Commercial Aspects of Waste Management in Gwalior

PROPOSED THESISSUBMITTED TOJIWAJI UNIVERSITY, GWALIOR (M.P.)

FOR THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

INCOMMERCE

2010

Under the supervision of : Submitted by:Dr. VIJAY DUBEY SANGEETA Dr. Bhagwat Sahay Govt. CollegeGwalior (M.P.)

Research CentreInstitute of Commerce & ManagementJiwaji University Gwalior (M.P)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYIt ensures the protection of the environment; A Management of Waste is an important part of the urban infrastructure as it ensures the environment protection and of human health. Its not only a technical environmental issue but also a highly political one. a Number of issues such as urban lifestyles ,Waste management is closely related to, resource consumption patterns, jobs and income levels, and other socio-economic and cultural factors. Wastes preventions and minimizations have positive environmentalist, humans health and safety, and economic impact. Implementing a "less is a better" concept provide good protection of human health and safety by reducing exposures, generating less demand for disposal on the environment. Less Waste also lowers disposal cost. Pursuing quality of life and high rates of resource consumption patterns have had a unintended and negative impact on the urban environmental - generation of wastes far beyond, the handling capacities of urban governments and agencies. The cities are now grappling with the issues of high volumes of waste, the costs involved, the disposal technologies and methodologies, and the impact of wastes on the local and global environment. But these issues has also provides a window of opportunitys for cities to find solutions - involving the community and the private sector; involved in innovative technologies and disposal methods; and involving behavior changes and awareness rising. These problems have been amply demonstrating by good practices from many cities around the world. It is a need for a complete rethinking of "waste" - to analyze if waste is indeed waste . A rethinking that calls for WASTE to become WEALTHREFUSE to become RESOURCETRASH to become CASH Its a need of the current approach of waste disposal that is focused on municipalities and uses high energy/high technology, to more movements towards waste processing and waste recycling (that involves public-private partnerships, aiming for eventual waste minimization - driven at the community level, and using low energy/low technology resources. Some of the defining criteria for future waste minimization programs will include deeper community participation, understanding economic benefits/recovery of waste, focusing on life cycles (rather than end-of-pipe solutions), decentralized administration of waste, minimizing environmental impacts, reconciling investment costs with long-term goals. The researcher has to work systematically for SWM (solid waste management) in Gwalior.

INDEXExecutive SummaryChapter 1: Introduction1.1 Waste1.2 Management1.3 Solid Waste Management 1.4 Total generated Solid Waste1.5 Participating of private sector in SWM1.6 Key Drivers Enhancing Solid Waste Management and Solid Waste to Energy1.7 Key Challenges for the Growth of Solid Waste Management in India1.8 Prevalent Deficiencies and Challenges in the SWM System in India1.9 Gwalior1.10 Case Study

Chapter 2: Research Methodology2.1 Research Methodology2.2 Information sources2.3 Field study2.4 Personal visits2.5Data collection design2.6 Objective of Research2.7 Hypothesis of studyChapter 3: Present status of solid waste management in Gwalior3.1 Introduction3.2 Waste hierarchy3.3 Objective of Solid Waste Management3.4 Situation before the Initiative3.5 Generation and Disposal of Waste3.6 Action for change3.7 Establishment of a Landfill sites3.8 Collection, Transportation and Processing of Solid Waste3.9 Challenges3.10 Stake Holders for Programme implementation3.11 Impact3.12 Municipal Solid Waste Process plant3.13 Disposal of Municipal waste3.14 Study area3.15 Solid Waste Generation3.16 Waste Composition in Gwalior city3.17 Waste Management in Gwalior City3.18 Transportation and disposal3.19 ConclusionChapter 4: Impact of SWM (solid waste management) on environment4.1 Introduction4.2 Solid Waste Management and Climate Change4.3 Combustion4.4 Integrated Solid Waste Management4.5 Solid Waste Management is a Challenge4.6 Implementing an Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan4.7 Relationship between Climate Change and Solid Waste4.8 Greenhouse Gas4.9 Establish Recycling and Composting Programs4.10 Benefits of Formal Recycling and Composting Programs4.11 Starting a Formal Recycling and Composition Program4.12 Options For Waste Disposal4.13 Uncontrolled Dumping and Burning Cause4.14 Properly Designed, Constructed, and Managed Landfills 4.15 Establishing a new properly design and constructed, and managed landfill4.16 The Components of Waste Collection and Transport4.17 Some Guidelines for Planning Waste Collection and TransportChapter 5: Additional investment requirement for each service for SWM5.1 Introduction5.2 Solid Waste Disposal5.3 Solid Waste Generation5.4 Collected Waste Frequency5.5 Revenue Receipts and Expenditure5.6 Revenue Expenditure Analysis of expenditure5.7 Per Capita Revenue Receipts5.8 Per Capita Expenditure5.9 Cost Recovery Solid waste management5.10 Additional Investment Requirement5.11 Assumptions Made for Calculating Investment Requirements5.12 Projected Additional Investment RequirementsCHAPTER 6: Problems, suggestions and conclusions6.1 Problem6.2 Suggestion6.3 ConclusionsReferencesQuestionnaire

CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION

Commercial wastecontains ofwastefrom premise used in wholly or mainly for the purposes of atradeorbusinessor for the purpose ofsport,recreation,educationor entertainmentbut not includinghousehold;agriculturalorindustrial waste.Generally, Commercial is an expecting to make their own arrangements for the collection treatment and disposal of their wastes. Shops contains smallest wastage and trading estates where is local authority waste collection agreements are in place will generally be treated asmunicipal waste.

MunicipalSolid Waste(MSW) is a nutrient source for plants and assoil conditioneris themost cost effectivesoption of MSWmanagementbecause of its advantages over traditionalism means such as landfilling or incineration.Agriculturalapplication of MSW could leads to apotential environmentally threatdue to thepresence of pathogensand toxicpollutants. Composting is an attractivealternative of MSW recycling.Application of MSWcompost (MSWC) in agriculturalsoilscan directly alter soil physicochemical propertiesaswell aspromoteplantgrowth. The soil microbial biomass,considered astheliving partof soil organic matter,isvery closely related to the soil organic matter contentin many arableagriculturalsoils. Numerous studies, with differentMSWC amendmentdoses on differentsoiltypesand underdifferentwater regimes revealed nodetrimental effecton soil microbial biomass.In this review, we showthestate of artabout theeffects of MSWC amendmenton soilMicrobialbiomass.

1.1 WASTEWaste is garbage rubbish, trash, and junk is unwanted or undesired material, contains of different types of waste. It could exist as a solid, liquid, or gas or as waste heat. The wastes could be referred to as emissions, when released in the latter two states. Its usually strongly linked with pollution. Waste may also be intangible in the case of wasted time or wasted opportunities. The term waste implies things, which have been used inefficiently or inappropriately.Some waste component could be recycled once recovered from the waste stream, e.g. plastic bottles, metals, glass or paper. The biodegradable component of wastes (e.g. paper & food waste) can be composted or anaerobically digested to produce soil improvers and renewable fuels. If it is not dealt with sustainably in this manner biodegradable waste can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and by implication climate change.Waste have two main definitions whereas One view comes from the individual or organization producing the material, the second is the view of Government, and is set out in different acts of waste legislation. The two have to combine to ensure the safe and legal disposal of the waste.

1.2 MANAGEMENTThe process of and/or the personnel leading and directing all or part of an organization (often a business) through the deployment and manipulation of resources (human, financial, material, intellectual or intangible) are known as Management. The Oxford English Dictionary states, the word "manage" come from the Italian manage are (to handle especially a horse), which in turn derives from the Latin minus (hand). The French word managements (later management) influenced the development in meaning of the English word management in the 17th and 18th centuries.

1.3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTExplosion of population coupled with improved life style of people thats results in increasing generation of solid wastes in urban as well as rural areas of the country. At the present scenario, the municipal solid waste disposal methods followed in many of the cities and towns are unsystematic and unscientific and involve dumping in low-lying areas. Most of the disposal sites are just uncontrolled dumps where a mixture of domestic, commercial, industrial and hospital wastes is thrown away at the dumping sites. Apart from creating air pollution, ground water contamination & soil contamination, open dumping of wastes generally becomes breeding ground for various dreadful disease causing pathogens and vectors, particularly in the vicinity of the disposal sites.For Further assessments with increasing awareness of public on environmental and health issues, there is a general opinion that the standardize of services with respect to collection and disposal of municipal solid waste is progressively declining. It is also true in many cities as half of the solid waste generated remains unattended.An objective of the Solid Waste (SW) Management is to maintain clean and hygienic conditions and reduce the quantity of SW, which has to be disposed of in Sanitary Landfill Facility (SLF) after recovery of waste materials and energy from it.

