Republic of the PhilippinesUniversity of the Philippines

Institute of Islamic studies of ,DilimanRomulo Hall Quezon City

A Thesis proposal onThe 1968 Pan – Islam: A case of Tausug participation in the Bangsamoro

Struggle

In Is. -199 (Material and methods in Islamic studies)

Submitted to:Prof. Aisha Flores

Instructress

Submitted by:AlphataJairiUntih

Student

1

Sy -2012-2013

Table of Content

Chapter – II

1-Review of related literature------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

2-Theoritical framework--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

3-Conciptual framework------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12

2

Chapter –III-Review of related literature

A-Emergence of Islam: The root cause origin of the Bangsamoro Pan-Islam

Reuben R. Canoy stated in His Book –the Quest for Mindanao Independent, That Karim Amakdum is

said to be the first Arab Missionary to visit Philippines. He came from Malaysia in 1380 and established

the first Islamic mosque in Bwansa and then in Simunul.1

The coming of Islam to the Bangsamoro Homeland was a great challenge to the Bangsamoro people.

They made as the guided and civilized people morally and ethically due to the guidance of Islam that

penetrated their inner most heart and soul. When the MuslimDa-e had reached their Homeland, they

received them in a very acceptable manner in as much as possible that the Muslim Da-e had gotten the

great inspiration to propagate the massage of Islam within the entire Bangsamoro homeland.

Reuben R. Canoy also Mentioned that the new religion brought tremendous changes in the life of

the people , for with it also came a new Alphabet (The Arabic Script)the Moorish arts and sciences

and a form of government - The Sultanate.2

Islamic religion had gained tremendous changes to the Bangsamoro people due to its teaching on

Islamic monotheism including the Islamic arts and scanned. Furthermore,the Muslim Da-e had used

1 Reuben R. Caloy, The Quest for Mindanao Independence (Cagayan de Oro city, Mindanao, Mindanao post publishing company, 1987) p. 25

2Ibid., p. 27

3

in propagating Islamic ,the so-called four theories such as the .Missionary theory ,trade theory

marriage theory in order that Islam will be very effective to be accepted in the mind of the

Bangsamoropeople. In addition under Missionary theory, The Muslim Da-e used their potential

ability to teach Islamic knowledge in the best manner to the inhabitant of the Bangsamoro

homeland. The concentration of the teaching was based on the Quran and the sunnah of the

prophet (SAW)as well as Islamic literature.

Another one they realized that they should use the trade theory sohere, the Muslim Da-e used the

friendship strategy in business dealing .They used to deal Moro people in a business matter honestly

until they convinced them to accept Islam sincerely due to business dealing was very Islamic ally

ethical. So the tendency is that the Moro had embraced Islam through Islamic Economic strategy.

TheirMuslim Da-e had added marriage theory. Theythemselves had sincerely married the daughter

of some Moro people. So the aftermath is that they are connected as family member and they

invited their family to embrace Islamic religion.Then lastly the Muslim Da- e used political theory

which was established in 1450 under sultanate form of government in Sulu when the entire

Bangsamoro people was Islamized socially, politically, comically and spiritually. These four theories

were the determining factors that caused the Muslim Bangsamoro people had embraced Islam.

Another one, Rueben R. Canoy had mentioned that in 1450 Sharif Abu Bakr a Muslim Leader from

Sumatra followed Baguinda he married the latter’s daughters and later became first sultan of Sulu.3

Due to the introduction of political theory under sultanate form of government among the

Bangsamoro people, is that the Moros were made determined people and organized society that

cause them to resist from the early beginning until now they are under the light example of Islamic

doctrine and principle. Reuben R. Canoy also said that the most determined in organized resistance

3Reuben R. Canoy, The Quest for Mindanao Independence (Cagayan de Oro city, Mindanao, Mindanao post publishing company, 1987) p. 27

4

to foreign domination came from the Muslim of Mindanao, particularly those of Sulu, whom Dr.

