02 4.76E-02 0.02942
Derived from table: 1) RMS value = 1.14599136E+02 2) THD = 4.10841751E+00 %
Table C.11 – Fourier analysis of phase C voltage, secondary side of T3. (Fig 5.35)
Harmonic Cosine Sine Complex Percent ofnumber coefficient coefficient amplitude fundamental
1 -4.52E+01 7.09E+01 8.41E+01 100
2 -3.25E-02 -6.36E-02 7.14E-02 0.08494
3 -1.97E-02 -7.33E-02 7.59E-02 0.09022
4 -3.09E-02 -3.45E-02 4.63E-02 0.05502
5 -1.20E+00 1.51E+00 1.93E+00 2.29032
6 -1.77E-02 -4.47E-02 4.81E-02 0.05718
7 -1.36E+00 -1.20E+00 1.82E+00 2.16
8 2.81E-03 -1.96E-02 1.98E-02 0.02356
9 -1.34E-02 -9.93E-03 1.66E-02 0.01979
10 -3.77E-04 -1.79E-02 1.79E-02 0.02126
11 -4.40E-01 1.37E-02 4.40E-01 0.52344
12 8.65E-03 -1.78E-02 1.98E-02 0.0235
13 3.06E-02 -7.74E-01 7.75E-01 0.92105
14 2.83E-03 7.75E-03 8.25E-03 0.0098
15 2.00E-03 4.90E-03 5.29E-03 0.00629
16 2.01E-03 5.11E-03 5.49E-03 0.00653
17 3.53E-01 -1.51E-01 3.84E-01 0.45638
18 -1.44E-02 1.31E-02 1.95E-02 0.02314
19 2.75E-01 -5.96E-02 2.81E-01 0.33442
20 -4.40E-02 2.79E-02 5.21E-02 0.06191
21 -1.46E+00 1.09E+00 1.82E+00 2.16865
22 1.87E-02 -1.64E-02 2.49E-02 0.02959
23 1.43E-01 2.16E-01 2.59E-01 0.30791
24 -6.10E-03 -1.22E-02 1.37E-02 0.01626
Derived from table: 1) RMS value = 5.95223083E+01 2) THD = 4.02252865E+00 %
Table C.12 – Fourier analysis of phase A current, secondary side of T3. (Fig 5.37)
Harmonic Cosine Sine Complex Percent ofnumber coefficient coefficient amplitude fundamental
1 8.38E+01 -2.42E+00 8.38E+01 99.99999
2 9.80E-03 -2.10E-02 2.32E-02 0.02766
3 4.68E+00 -9.11E+00 1.02E+01 12.21947
4 -2.75E-02 -1.57E-02 3.17E-02 0.03779
5 -2.76E+00 -9.92E+00 1.03E+01 12.28767
6 -2.88E-02 4.12E-02 5.03E-02 0.05997
7 -5.37E+00 -1.79E+00 5.66E+00 6.75385
8 9.67E-03 3.40E-02 3.53E-02 0.04216
9 -3.96E+00 6.14E-01 4.00E+00 4.77741
10 4.78E-02 2.04E-02 5.19E-02 0.06198
11 -9.95E-01 1.37E+00 1.69E+00 2.01689
Appendix C – Complete Fourier Analyses of Results
91
12 4.33E-02 3.54E-03 4.35E-02 0.05185
13 -4.54E-01 1.19E+00 1.28E+00 1.52383
14 4.47E-02 -1.34E-02 4.67E-02 0.05567
15 1.30E-01 -5.90E-02 1.43E-01 0.17024
16 3.13E-02 5.76E-03 3.18E-02 0.03794
17 9.02E-03 4.03E-01 4.03E-01 0.48132
18 2.73E-02 -8.36E-03 2.85E-02 0.03405
19 -2.00E-01 -2.15E-01 2.94E-01 0.35096
20 5.24E-02 7.31E-03 5.29E-02 0.06311
21 1.53E+00 5.32E-01 1.62E+00 1.93228
22 -1.30E-02 -2.01E-02 2.39E-02 0.0285
23 -2.66E-01 1.07E-02 2.66E-01 0.31771
24 2.72E-02 -1.73E-02 3.22E-02 0.03839
Derived from table: 1) RMS value = 6.03736877E+01 2) THD = 1.94775467E+01 %
Table C.13 – Fourier analysis of phase A current, secondary side of T3. (Fig 5.38)
92
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