1.4 TOTAL GENERATED SOLID WASTEThe quantities of waste generated in Indian cities reported to be in the range of 0.2-0.6 kg/capita /day as per the Manual on Solid Waste Management preparing by Central Public Health & Environment Engineering Organization (CPHEEO), Ministry of Urban Development, Govt. of India. The Waste Generation pattern is very much dependent on the living style of the population. As the major share of the population is labour force in Dibang, the waste generation factor of 0.3 kg/capita/day has been taken into consideration.Highlights are following In India, solid waste generation is about 115,000 tons per day with a yearly increase of about 5%. Researcher studies reveal that the per capita generation rate increases with the size of the city and varies between 0.3 to 0.6 kg/day in the metropolitan areas, values up to 0.5 kg / capita / day have been recorded. The estimated annual increase in per capita waste quantity is about 1.33% per year. The Commonly practiced waste disposal, waste management processes in India include composting, biologicals and incineration of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) pellets for power generation. The eleventh Five Year Plan has envisaged an investment of Rs. 2,212 crores for Solid Waste Management (SWM).A key driver of solid waste management include Legal drivers (e.g. laws and regulations), Regional and international drivers (e.g. solid waste flow as recyclable resources), Socioeconomic drivers (e.g. population trends and public awareness), Technology development and institutional drivers (e.g. available technologies). Of these, the socio-economic drivers seem to be merging as a key driver for SWM. Key Challenges Lack of adequate treatment facilities and inappropriate disposal of waste is considered to be some of the major challenges in this sector.

1.5 SWM IN INDIAManagement of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), continues to remaining one of the most neglecting areas of urban development in India. Density and Magnitude of urban population in India is increasing rapidly and consequently for the higher growth the civic body are facing considerable difficulties in providing adequate services such as supply of water, electricity, roads, education and public sanitation that including Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM).Municipal agencies are spending more about 5-25% of their budget on MSWM. In despite of such a heavy expenditure of the present level of service in many urban areas is so low that there is a threat to public health in particular and to environmentally qualities in general. There are many steps are being taken towards improving the situation.As per estimations, 115,000 tons of solid waste are generated per day in the country. Yearly increasing near about 5% annually. Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) spend about Rs. 500 to Rs. 1,500 per ton on solid waste collection, transportation, treatment and disposal. However, hardly any amount is spent on scientific disposal of waste.This estimated that a solid waste generated in smallest, medium and large cities and towns in India is about 0.1 kg, 0.3 0.4 kg and 0.5 kg per capita per day respectively. By Studies carring out by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) indicated that the per capita generation rate increases with the size of the city and varies between 0.3 to 0.6 kg/day in the metropolitan areas, values up to 0.5 kg / capita / day have been recorded. The estimated annual increase in per capita waste quantity is about 1.33% per year.

The schematic sketch above illustrates the steps carried out in managing solid waste in India. According to Indias constitution, Solid Waste Management (SWM) falls within the purview of the state government. The activities are entrusted to Urban Local Bodies through state legislations. In most of the Indian cities, the MSW collection, segregation, transportation, processing and disposal is carried out by the respective municipal corporations and the state governments enforce regulatory policies.

1.5 PARTICIPATION OF PRIVATESECTOR IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTIn Metro cities like as Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad etc., garbage disposal is done by Public Private Partnerships (PPPs).The private sector having involvement in door-to-door collections of solid waste, street sweeping in a limited way, secondary storage and transportation and for treatment and disposal of waste.There are so many private firms are carried out Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management (IMSWM) which includes segregation, collection, & transportation, treatment, compost, bimetal, refuse derived fuel, and final disposal. However, there are serious barriers to private sector participation in urban infrastructure as the financial status of ULBs except for a minority, is precarious. Urban sector has seen as a very high-risk sector and also because of it institutional complexities due to multiplicity of agencies involving in service delivery.Further, there is lack of a regulatory or policy enabling framework for PPPs, barring few exceptions, and lack of bankable and financially sustainable projects considering the opportunities and risks involved. There is also a need to rationalize tariffs and user charges.

1.6 KEY DRIVERS ENHANCING SWM AND SOLID WASTE OF ENERGY(i) Legal drivers (e.g. laws and regulations)(ii) Regional and international drivers (e.g. solid waste flow as recyclable resources)(iii) Socio-economic drivers (e.g. population trends and public awareness)(iv) Technology development and institutional drivers (e.g. available technologies)(v) Environmental ProtectionGROUP OF DRIVERSLegal Drivers (Laws and Regulation)

Regional and international drivers(Resource value of waste, e.g.: solidwaste as a recyclable resource)

Socio-Economic Drivers(Population trends, public Awareness,public health)

Technology development andinstitutional drivers

Environmental protection.PERSPECTIVESIn the absence of a strong legislation, competition between cities, toprovide a clean city with good municipal environmental infrastructure,in order to attract (often foreign) investment can be a key driver. Thisappears to be particularly important in India where competition forforeign information technology investment is strong.

Clean development mechanism is extending this to developingcountries (promoted by international financial institutions (IFIs) Provides a livelihood for large numbers of the urban poor India still relies on imports of recycled materials as industrial rawMaterials

Capacity building and good governance are key drivers (beingpromoted by IFIs) Focus is still on food, shelter, security and livelihoods wastebecomes an issue when public health or environmental damageimpacts on these priorities. Public Health - Remains a key driver, particularly in hot climates.Outbreak of diseases such as Plague, Cholera, diarrheal diseasesdue to the uncollected refuse has pushed the government toformulate rules and regulations for SWM.

Ability to perform this function is still limited. Various waste-to-energyalternatives will play a major role as key drivers in the solid waste management industry.

Focus still on initial steps, to phase out uncontrolled disposal. For instance, climate change/energy from waste is emerging as a key driver worldwide the clean development mechanism under the Kyoto protocol is seen as providing an important source of income to encourage cities in developing countries to maintain investments in new landfill sites.

1.7 KEY CHALLENGES FOR THE GROWTH OF SWM IN INDIA This is a likeness of proper MSWM service in the country primarily due to reason including,: financial constraints of ULBs, institutional problems with in the departments, lack of suitable staff, fragile links with other concerned agencies, , and other allied issues.Most common expenses toward the MSWM is meting from the general budgets and allocated from the Property taxes. Funding are often for operations and maintenance relating to the provision of MSWM services are not earmarked and properly budgeted for the few of the challenges pertaining to operational, capability and infrastructural related issues have been outlined below:

Infrastructure relatedIssues: Collection/ TransportEquipment Secondary StorageInfrastructure Waste ProcessingTechnology/ Infrastructure Capacity/Capability issues: Lack of adequatemanpower Lack of technical expertise Lack of funds at ULB level Lack of awarenessmechanism /communityparticipationOperational/Service levelGaps: Low service coverage area Low waste collectionefficiency Low waste recovery/processing Low scientific disposal ofwaste Low redressal of usercomplaints Low user fee collectionefficiency

There are mapping of keys identified problems to the likely reasons for the gaps would be also facilitate the ULBs in identificationOf the priority areas of improvement to match the Benchmarks and compliance rate with MSW rules desired performance indicators in the line with prescribes services level to the MSW..

1.8 IN INDIA PREVALENT DEFENCIES AND CHALLAENGES IN SWMSome of the deficiencies in the SWM system in India include:No storage of waste at Segregation and Sources

Source and segregation storage of waste based on and hazards degradability and recyclables separation is almost not done in India.

No system of primary collection of waste atthe doorstepCollection of waste only from street collection points and poor door-to-door collection.

Irregular street sweepingNo proper planning and specific benchmarks for streetsweeping.

Inappropriate system of secondary storageof wasteVery poor waste depot sites for the secondary storage of waste.

Irregular transport of waste in open vehiclesOpen trucks for transportation and manual loading.

No treatment of wasteWaste treatment is almost neglected before disposal in landfills.

Inappropriate disposal of waste at open dumping groundsNo proper engineered landfills for waste disposal.

Other Challenges1. Waste composition2. Access to waste1. High moisture content and a large proportion of inerts makethe waste very dense and cause transportation problemsand treatment issues2. Many sources of waste such as those generated in slums are inaccessible

Key Strategies to Overcome Challenges in SWMChallenge #1 - Issues in Household (Source) Storage and Segregation of Waste Most households, shops, and establishments throw their waste just outside their premises, on streets, in drains, in open spaces, in water bodies, and in other inappropriate places. In most cases source segregation is not done.