CeasarMajul described as a fiercely proud and independent people to whom defense of whom in a

way of life had become a religious duty. In his book, Mulsim in the Philippines, Majul writes that it

was Islam that gave them their cohesion and sense of community and institutionalized their loyalty

to their sultan sanctioned their attempts to resist alien rule and gave a religious character of their

patriotism.4

Islamization among the Bangsamoro people is a unifying factor. That pan- Islamic originated to call

the Bangsamoro mind to support the pan –Islamic burning idealism in the realm of propaganda

movement when Islam hadpenetrated the mind and heart of the Moro they engaged themselves to

participate along the line of Islam and pan-Islamic cause among the Bangsamoro people who were

entrusted themselves in the way of Allah (swt).For a Muslim,Islam is always a burning idealism that

cause to serve to a Muslim the so –called realistic Islamic spiritual blessing the Muslim will be easily

participating towards Muslim pan-Islamic motive and activity finally Islam in the third and heart of

the Bangsamoro is the root cause of the Bangsamoro pan-Islam.

B. Pan-Islam: The variable idea to unite bangsamoro people to struggle against colonial aggression

Alrashid I. Cayongcatmentioned ,Thatthe Jabidah killings& did to student demonstration outside

Malacanang palace. one of those who received his training outside the palace walls was a young

Muslim .His name was NurMisuari .He claimed that the become rebel on the grass patches outside

the Malacanang gates following Jabidah scandal.5

4Reuben R. Caloy, The Quest for Mindanao Independence (Cagayan de Oro city, Mindanao, Mindanao post publishing company, 1987) p. 29-305Alrashid I. Cayongcat, Bangsamoro People in Search for Peace, (Manila Philippines, The Foundation of the Advancement of Islam in the Philippines, 1986) pp. 78-79

5

The emergence and outburst of the Jabidah Massacre are the main starting burning idealism of

the Bangsamoro struggle against Philippine colonialism .It is said that the Philippine de-

Islamizationto the Bangsamoro is optimistic to be conducted to the entire Bangsamoro is

homeland .So the immediate action of the Moro intellectually especially NurMisuari that there

should be Islamic revolutionary struggle against Filipino due to that Islam almost can be vanished.

NumMusuari has used Islamic nationalism as a pan-Islamic idea to unite all Bangsamoro people to

struggle against Philippine colonial infidelity.

According to Samuel K Tan they movement of Muslim history is guided by the internal rhythm of the

Muslim struggle somewhat influenceonly by the nature of .Muslim institution and the challenges

comforting them .There are therefore four distinguishable ones of lotion which have ran through

over 400 centuries of struggle since introduction of islam in the 13 th century .These are : 1) The

struggle for political power 2).The struggle for economic progress 3).The struggle for social

destination and 4) the struggle for cultural identity 6

The four distinguishable lines of notion maintained by Samuel K. Tan as the variable that the Moro

had in search for long time ago. Moro had believed if these four ones of motion could be achieved if

these four ones of motion could have the sweetness of real freedom That’s whyMorose are always

in thirst to struggle their right to be free as a destined nation .They fought for freedom in order to

taste the sweetness of a free nation

Samuel K Tan also said that the advent of Islam in the Philippines in about A.D.1280 was not

accompanied by the immediate established of Islamic political structure and institution. If wouldnot

until after almost two centuries of gradual Islamization that what is now the Muslim south

witnessed the rise of a concrete political system called the sultanate of Sulu in A.D.1450 and in

6 Samuel K. Tan. Internationalization of the Bangsamoro Struggle (Quezon City: University of the Philippine Press, 1993) p. 7

6

Maguindanao in A.D.1511. Thus the sultanate period was marked by the struggle of the raja ship

and datushipfor the maintenance of their independence until Islamization inevitably led to the

consolidation and centralization of political authority in the sultan who was the symbolic

embodiment of Islam.The sultanate therefore ,which integrated the data ship for raja ships as the

foundation and level of the political system presented a blinding of Islam and the inodorous political

culture .This is what can be regarded as the Muslim political tradition that has figured in the

subsequent struggle against colonialism,impirealism and neocolonialism.7

The history of the political existence and emergence of sultanate in the Bangsamoro .Homeland is

the reason that serves as a burning idealism that why Bangsamoro should have to struggle then

right in a deletion the bitterness of colonialism imperialism and neo-colonialism which are done by

the colonial aggressor is also a reason of the Bangsamoro Islamic revolution . Samuel K Tan also

mentioned in his book to Muslim secessionist the Jabidah affair clearly demonstrate the Filipino

leaderships regard for Muslim minority in the country the revelation of JabinArula the Muslim

youths were recreated and trained for a subversive and sabotage mission against their Muslim

brothers and kinsmen in Sabah Reade the Muslim in the Philippines and the ummahrealize that as

Filipinos their nights to life liberty and happiness were not guaranteed and protected sy the very

government expected to ensure these nights consequently to the muslim perception Filipinos as an

ideology is limited and relevant only to the aspiration of the Christian majority in the country this

brought to a powerfull focus the convergence in the muslim curiousness of their historical loses to

colonialism andFilipinismincluding .The last and most sensitive –their Islamic identity.8

7Samuel K Tan, internationalization of the bangsamoro struggle(Quezon city: university of the

Philippines press, 1993) p.7

8Samuel K Tan , Internationalization of the bangsamoro struggle(Quezon city: university of the Philippines press, 1993) p. 21

7

According to Samuel K Tan in the late sixties ,10the Muslim struggle was ideologically anchored an a

semi-conservative view that the Muslim were Filipinos and thus historically constituted a part of the

Filipinos state somehow were long neglect by the government compelled them to seek

independence from the Philippines.9

The Philippines abandonment on the Bangsamoro in terms of social justice is a reason of the moro

depression and desperation and this made them to realize that they should find their way an

fighting the reality existing in their society .Samuel K Tan also mentioned that miscarries ideology

‘’Moro Nation’’ long before Spanish colonialism. It was never port of the Filipino Christian

community 10

The leaders of the Bangsamoro Islamic revolution especially Nurmisuare had used pan –Islamic

concept as a was unifying factor to unite the whole bangsamoro people in the name of

islamregandles of tribe nationality and race .The moromuslim elders give to used to convence all the

moropeople that the Islamic revolution and struggle are basedan the principle of the qunas and

surrah .The pan-Islamic revelations conducted by the Moro Islamic revolutionaries was made as a

vehicle of the moro masses to participate themselves along the way of jihad fi sabillah (Struggle in

the way of Allah).

II- Theoretical framework

Theory of ethno symbolism

This study suits the use of Armstrong and smith’s theory of ethno symbolism as an approach

claiming that they rely on pre existing texture of myths, memories, values and symbols. According to

9Ibid., p 4310 Ibid., p. 44

8

them the emergence of today’s ration cannot be understanding property without taking their

ethnic forbears into account .In other words the rise of nations needs to be contextualized within

the larger phenomenon of ethnicity which shaped them .Smith contents that such an approach is

more helpful than its alternatives in at least three ways .First it helps to explain which populations

are likely to start a nationalist movement under certain conditions and what the content of this

movement would be. Second this approach enables us to understand the important roles of

memories, values myths and symbols finally the ethno symbolist approach explains why and how

nationalism is able to generate such a wide spread papular support.11

pursuant the theoretical explanation mentioned above .MNLF chairman NuRMisuarI has a

conformity with the ethno-symbolists approach .He was the action of Bangsamoro Islamic revolution

towards self –determination and who led the bangsamorowasnes to achieve the final ending victory

and freedom by using a number of ethnie values consediring the bangsamoro symbols like the moro

flag .MNLF Chairman nurmisuari had conceptualized this flag. The kalimatuttawhid–(monotheistic

word)inside the cresent as lailahaillah(there is no god but Allah)and (muhammadurrasulullah)

-And Muhammad is a messenger of Allah symbolizes Islamic religion .The kris symbolizes the