Solution: Citizens must be informed and motivated not to litter the streets so they develop the habit of storing theirwaste at its source in at least two separate bins (one for biodegradable waste and one for recyclable waste). Citizens also need to be educated about risks to human health and the environment and taught to separatedomestic hazardous waste and infectious waste. Municipal authorities must take concerted efforts to convince all classes of citizens to store and segregate theirwaste properly.Challenge #2 No system of Primary Collection Municipal authorities consider themselves responsible only for waste collection at street collection pointsand do not feel it is their job to provide doorstep collection service, even though such service is nowmandated in the rules. Lack of citizen involvement in the storage of waste at source, which would facilitate primary collection fromthe doorstep.

Solution: An assessment of the housing situation, street conditions, and geographic and topographic situation is alwaysa prerequisite for efficient planning and decision making for primary collection equipment. According to the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and handling) rules 2000, there are two options for primaryCollection: door-to-door collection at preset intervals or community bin collection (known as the bring system).

Challenge #3 Irregular Street Sweeping No planning is done to ensure that all streets are swept regularly; there is no benchmark, or yardstick,prescribed by municipal authorities for street sweeping. The street sweepers are not given appropriate tools to perform their duties effectively. They are givenshort-handled brooms, which necessitate constant bending and cause fatigue and loss of productivity.

Solution A schedule of street cleaning that indicates which roads require daily cleaning and which ones need to be cleaned periodically. A program for street cleaning, keeping in view the norms of work (yardsticks) prescribed A timetable for cleaning of open public spaces daily or periodically.

Challenge #4 Poor Secondary Storage of Waste Waste depot sites are not evenly distributed in cities and towns. They are often very poorly designed and are not synchronized with the primary collection system. Waste depots are not emptied on a regular basis. Inappropriate secondary storage of waste leads to a not in my backyard (NIMBY) syndrome.

Solution Municipal authorities should identify suitable locations, preferably from among the existing locations of wastestorage depots in the city Large containers ranging from three cubic meters to seven cubic meters should be placed for secondarystorage of waste. Transfer stations should be decentralized within the city, allocated to an enclosed area, and situated in thegeneral direction of the main landfill site.

Challenge #5 Issues in waste Transportation Open trucks and tractors used to transport waste are loaded manually. This time-consuming activity resultsin loss of labor productivity and increases the occupational health risk to workers. The transport system is not synchronized with the secondary storage system. Problems arise when a transport fleet is modernized, because waste at the secondary storage system isstill dumped on the ground. If the secondary storage system is modernized without an adequate fleet ofmodern vehicles, similar problems arise.

Solution: The longer the distance to the landfill site, the more volume should be transported with each load. In case oflong haul distances to the landfill site, transfer stations are found to be most efficient. Vehicles should be selected according to capital costs, carrying capacity, life expectancy, loading speed,local spare part availability, speed, fuel consumption, and maintenance costs.

The transport of waste can be managed and monitored centrally or through a large decentralized arrangement.Transport can be contracted out to private operators. The transport system must be harmonized with the secondary storage system of waste to prevent manual andmultiple handling of waste.

Challenge #6 - Lack of Waste Treatment The MSW generated in Indian cities is, by and large, not treated but is directly taken to the opendumpsites. Although India is known for its age-old technology of composting agricultural waste, composting ofmunicipal organic waste is infrequent. In a few cities, however, initiatives exist for aerobically compostingor vermicomposting of municipal organic waste. However, many plants are not operated according to their installed capacity. Many plants face problemswith compost marketing and find financial sustainability difficult.

Solution: The municipal authorities must treat the organic fraction of waste before disposal. The authorities are expected to set up a plan for composting waste or to adopt waste to-energy technologyas may be appropriate. Municipal authorities have to assess the suitability of new technology to Indian conditions.

Challenge #7 - Inappropriate Disposal of Waste on Open Dumping Grounds Waste is dumped in low-lying areas that are within or outside the cities and that are designated as dumping grounds or in unauthorized areas on the outskirts of the city. Sometimes waste is even dumped on the approach roads to rural areas, which do not have their own land for disposal of waste. Such practices result in extremely unsanitary conditions and create serious environmental degradation problems. Because no segregation of waste at its source takes place, domestic waste of all types, infectious waste from medical facilities, and even hazardous industrial waste are deposited at dumpsites that are actually designated for domestic waste.

Solution: The state pollution control boards are required to prescribe the criteria for site selection in terms ofDistance to be maintained from habitation, water bodies, highways, railways, and so forth The municipal authorities should follow the rules carefully when constructing an engineered landfill.

1.9 GWALIORGwaliorCity is a historical and big in the Indian state ofMadhya Pradesh. Gwalior occupies a strategic location in theGird region ofIndia, Its 319 kilometers (198mi) south ofDelhithe capital city ofIndia, , and the city and its fortress has been ruled under several historic northern Indian kingdoms. From theTomarsin the 13th century, it passed to theMughals, then theMarathasunder theScindias(1754).The administrative headquarters of Gwalior districtandGwalior division, Gwalior situation many administrative offices ofChambal Divisionof northern Madhya Pradesh. Lots of administrative and judicial organizations, commissions and boards has the its state as well as national headquarters situated in the city. Gwalior was the winter capital of the erstwhile state Madhyawhich later became a part of the larger state Madhya Pradesh. Before Independence Gwalior remained a princely state of British Raj with Scindias as the local ruler. The high rocky hills surrounds the city from all sides, on the north it just forms the border of the Ganga- Yamuna Drainage Basin.the city however is situated on the valley between the hills of Plateau. Gwalior's metropolitan area includesLashkar Subcity,Morar Subcity,Thatipurand theCity center.The Gwalior City has made a rich contribution to the history of India. From thevedic agesto theIndian Rebellion of 1857and theBritish Raj, Gwalior City have emerging as a prominent place making it an important archaeological as well as historical site. The rich heritage of art and culture and especially contribution of Gwalior to the classical music is worth mentioning.Gwalior city is located at26.22N 78.18E.in northern Madhya Pradesh 300km (186miles) from Delhi. Gwalior city have an average elevation of 197meters (646feet). Most part of it comes under Bundelkhand area.

1.10 CASE STUDYThe ever increasing urban population has put tremendous pressure on the budgetary resources of States/ULBs underscoring the necessity of private sector participation in urban development. The unbundling of services and technological innovations have opened up these areas to private sector participation.As per estimates, 115000 MT of solid waste is generated daily in the country. Yearly increase is about 5% annually.ULBs spend about Rs. 500 to Rs.1500 per ton on solid waste collection, transportation, treatment and disposal.However, hardly any amount is spent on scientific disposal of waste.The responsibility under the MWS Rules, 2000 lies with the ULBs and the concerned Departments of Municipal affairs/urban development and collectors are overall responsible to enforce the provisions of these rules. The deadline as per Supreme Court Judgment was 31st December, 2003.Complete compliance within 31st Dec 2003 remains a distant dream. Many cities and towns have not even initiated measures whereas some cities have moved forward.The Municipal Corporations and City Governments create and maintain assets with funds provided by central and state Grants, funds internally generated by local Governments through taxes and tariffs, capital markets etc.The Central Government should take up the role of a regulator by addressing financial sector and related regulatory issues. The State Governments should also respond by enacting Model Municipal Laws to enable PPP, setting up regulatory authorities and creating cadre of professionals at ULBs and state level.Given the lack of in-house capability of municipal authorities and paucity of resources, it is desirable to outsource certain services and resort to PPP/NGO participation in providing SWM services.GOI have provided assistance to the tune of Rs.2500 crores under 12th Finance Commission for SWM.IncomeTax relief has also been provided to waste mgt agencies and Tax free municipal bonds have been permitted by GOI.Technical Advisory Group on SWM has been constituted and Technical Manual on SWM has been prepared.