Bangsamoro weapon which was used as defense against colonial aggression and infidelity .The star

symbolizes one ration state and red color symbolizes .The blood of the Bangsamoromartyng were

slained in the way of Allah (Jihah fee Sabalillah).They dedecated themselves in depending agama

bangsaibanhulah (The Islamic religion the nation and the country )

This is true that values and symbols have played an important task on rationalism as theory stated

above .This sample has pointed out towards finding how the Bangsamoroethnic values generate the

11Fainur G. EstinoJairi, Misuari’s Ideology a critical inquiry on the Islamicity of MNLF ethnic-orientedpagluwas-lungsad (struggle).Thesis most of arts in Islamic studies ,Quezon city ,university of the Philippines –Diliman, April 2007 p. 24

9

strong support to the MNLF Islamic revolution for self –determination .This is proven an the

Bangsamoro strong support through pan-Islamic principle upon .The BangsamoroIslamic revolution

Instrumentalism theory

This theory is founded by Paul Brass.Brass theoretical framework is built upon a few basic

assumption .The first concerns of the variability of ethnic identities ,Brass holds that there is nothing

inevitable about the rise of ethnic identity and their transformation info rationalism .Secondly ethnic

confides do not arise from cultural differences but from broader political and economic environment

that also shapes the nature of competition between elite grouped ,thirdly this compotation will also

influence the definition of the relevant ether groups and their persistence .this is because the

cultural forms values and practices of ethnic groups become political resources for elite in their

struggle for power and prestige. They are transformed into symbols that can facilitate the creation

of a political identity and the generation of great support thus their meanings and contents are

dependent a political circumstances.12

In correlation to the MNLF ,The Bangsamoro term is being used by chairman NurMisuari as identify

of Bangsamoro people when he organized .The Bangsamoro Islamic revolution .This identify is a

nationalism doctrine he used in organizing Bangsamoro struggle together with Bangsamoro pan –

Islamic concept and principle .He made that the Bangsamoro is distinct ration of just

Internal colonialism theory

12Fainur G. EstinoJairi, Misuari’s Ideology a critical inquiry on the Islamicity of MNLF ethnic-orientedpagluwas-lungsad (struggle).Thesis most of arts in Islamic studies ,Quezon city ,university of the Philippines –Diliman, April 2007 p. 26

10

Of the various attempts to refine and tighter the concept that by Michael Hechterin his Internal

colonialism theory is particularly significant. The argument offered by Hechterrefers to the

emergence of elites from peripheral community as ethnic leaders who employ ethnicity as a

resource whereby .They can mobilize support for ethnic nationalist political movements ethnic

censuses these developed when it is articulated in the form of an ethnic nationalist ideology .The

concept of internal colonialism is often criticized on the grounds that it seeks to explain ethnic

nationalist movements solely as responses to economic deprivation .But the internal colonial state is

the state which institutionalized such economic disparities by eructing system at political control

over the deprived peripheral communities and such political control itself plays a crucial role in

influencing the emergence of ethno nationalist response.13

This theory theme for conform on the emergence of the MNLF is an ethno –nationalist movement:

MNLF Chairman NurMisuari in his ethnicity has based ideas under Bangsamoro pan-Islamic revolution

the existence of the MNLF was to depend the Bangsamoro people against Philippine colonialism and

colonial infidelity Bangsamoro mujahedeen must have to celebrate the Bangsamoro from the Philippine

colonial aggression and oppression

III- Conceptual Framework

13Fainur G. EstinoJairi, Misuari’s Ideology a critical inquiry on the Islamicity of MNLF ethnic-orientedpagluwas-lungsad (struggle).Thesis most of arts in Islamic studies ,Quezon city ,university of the Philippines –Diliman, April 2007 p. 26, p. 27

11

Independent variable

The conceptual framework of this study is composed of independent variable, dependent

variable and intervening variable. The independent variable is about the concept of Pan-Islam as a

12

PAN – ISLAM Bangsamoro Islamic Revolutionaries Bangsamoro struggle towards Independence

unifying factor to unite the Tausug in participating the Bangsamoro Struggle. This concept of Pan – Islam

is a burning idealism and force of attraction that’s why all the Bangsamoro tribes were participating the

Bangsamoro struggle since 1968 under the organization of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF).