CHAPTER 2RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGYTheprocessused to collectinformationanddatafor the purpose ofmakingdecisions. Themethodologymay includepublicationresearch,interviews,surveysand other researchtechniques, and could include both present and historical information.Methodology is very important in the research work. If we select proper methods of research than only we get success in our research work. Here the topic of research work is commercial aspect of solid waste management in Gwalior. The research methodology that the study will utilize is the descriptive method. A descriptive research intends to present facts concerning the nature and status of a situation, as it exists at the time of the study and to describe present conditions, events or systems based on the impressions or reactions of the respondents of the research. It is also concerned with relationships and practices that exist, beliefs and processes that are ongoing, effects that are being felt, or trends that are developing. This research is also cross-sectional because of limited time.2.2INFORMANTION SOURCESThere are two basic approaches to estimating quantities of municipal solid waste at the local, state, or national levelssite-specific and materials flow. These data tables are based on the materials flow approach. Site-specific studies. In the first methodology, which is site-specific, sampling, sorting, and weighing the individual components of the waste stream could be used. This methodology is useful in defining a local waste stream, especially if large numbers of samples are taken over several seasons. Results of sampling also increase the body of knowledge about variations due to climatic and seasonal changes, population density, regional differences, and the like. In addition, quantities of MSW components such as food scraps and yard trimmings can only be estimated through sampling and weighing studies. A disadvantage of sampling studies based on a limited number of samples is that they may be skewed and misleading if, for example, atypical circumstances were experienced during the sampling. These circumstances could include an unusually wet or dry season, delivery of some unusual wastes during the sampling period, or errors in the sampling methodology. Any errors of this kind will be greatly magnified when a limited number of samples are taken to represent a communitys entire waste stream for a year. Magnification of errors could be even more serious if a limited number of samples was relied upon for making the national estimates of MSW. Also, extensive sampling would be prohibitively expensive for making the national estimates. An additional disadvantage of sampling studies is that they do not provide information about trends unless performed in a consistent manner over a long period of timeThe first stage of research work involved collection of background information through various reports, publications and presentations of various organizations to understand the state of SWM in the city.

Materials flow. The second approach to quantifying and characterizing the municipal solid waste streamthe methodology used for this reportutilizes a materials flow approach to estimate the waste stream on a nationwide basis. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, EPAs Office of Solid Waste and its predecessors at the Public Health Service sponsored work that began to develop this methodology.The materials flow methodology is based on production data (by weight) for the materials and products in the waste stream. To estimate generation data, specific adjustments are made to the production data for each material and product category. Adjustments are made for imports and exports and for diversions from MSW (e.g., for building materials made of plastic and Paperboard that becomes construction and demolition debris) Adjustments are also made for the lifetimes of products. Finally, food scraps, yard trimmings, and a small amount of miscellaneous inorganic wastes are accounted for by compiling data from a variety of waste sampling studies. One problem with the materials flow methodology is that product residues associated with other items in MSW (usually containers) are not accounted for. These residues would include, for example, food left in a jar, detergent left in a box or bottle, and dried paint in a can. Some household hazardous wastes, (e.g., pesticide left in a can) are also included among these product residues.2.3 FIELD STUDYField studies will be conducted in the few wards of the city and official dump sites and assistance of MNC Gwalior will be required to visit the Sitara plant 2.4 PERSONAL VISIT This process involved conducting interviews with planning experts and representatives from NGOs and MNC Gwalior to derive information of various SWM related problems and prospects for improving the system followed by interviews with various heads of the municipal corporation involved in SWM, municipal workers and residents of the city.

2.5. DATA COLLECTON DESIGNCollection of data with the help of MNC Gwalior:a. A detailed data base prepared regarding the quantity and quality of the waste generated by various generators category wise.b. A data base will be prepared to find the exact size of the informal waste recycling sector and economic of waste recycling in the city to integrate it with the formal sector.

2.6 OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH

Every research work has predetermined objectives. To start any research work it is important to know why research work is has to be done. What are the problems related to research? What are the objectives to achieve, the researcher has to work systematically for SWM (solid waste management) in Gwalior the researcher has determined the following objectives1. To Study of present status of SWM in Gwalior.2. To Study of waste management quantitative and qualitative.3. To Study analytically about various products manufacture by using waste in Gwalior. 4. Study different problems related to the SWM. 5. To give suggestions to overcome the problems. 6. To Study to estimate the future investment requirement for solid waste Management.

2.7 HYPOTHESIS OF STUDYThe Hypothesis are-Ho1: The present status of SWM in Gwalior is not at par to international standard.Ho2: Problems related to SWM are not solved systematically.Ho3: Municipal Corporation of Gwalior not gives proper consideration to the qualitative aspect of SWMHo4: State holders are not serious about the future plan of SWM.

CHAPTER 3PRESENT STATUS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN GWALIOR

3.1 INTRODUCTIONThe solid waste contains glass containers, crookeries, and bottles ,plastic containers, polythene and other packing material that are used and then thrown away like as garbage. At public places, these pile up and cause obstruction in daily life. Besides there are other using things likes automobile spares, machines, and cycle parts etc. that are thrown as junk.

3.2 WASTE HIERCHY Waste hierarchy chain refer to the 3rs reduce, reuse and recycle which classified waste management strategies accordingly. Their desire abilities in terms of waste minimization, The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of the most waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum particles benefits from products and to generate minimum amount of waste.A. Responsibility of the extended producerExtended producer responsibility (EPR) is a Strategy designed to promote the integration of all costs associated with products thorough out their life cycle (including end of life disposal costs) in to the market price of the product.B. Polluter pays principleThe polluter pays principle is a principle where the polluting party pays for the impact caused to the environment.

3.3 OBJECTIVE OF SWMSolid waste management objectives are to reduce the qualities of solid waste off on land by recovery of materials and energy from solid waste that simplified chart showing how waste reduction could be achieved from household waste is shown given below. Such type of techniques and management program me have to be applied to each and every solid waste generating activity in a society to achieve over all minimization of solid waste.

3.4 SITUATION BEFORE THE INITIATIVE LocationGwalior City is the fourth largest city in Madhya Pradesh is known as Counter Magnet city to National Capital region as well as the tourist capital of Madhya Pradesh. The Gwalior cities have a municipal area of 177 Sq. km and are divided into 60 municipal wards. The municipal area are also includes 37 villages and 229 slums. As of the 2011[update] India census, Gwalior had a population of 926,919. The present population is estimated at 1.2 million.

3.5 GENERATION AND DISPOSAL OF WASTEIn Gwalior about 250 to 300 tonnes of municipal wastes is being generated daily. However, due to inadequate facility,GMC could only collect and dispose only about 60% of these wastes. Municipal waste as collected was usually found in amixed form, where bio-medical waste, slaughter-house waste and carcass waste were all mixed together and stored in theopen. The waste from the unorganized slaughterhouse and meat market were being collected and disposed along with themunicipal waste only. Primary collection involved multiple handling, and was not synchronized with transportation, usingInadequate manual loading unloading methods, Waste transportation was often by open trucks and dumped crudely ata trenching ground at Guda Gudi Ka Naka, at about 10 km to the north of the city. The crude dumping caused generation ofObnoxious odors, blowing of litter and breeding of vectorsBurning of the waste at disposal site was very common, which used to generate poisonous hydrocarbons. Due to proximity of the air force base, the dumping site also caused menace for the aircrafts due to flying of birds. The physico-chemical characteristics and quantity of Gwalior municipal waste indicate that incineration option is not economical viable, because it cannot provide for a self-sustaining combustion.The MP State Agro Industries Corporation started a compost unit using MSW as the raw material. But it had to be closeddown due to lack of demand for the product.

3.6 ACTION FOR CHANGEIn order to tackle the bird menace Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India provided a grant of Rs. 11.77 crore to the GMC under its Central Scheme for Solid Waste Management & Drainage in 10 Selected Airfield Towns. To implement the project, a comprehensive solid waste management Plan involving establishment of mechanical and vermin-composting units and engineered landfill sites, machinery & equipments, for door to door collection its transportation to the mechanical and vermin composting units for processing and disposal of residues to the landfill sites through public and private sector partnership was drawn up.

3.7 ESTABLISHMENT OF A LANDFILL SITESBased on an assessment of the composition of solid waste generated in Gwalior city, it was decided to establish a compost unit .As the Detailed Project Report developed by HUDCO and M/s NBCC, Ltd. New Delhi (an enterprise of Central Govt.) was appointed for execution of project.The tenders for different components of the scheme were invited by M/s NBCC Ltd. On evaluation of the offers received, the work orders were issued to qualified agencies for the following (1) Transportation equipments and machineries;(2) Development of sanitary landfill site at Kedarpur havingi. A Weigh Bridge (30 Ton) to monitor the arrival of waste to the segregation plantii. A fully automatic segregation plant (300 TPD);Iii. A Mechanical Compost plant (100 TPD);andiv. A Vermi composting unit (20 TPD).