Islamic teaching on Islamic struggle or Islamic revolution is a main and center of Pan – Islamic Burning

idealism to call the attention mind and heart of the Bangsamoro people to join within the sacred

objective of the Bangsamoro Islamic struggle towards independence

MNLF chairman NurMisuari is a main character who is organizing the Bangsamoro struggle and

revolution. He used to revel the concept of Agama ,Bangsa , Hulah – (The religion , the nation and the

country together with the concept of Pan – Islamic to the Bangsamoro people. This concept was very

strong to catch the sympathy and loyalty to dedicate and engage themselves towards the Bangsamoro

cause and struggle in the way of ALLAH (Jihad fee sabulillah). The MNLF in 1908 revolution’s objective

only to reach the arriving of independence. The Bangsamoro had realized that the only key to achieve

the Bangsamoro freedom is Islamic revolution. So the tendency is thatthe Bangsamoro Islamic

revolutionaries had dedicated their Blood and soul either victory on to the graveyard in order to get the

lasting freedom in the realm of the Bangsamoro Islamic independence state.

Intervening variable

The intervening variable is about the Bangsamoro Islamic Revolutionaries. Due to the strong

impact of the Pan – Islamic introduction and revelation by the MNLF , the Bansamoro People from

NothernMinsupala to southern Minsupala had rushed themselves in participating since 1968 to the

Bangsamoro struggle towards independence. They dedicated their blood soul and wealth in the way of

13

ALLAH when they realized that the Islamic ideologically and they give value in the name of the sacred

Islamic struggle and revolution. The Bangsamoro Islamic revolutionaries have their own principle under

Islam and Pan – Islamic teaching about the essence and the direction of the Bangsamoro Islamic struggle

on how to reach the original objective of tribal fee sabilillah – (struggle in the way of ALLAH called the

final Bangsamoro Islamic independent state. This is the dream and the motive of the Bangsamoro

Islamic struggle and revolution. The determination and patience of the Bangsamoro Islamic,

revolutionaries are seen on their braveness in fighting until to the last drop of their blood. The

resistance of theme is seen until now they are still marching to the goal of the said struggle. They are

always anticipating that there will be the fruit and the final after math on result due to the blessing from

ALLAH (got) – of the sacred Bangsamoro Islamic holy struggle. Truly, there will be the fruit of the blood

of the Moro Martyrs. The Bangsamoro Islamic revolutionaries today are still striving themselves in the

way of ALLAH in order to indicate the internal colonial infidelity which actually occurred at the center

core of the Bangsamoro society. The only solution for colonialization to de – colonize is through just and

Islamic revolution as the only process to center act the external colonialism and internal imperialism in

the Bangsamoro people today needs discipline and realistic Mujahideen and Bangsamoro freedom

fighter to march along the round of Jihad fee Sabilillah (struggle in the way of ALLAH).

Dependent variable

The dependent variable is about Bangsamoro struggle towards independence. When the

concept of the Bangsamoro Pan – Islamic entered to the mind of the Bangsamoro Islamic revolutionaries

the result is the Bangsomoro struggle towards independence. But the Bangsamoro struggle is subject to

14

be realized by the Moro people in order the cure the illness of the revolution. The Bangsamoro struggle

is under to be realized its approach and strategy. The revolutionaries must have to regain their

sentiment, loyalty sympathy and mostly the unity of heart and mind towards Bangsamoro Islamic

struggle. The cause of the Bangsamoro struggle towards independence is due to the existence of the

Philippine colonial infidelity and aggression. In response to their matter , the Bangsamoro had realized

that the only way must to struggle in order de – colonize the colonial transplantation of the Philippine

colonialism and imperialism.

The Bangsamoro people understand through Pan – Islamic introduction and revelation that they should

have to struggle this is the only way to final salvation and lasting peace if they could achieve that final

Bangsamoro Islamic independent state.

15