Due to the constraints in the availability of suitable land for disposal of waste and steadily rising cost, the landfill site hasbeen designed in such a manner that the land requirement is minimized. It covers an area of 25. 80 Hectare and will besufficient for next 25 years.GMC has given operation and maintenance of integrated land fill site for disposal of Solid Waste for 25 years to M/s AKCDevelopers Ltd. NOIDA (As a Public Private Partnership).The package also includes installation of a fully automatic segregation plant at Kedarpur, Chandoh, Khurd, Shivpuri linkRoad, Gwalior. The operator has invested about 30.0 crores Rs. for construction of all segregation plant.The MOU signed between Gwalior Municipal Corporation (GMC) and M/S.AKC Developers has followed main term &Conditions:1. Gwalior Municipal Corporation (GMC) will provide land, free of cost to operator.2. GMC will hand over the infrastructure developed by M/S. NBCC, New Delhi.3. GMC will develop the land fill after completion of existing land fill (5 year capacity) for disposal of inert material.4. The right of carbon credit will rest with the GMC.5. The operator will provide the lease rent at the rate of one rupee per square meter to GMC.6. The operator will be allow for disposing maximum 20% of inert material in the land fill.7. The necessary charges for O&M including electricity bill will be borne by the operator.8. The operator will treat & dispose of the Solid waste as specified the Solid Waste Management & Handling Rule 20009. The closure of land fill will be done by operator.10. The O&M period will be for 25 years. The automatic segregation plant at Kedarpur has been installed and in operation.The automatic segregation plant generates following components:

WASTE COMPONENTQUANTITY(IN %)

Wet organic material for composting25-30

Dry organic material converted as RDF Pallets, a Green fuel15-20

Recyclables materials (Plastic, Mild steel, rubber etc)5-10

Inert Material25-30

Residue for land fill site15-20

3.8 COLLECTION, TRANSPORTATION AND PROCESSING OF SOLID The basic collection system in Gwalior constitutes sweeping and cleaning the waste in a nearest collection point. The Corporation has installed 200 collection bins at different places. The collection vehicle picks up the waste from the dustbins and other collection points and transported to the compost plant site. The steps involved are as follows:1 Door to Door Collection:GMC has outsourced the door to door collection and transportation solid waste to private organization on PPP (Public Private Participation) for 5 years. The objective was to involve the community to make Gwalior waste free and dustbin free. The households have been promoted to keep covered bins for wet bio-degradable waste. The dry recyclable waste is kept separate which can be sold off. For dry scrap waste, it has been suggested to the households to have larger bins at a consistent place and deposit all the waste into it. For the shops it has been suggested that every shop should have a number of bins for different type of wastes generated by them and these should be handed over to the waste collection group working in their ward. The toxic and hazardous waste generated at homes and shops are kept separate and the concerned local bodies make arrangements to have them collected by special receptacles located at each ward office.The sanitary worker appointed by the private operator collects segregated wastes from each household and disposed them indemarcated bins for biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. GMC has developed a mechanism for meeting out the operating cost of door to door waste collection services provided by the operator. The mode of payment for the same is as follows. First year 100% cost for door to door collection of waste will be borne by GMC. But from the subsequent years it would reduce gradually, i.e. GMC would pay the operator 75% cost in the second year, 50% in the third year , 25% in the fourth year. From Fifth Year onwards it will be self-sustainable the operator would generate balance resources through sale of recyclables as well as contribution from the households for the services rendered by them. the operator would also generate resources from commercial institutions like shops, hotels, slaughter halls etc. The charges for all commercial institution will fix time

The contractor who was appointed for door to door collection & transportation failed to continue the contract after 2.5 years reason behind was political interference, change of mind set of people, improper planning of contractor. At present Municipal Corporation is doing the collection & transporting of waste to land fill site from its own resources.

2 TransportationThe transportation of the solid waste is being done to new scientific site at Kedarpur. This component is also outsourcedand the payment is made on the basis of amount of solid waste transported. These special category waste materials are periodically transported to the integrated disposal site and deposited in specially created secured landfill in a suitable manner.There are specified bins at specific locations for the disposal of construction and demolition (C&D) debris. These are transported separately and disposed to low lying areas.

3 Public Awareness Campaign:To order to involve the community with the city wide programme on solid waste management, Gwalior MunicipalCorporation has launched an awareness campaign with following objectives:(a) Creating awareness for segregating waste at source into biodegradable and non-biodegradable components;(b) Educating public through group meetings, workshops, exhibitions, and different channels of mass media;(c) Sensitizing public through print media, use of cable TV, use of cinema halls, street plays, posters, pamphlets,Hoarding, resident associations etc(d) Enabling the communities to acquire adequate knowledge about good practices of solid waste disposal and theirImportance for environmental and public health;(e) Promote safe handling practices through health education and capacity building of the sanitary workers;(f) Enabling the Municipal Corporation/ Hospitals to handle the Bio-medical wastes as per norms; and(g) Creating awareness for minimizing the use of plastics.GMC involved NGOs to carry out the awareness programme in the city. The awareness program included the sanitation education programme through a mobile unit visiting city schools to communicate the good practices on sanitation and hygiene at school level, street play, and distribution of pamphlets and installation of hoarding with messages to keep the city clean.The awareness campaign was spear headed by a Street show nicknamed Watson Rath (Movable Vehicle with all information regarding Solid Waste Management). Mayor, Councilors and Official Staff of Municipal Corporation spear headed various rallies to ensure peoples participation in the programme. The programme is also being supported by UNHABITAT under its Water for Asian Cities Programme.

3.9 CHALLANGESThe Gwalior Municipal Corporation initially faced resistance for the implementation of the door to door collection of waste involving the private operator. Even though before inviting the tender for involving the private operator for the services, mutual understanding was reached by Honble Mayor with all political leaders, paper media, organizations, chamber of commerce and leaders of Safai Karmchari union, there were lot of resistance from the a particular community for implementation of door to door collection and transportation without understanding that the potential of employment opportunities for the locals.After receiving the contract, the private operator started the work in a limited way due the resistance from various quarters. Since the start of door to door collection, some of the lower level GMC staffs hindered the operation by the private operator under the influence of opposition leaders out of fear of losing their hold on the malpractice of subletting the cleaning operation by the Elakedar (Elakedar is a man who collects the solid waste from particular area and disposes it at his own ease.).

However, the Municipal Corporation of Gwalior took various initiatives to stream line the system by organizing stake holders consultations to remove the all doubts of the people and to make Gwalior city as model city in India in the area of Solid Waste Management.

3.10 STAKE HOLDERS FOR PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATIONThere are various stakeholders, but major are being mentioned below:1. Citizen of Gwalior2. Ministry of Urban Development , Government of3. India4. Gwalior Municipal Corporation5. UN-HABITAT6. HUDCO7. MP Pollution Control Board8. Private operators for door to door collection,9. transportation, segregation and scientific disposal of10. waste

3.11 IMPACTFollowing positive impacts are envisaged: People of Gwalior are aware about the need for safe handling of waste and started practicing it; Systematic handling and disposal of hazardous and nonhazardous wastes leading to Environmental Improvement of the city Reduction of disaster due to bird fir to the Air Crafts; Increased employment opportunities for the unskilled people of the city The system of collection, transpiration, processing and disposal of wastes has been designed to make it financially self-sustaining. The Private operator for transportation and processing of waste would generate sufficient resources out of the by products produced from the raw wastes. With the enhancement of public awareness the door to door collection of waste would also become self-sustaining with peoples contribution.

3.12 MUNCIPLE SOLID WASTE PROCESS PLANTMunicipal Solid Waste treatment & processing plant identified by municipality is at Shivpuri link- road, gram Kedarpur, Gwalior spread in the area of 25 hectares. Operating by M/s AKC Developers Ltd. The processing plant is the result of Central Government scheme of establishment of Municipal Solid Waste processing plant in the Air-based town. The Detailed Project Report (DPR) for Gwalior was submitted by National Buildings Construction Corporation (NBCC) under Solid Waste management scheme for mitigation of bird hit menace to Indian Air Force (IAF) air crafts, Gwalior and approved by the Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO), a department under the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) and the fund was sanctioned for implementation.Pucca road and adequate light facility provided inside the plant premises. Laboratory facility was also set-up here to assess the moisture content, Calorific value of the waste. However pollution monitoring conducted by MPPCB at regular time intervals.The integrated management of solid waste facility commissioned here on 01 November 2009. The plant is 12 km away from Gwalior city and 21 km away from the airport. Plant is authorized to process & dump the collected waste. Permission was granted for mechanical & vermi-composting as well as Refused Derived Fuel (RDF).On the day of first dry- monitoring (27thSeptember 2010) production of vermi-composting was not in process. As informed by the plant officials & officials of MPPCB, Gwalior, the segregation unit of plant got fire on 24th May 2010 (Unknown cause). The renewing of plants segregation unit was completed soon and re- commissioned on 01st November, 2010. Second visit was made on 25th January, 2011 by the CPCB, Zonal Office Bhopal team.

In processing plant, firstly the received waste weighed on Weigh Bridge of 25 ton capacity. Records of received wasteMaintained regularly.

Received waste contains 30% inert, 20-25% Refuse-derived fuel (RDF), 15% compost & 35% inorganic. Plastics, rubbers,stones, wood, iron are few component of waste. After weighing the waste sent to segregation unit, auto-feeding is provided for the same. The waste passed through a ~60mm primary cage, where waste (RDF, Sand and Compost) separates according to their sizes. The waste more than ~60mm size separate as sand particles an average 10- 12% of total waste comes as sand particle. Lesser than the ~60mm size separates as composting material, compost material heaped for the windrows composting process.Rest 35% of the total is plastics, papers, organic matters & wood separates as fuel e.g. refused derived fuel (RDF).For composting heaps of 250 MT is being inoculated with bio-culture, water spraying done at regular intervals i.e. 6 times for the total composting process of 42 days. After the 42 days of process the waste for compost dried and sent to vibrator of 40 mm sieves. Finally the compost waste passed through the 5mm sieve to get the final product. ~1 mm of the compost size along with the 22-27% of moisture is packed as final compost product. Total compost production is 40 Tons per day. Final product packed and sold to Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh & Madhya Pradesh states at ` 225 per bag of 50 Kgs.Refused derived fuel (RDF) contains 4-5% of 7,000-8,000 Calorific values plastics, 90% paper, organic matters and woods etc.One ton of RDF sold to nearby Flex manufacturing industry at the rate of `4000/-.Total RDF is 30-40 tons of the total waste received per day. The reject of RDF is being mixed with compost heaps.There is also vermi-composting facility with 31 numbers of total huts. The vermi- composting process was not in process soon will be started to convert the waste in bio-compost.

3.13 DISPOSAL OF MUNCIPAL WASTEEarlier to this processing-cum-disposal site, Gwalior was having its solid waste dumping site at , , . Soon after the commissioning of new site, the waste started to transport here for processing as well as and fill. This site at village Kedarpur developed by M/s AKC Developers have disposal as well as leachate collection tank of HDPE liner to avoid ground water contamination.As the waste received from the city is normally dry, so leachate generation quantity is very less.During the dry visit made during 27th September, 2010 the leachate pond was filled up by the rain water but during the second visit made during 25th January, 2011 leachate pond was dry as there was no rain from last 2-3 months also the waste was of less moisture.The waste also being disposed near to the side walls of the plant. The dead animals if received with waste, disposed it in soil. The plastics as light material and reject of process were spread in the backyard of the RDF plant that can be improved manually by collecting plastics at one place. The disposed waste was burning at some places.

3.14 STUDY AREAGwalior city lies along 26 14 N latitude and 78 10 E longitudes on Indo-Gangtic plains in the state of Madhya Pradesh. The city has a population of about 927849 (GMC, 2006).Gwalior Municipal Corporation (GMC) is responsible for the management of the MSW generated in the city. The city is divided into 60 sanitary wards as shown in fig 1 and the entire operation of solid waste management (SWN) system is performed under four heads, namely, cleaning, collection, transportation and disposal. In the city area of about 177.3 km2, the public health wing of GMC is performs the cleaning and collection operations; while the transportation wing of GMC is performing transportation and disposal of MSW. In Gwalior city the cleaning and collection process involves collection of MSW from the street in wheel barrows and thereafter, it is dumped into depots. MSW is then loaded into the transportation vehicles, which transport the waste to different disposal sites.

3.15 SOLID WASTE GENERATIONThe inhabitants of the Gwalior city generate approximately 280 tons of MSW daily. It is estimated that the annual per capita growth rate for MSW generation is 2.33% and the quantity of MSW from 1971 to 2021 is forecasted in fig 1 and fig 2.

Fig.1: Projected Population for next 20 years

Fig.2: Projected Total waste generation for next 20 years

3.16 WASTE COMPOSITION IN GWALIOR CITYThe average physical and chemical characteristics of the waste in the city are shown in the Fig 3 and Table 1 respectively.

Fig. 3: Average composition of waste

Table 1: Chemical characteristics of wastePARAMETERAVERAGE

Ph7.70

Electrical Conductivity4.8

Loss of Ignition23.42

Moisture39.1

Organic Carbon11.37

Organic matter19.6

C/N Ratio0.57

Total Phosphorus19.94

Total Potassium17.20

Total Nitrogen19.4

3.17 WASTE MANAGEMENT IN GWALIOR CITYField survey was carried out in different wardsIn the first phase of the study, samples of MSW from different wards were collected during January 2007-February 2007 to determine its characteristics. The sampling and analysis of MSW were carried out as per standard procedures described in IS-9234 Standards. Ten samples were randomly collected from wards.In the second phase of the study, a questionnaire survey was carried out on 240 randomly selected houses covering various categories viz high-income group, medium and low-income group. A questionnaire was prepared and using door-to- door surveying in order to obtain data about MSW quantity, daily disposal, availability of containers, collection frequency and satisfaction level, etc was done. The data collected from the survey was analyzed. Further, the per capita generation rate was evaluated from the population taken into account during survey work and the quantity of MSW generated as follows.The public conception of the problem has been analyzed through the questionnaire.Storage of waste is mainly done in plastic/metal container 84% households store their waste in metal / plastic container, whereas 6% and 10% household store their waste in paper bag /box and plastic bag respectively.Segregation of waste into various categories as organic, recyclable, inorganic etc. shows that 41% households recycle the waste through vendors, 4% segregate the waste whereas 17% do not segregate the waste at all.In all the households the waste is either disposed by them or by some self appointed person. 39% household disposes their waste by themselves, 50% household have self-appointed person to dispose off waste from house to further disposal. Municipal Corporation collects waste from 11 percent of household.Collection of waste is done by three methods namely by door-to-door collection, curbside container system or simply outside their house. Waste collected through door to door collection is 33%, 29% household dispose their waste to curbside container, 17% dispose the waste outside their houses. Regarding the preference of the collection method, 58% have given preference to door to door collection, 21% households have given preference to the curbside container system whereas 21% households feels the need of both the system.The problem as conceived by the people is lack of collection facilities, unsatisfactory collection and transport. The problem identification as per users shows that 24% households are worried for the number of garbage container, 23% have infrequent collection problem.21% household are worried about the location of the container, 17 and 15% household have unsanitary condition and odour problem respectively. Information regarding where households complain regarding problematic situation, 30% households complain to Corporate, 23% complain to Society Secretary, 17% complain to ward Officer, 17% households dont complain whereas 13% households dont know where to complain.Nearly 62% are aware of the solid waste management in their locality whereas 38% do not even known about proper handling of waste, solid waste collection, etc. the public is ignorant about the existing rules and regulation for solid waste management. Type of information required shows that 54% households need information regarding proper handling of different kinds of waste while 23% households seek information on solid waste collection schedule and where to complain.Almost 100% are in a need to known about the SWM rules and authorities for implementing these rules. Priority to environmental related problem shows that 23% households gave first priority to Inadequate Sanitation problem. Second priority is air pollution, whereas Solid Waste Management related issues are given third priority.Mode of payment of solid waste management charges shows that 75% households pay solid waste related tax with common society charges and 17% households pay separately to the Municipal Corporation whereas 8% do not pay any amount.Monthly Solid Waste Management charges paid by the household shows that 17% households do not pay. 17% and 53% households pay less than Rs.10 and Rs.10 to Rs. 30 to Rs.50.willingness to pay for effective Solid Waste Management shows that 67% are ready to pay Rs.10 to Rs.30for an effective Solid Waste Management, 21% and 4% households are willing to pay Rs. 30 to Rs. 50 and more than Rs.50 respectively while 8% are not willing to pay at all.

Interaction with PublicThe present system is not in conformity with the MSW (Handling & Management) Rules 2000 in reference to collection, transportation and disposal. The waste is being openly dumped at various places creating nuisance and unsanitary condition. No suitable treatment and disposal facilit8ies are available and sanitary land filling is not followed.During survey and interaction with the public is was observed that Collection bins are insufficient. Scavengers, animals etc scatter the waste around the bins Street sweeping and transport of waste from storage points is not regular. Except in some localities the segregation is not practiced. Manpower is not adequate. From the above description it is clear that the system is neither efficient nor sustainable, it needs complete overhauling.Sources and Quantity of Municipal Solid Waste in Gwalior cityPrimary collection of MSW Sweepers collects the MSW from the roads/streets and carries it to the nearest collection points (depots or community bins). MSW produced from individual households is taken to the collection point or just deposited on the adjacent roadside from where it is collected when the roads are swept. This type of collection is called primary collection.A method of storage of MSW GMC has provided 460 community bin containers for MSW storage of capacities 2.5 m2, 4.5 m3 and 5.5 m3. The average spacing of dustbin is 3.5 km, through visits and observation it is found that nearly 15% of the bins are not in good condition.Secondary collection of MSWIn Gwalior city the disposal site is generally within 15 km of the collection points, hence, transfer stations are not in use and the collection vehicle from the collection points to the disposal site directly hauls the MSW. There are total 796 vehicles used for transportation and collection of the waste. A dumper placer and tractor carrier system is used to carry the large size of community bins (4.5 m3 and 5.5 m3) containing MSW from its fixed point to the disposal site where it is unloaded mechanically by a hydraulic arm. Then, the empty container is brought back from the disposal site to its original point. GMC has deployed nearly 1300 sweepers for collection of waste from waste bin/waste pile/waste heaps and for street sweeping. Sweepers between 6 A.M. to 11 A.M. carry out street sweeping. The average road length per sweeper is 500 km, the labour is provided with 25 trolleys and 750 handcarts No prescribed routes have been made yet; they lift the container as per their conformability and convenience as show in fig 4.

Fig. 4: Waste collection system in Gwalior city

3.18 TRANSPORTATION AND DISPOSALGwalior does not have a sanitary landfill for proper disposal of MSW. Presently waste is disposed off at LaxmanTalaiya dumping site. During the visits and survey it was found that all waste is simply dumped at the site and to principle of sanitary land filling to followed thus requiring large land area and creating nuisance in the neighboring area.Treatment and processingPresently there is no facility for processing and treatment of MSW except that some material is recycled through private vendors at source or from dumping site. A compost pant of 120 TPD capacities was installed by M.P. State Agro Industries Development Corporation but was closed in 2000 due to poor quality of compost.Current practice of Solid Waste Management in GwaliorFor the solid waste management all the four functional elements i.e. storage and collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal have to be addressed.The approach to solid waste management focuses on: Segregation of waste at source or at transfer station to biodegradable, non- biodegradable, hazardous, construction/demolition, bulky etc Appropriate waste collection and storage Transfer and transport of waste to or at transfer station (TS) or disposal site Processing and treatment of MSW minimizing the waste to be disposed by sanitary landfilling Public-Private Partnership for economic sustainability and proper handling and management waste Bioconversion of biodegradable waste to compost as to utilize its nutrient value Revenue earning from recyclables, reusable waste; for sustainability of the project revenue should be earned through the sale of recyclable and reusable material and the compost as well as charging the properness from the public. Waste producers has to pay approach is to be followed. System shall be reviewed after every five years as the solid waste is flexible and the life structural changes affect it.

3.19 CONCLUSIONS The segregation of waste at source and promotion of recycling or reuse of segregated materials reduces the quantity of waste and the burden on landfills, and provides raw materials for manufacturers. The composition shows mostly organic matter (49.8%), so composting and vermin- composting is a good method for the treatment and production of soil amendment. The rapid increase in the quantities of MSW and the inability to provide daily collection service cause a nuisance and health hazards in the city. The study presents the current scenario of MSWM, which will be helpful in creating awareness among the people. For slaughterhouse more vehicle are proposed, as the present is insufficient. For carcass disposal a carcass lifting vehicle and a mobile incinerator is proposed. For the effective implementation of the proposal IEC (information, education and communication) and training is necessary for the sanitary workers and staff and also for the general public.

CHAPTER 4IMPACT OF SWM (SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENMT) ON ENVIRONMENT

4.1 INTRODUCTIONA new computer based life cycle assessment model (EASE-WASTE) was used to evaluate a municipal solid waste system with the purpose of identifying environmental benefits and disadvantages by anaerobic digestion of source-separated household waste and incineration. The most important processes that were included in the study are optical sorting and pre-treatment, anaerobic digestion with heat and power recovery, incineration with heat and power recovery, use of digested biomass on arable soils and finally, an estimated surplus consumption of plastic in order to achieve a higher quality and quantity of organic waste to the biogas plant. Results showed that there were no significant differences in most of the assessed environmental impacts for the two scenarios. However, the use of digested biomass may cause a potential toxicity impact on human health due to the heavy metal content of the organic waste. A sensitivity analysis showed that the results are sensitive to the energy recovery efficiencies, to the extra plastic consumption for waste bags and to the content of heavy metals in the waste. A model such as EASE-WASTE is very suitable for evaluating the overall environmental consequences of different waste management strategies and technologies, and can be used for most waste material fractions existing in household waste.

4.2 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGEWhatever people call it, solid waste is a problem that must be properly managed. While it is generally understood that proper waste management helps protect human health and the environment and preserve natural resources, many do not realize that solid waste also impacts climate change. The manufacture, distribution, and use of productsas well as the disposal of the resulting wasteall result in emissions of atmospheric gases called greenhouse gases that affect the Earths climate. When organic waste decomposes in landfills and uncontrolled dumps, it produces methane, one of the major greenhouse gases contributing to climate change. Waste generation increases with population expansion and industrialization. Countries in Asia, Latin America, and Africa account for nearly 40 percent of annual methane emissions from landfills, which is equal to 37 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO2e) or the amount of air emissions from more than 102 million automobiles. You can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, however, through proper solid waste management (for a more detailed explanation of the relationship between climate change and solid waste, see the What is Integrated Solid Waste Management?

Solid waste should be managed through a number of activitieswaste prevention, recycling, composting, controlled burning, or landfilling. Using a combination of these activities together in a way that best protects your community and the local environment is referred to as integrated solid waste management (ISWM). An ISWM program can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and slow the effects of climate change. This folder and its accompanying fact sheets are designed for government officials, nongovernmental organizations, and others involved in planning and communicating the benefits of ISWM programs. The fact sheets will introduce you to important issues you will need to address in planning a successful ISWM program. These fact sheets also assist you in planning an ISWM program by providing guidelines for recycling and composting, waste collection and transport, and waste disposal (landfilling and combustion).The following descriptions introduce and define the main activities classified under ISWM. WASTE PREVENTION Waste preventionoften called source reductionmeans reducing waste by not producing it. Examples of waste prevention would include purchasing durable, long-lasting goods and seeking products and packaging that are as free of toxic substances as possible. It can be as simple as switching from disposable to reusable products, or as complex as redesigning a product to use fewer raw materials or to last longer. Because waste prevention actually avoids waste generation, it is the preferred waste management activity. Overall, waste prevention conserves resources, protects the environment, and prevents the formation of greenhouse gases. RECYCLING Recycling makes use of materials that otherwise would become waste by turning them into valuable resources. Recycling helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions, in part, by diverting waste from landfills. In some countries, a great deal of recycling occurs before the waste reaches the landfill. Scrap dealers buy directly from households and businesses, wastepickers or scavengers collect materials from waste bins, and waste collectors separate materials that can be sold as they load their trucks. Governments can build on these practices by providing support to organize and improve recycling efforts. COMPOSTING Another form of recycling is compostingthe controlled aerobic biological decomposition of organic matter, such as food scraps and plant matter, into humus, a soil-like material. Compost acts as a natural fertilizer by providing nutrients to the soil, increasing beneficial soil organisms, and suppressing certain plant diseases, thereby reducing the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides in landscaping and agricultural activities. Organic materials often comprise a large portion of the solid waste stream, particularly in communities that rely heavily on tourism. Composting can be particularly helpful to communities managing their waste and thus reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

4.3 COMBUSTION Combustion is the controlled burning of waste in a designated facility to reduce its volume and, in some cases, to generate electricity. Combustion is an ISWM option for wastes that cannot be recycled or composted, and is sometimes selected by communities where landfill space is limited. While the combustion process can generate toxic air emissions, these can be controlled by installing control equipment such as acid gas scrubbers and fabric filters in combustors. Combustion of solid waste can help reduce amount of waste going to landfills. It also can reduce reliance on coal, one of the fossil fuels that produce greenhouse gases when burned. LANDFILLING Uncontrolled dumping of waste can contaminate groundwater and soil, attract disease carrying rats and insects, and even cause fires. Properly designed, constructed, and managed landfills provide a safe alternative to uncontrolled dumping. For example, to protect groundwater from the liquid that collects in landfills (leachate), a properly designed landfill has an earthen or synthetic liner. As waste decomposes, it emits methane, a greenhouse gas that can also cause fires. To prevent fires, a properly designed landfill should have a way to vent, burn, or collect methane. Landfill operators can also recover this methanethereby reducing emissionsand generate electricity from the captured gas.

4.5 INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMNETThis fact sheet provides an overview of options for managing solid waste, identifies the important issues you should consider when planning for solid waste management, and describes the link between solid waste management and climate change. The other fact sheets in this series include: How To Establish Recycling and Composting Programs What Are the Components of Waste Collection and Transport? What Are the Options for Waste Disposal?

4.5 SOLIS WASTE MANAGEMENT IS A CHALLANGE Waste generation increases with population expansion and economic development. Improperly managed solid waste poses a risk to human health and the environment. Uncontrolled dumping and improper waste handling causes a variety of problems, including contaminating water, attracting insects and rodents, and increasing flooding due to blocked drainage canals or gullies. In addition, it may result in safety hazards from fires or explosions. Improper waste management also increases greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which contribute to climate change (for more information on climate change and the impacts from solid waste, see next page). Planning for and implementing a comprehensive program for waste collection, transport, and disposalalong with activities to prevent or recycle wastecan eliminate these problems. Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is a comprehensive waste prevention, recycling, composting, and disposal program. An effective ISWM system considers how to prevent, recycle, and manage solid waste in ways that most effectively protect human health and the environment. ISWM involves evaluating local needs and conditions, and then selecting and combining the most appropriate waste management activities for those conditions. The major ISWM activities are waste prevention, recycling and composting, and combustion and disposal in properly designed, constructed, and managed landfills. Each of these activities requires careful planning, financing, collection, and transport, all of which are discussed in this and the other fact sheets. Waste Prevention Waste preventionalso called source reductionseeks to prevent waste from being generated. Waste prevention strategies include using less packaging, designing products to last longer, and reusing products and materials. Waste prevention helps reduce handling, treatment, and disposal costs and ultimately reduces the generation of methane. Recycling and CompostingRecycling is a process that involves collecting, reprocessing, and/or recovering certain waste materials (e.g., glass, metal, plastics, paper) to make new materials or products. Some recycled organic materials are rich in nutrients and can be used to improve soils. The conversion of waste materials into soil additives is called composting. Recycling and composting generate many environmental and economic benefits. For example, they create jobs and income, supply valuable raw materials to industry, produce soil-enhancing compost, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the number of landfills and combustion facilities. Disposal (landfilling and combustion)These activities are used to manage waste that cannot be prevented or recycled. One way to dispose of waste is to place it in properly designed, constructed, and managed landfills, where it is safely contained. Another way to handle this waste is through combustion. Combustion is the controlled burning of waste, which helps reduce its volume. If the technology is available, properly designed, constructed, and managed landfills can be used to generate energy by recovering methane. Similarly, combustion facilities produce steam and water as a byproduct that can be used to generate energy.

Integrated Solid Waste Management

Set achievable goals. While developing your ISWM plan, you should identify goals or objectives (e.g., protect human health, protect water supplies, eliminate open dumping, increase recycling or composting). The ISWM plan will help guide you through the implementation process. Do not neglect to ask for the communitys input in developing your plan, so as to ensure an informed public and to increase public acceptance. Government plays an important role in developing and enforcing waste management standards, providing funding, and managing day-to-day operations of solid waste management activities. Each level of government may have responsibility in your ISWM plan: national governments typically set standards for solid waste management; the state, provincial, or regional governments may help monitor and enforce these standards; and local governments often play the primary role of managing solid waste activities on a daily basis. All levels may also provide funding for solid waste management activities. Two primary costs must be considered in any waste management system: initial capital costs (to purchase equipment or construct new facilities) and ongoing operations and maintenance costs. These costs can be funded in a number of ways including private equity, government loans, local taxes, or users fees.

Operations of solid waste management activities. Each level of government may have responsibility in your ISWM plan: national governments typically set standards for solid waste management; the state, provincial or regional governments may help monitor and enforce these standards; and local governments often play the primary role of managing solid waste activities on a daily basis. All levels may also provide funding for solid waste management activities. Two primary costs must be considered in any waste management system: initial capital costs (to purchase equipment or construct new facilities) and ongoing operations and maintenance costs. These costs can be funded in a number of ways including private equity, government loans, local taxes, or users fees.

4.6 IMPLEMENTING AN ISWM PLANOnce you have developed and written your solid waste management plan, you can begin to implement the various combinations of waste management activities. Implementing an ISWM plan is an ongoing process, so expect to make adjustments to the plan along the way. Always evaluate system inefficiencies and make adjustments to improve or expand solid waste management services. Figure (on back page) illustrates how you can implement an ISWM plan. Some of these questions may have been answered during development of the ISWM plan, but it is important to see how they fit into the comprehensive implementation process. Equally important, it emphasizes the need to provide public education and keep the community involved in every step of the process. Be flexible and creative when implementing your plan. If you are not making progress in a certain area, be prepared to reevaluate components of your plan. It is helpful to keep in mind the ultimate goal of ISWM: to improve human health and protect the environment.

4.7 RELATIONSHIP B/W CLIMATE CHANGE AND SOLID The Earths atmosphere contains many types of gases, including those known as greenhouse gases, which hold in the suns warmth (see text box). Scientists call this naturally occurring phenomenon the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases help regulate global temperatures. Certain human activities such as burning fossil fuels and dumping solid waste, however, produce additional greenhouse gases and upset the natural balance by raising global temperatures.Greenhouse gas emissions are slowly changing the Earths climate. The Earth has already become slightly warmer in the past 100 years and will continue to become warmer. This could cause serious human health and environmental consequences because a warmer climate may cause more frequent and severe heat waves, damage agriculture, and cause droughts in some places and floods in others.Even before a material or product becomes solid waste, it goes through a long cycle that involves removing and processing raw materials, manufacturing the product, transporting the materials and products to markets, and using energy to operate the product. Each of these activities has the potential to generate greenhouse gas emissions through one or more of the following means: Energy consumption. Extracting and processing raw materials, manufacturing products, and transporting materials and products to markets all generate greenhouse gas emissions by consuming energy from fossil fuels. Methane emissions. When organic waste decomposes in landfills, it generates methane, a greenhouse gas. Carbon storage. Trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, from the air and store it in wood through carbon sequestration. Waste prevention and recycling of wood and paper products allow more trees to remain standing in the forest, where they can continue to remove carbon dioxide from the air, which helps minimize climate change impacts. Different wastes and waste management activities have varying impacts on energy consumption, methane emissions, and carbon storage. For example, recycling reduces greenhouse gas emissions by preventing methane emissions from landfills or open dumps and by preventing the consumption of energy for extracting and processing raw materials. Communities that are looking for ways to help prevent climate change can start by implementing an integrated solid waste management program.

4.8 GREENHOUSE GASES Some greenhouse gasessuch as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozoneoccur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from human activities. Carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere when solid waste, fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), and wood and wood products are burned. Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil; the decomposition of organic wastes in municipal solid waste landfills; and by livestock. Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during the combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels. Each greenhouse gas differs in its ability to trap heat in the atmosphere. Methane traps over 21 times more heat than carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide absorbs 310 times more than carbon dioxide. The higher the heat trapping potential of the gas, the greater the impact on climate change. Efforts to decrease emissions of these gases help reduce climate change impacts.

Comprehensive Integrated Solid Waste Management Planning Process

4.9 ESTABLISH RECYCLING AND COMPOSTING PROGRAMSThis fact sheet describes the benefits of formal recycling and composting activities and provides steps on how you can incorporate scavenging or wastepicking into formal recycling and composting programs. At the end of this fact sheet, a case study from Brazil shows how businesses organized scavengers and wastepickers into successful recycling cooperatives. Recycling occurs informally at landfills, uncontrolled dumps, and on streets. Scavengers or wastepickers often collect materials for reuse or sale without any organization, supervision, or regulation. While scavenging or wastepicking can be very effective at reducing the amount of plastic, glass, metal, and paper ultimately requiring disposal, pursuing these activities can be harmful to worker health. Incorporating scavengers or wastepickers into organized or formal recycling programs can improve the quality of their working conditions and the local environment. Composting can also improve local economies and the environmentby turning organic waste, which is a large portion of many city waste streams, into a marketable product for urban and agricultural uses. Together, recycling and composting can provide income, significantly reduce waste, and decrease greenhouse gas emissions.4.10 BENEFITS OF FORMAL RECYCLING AND COMPOSTING PROGRAM Recycling and composting activities, if organized properly by the local government, can generate many environmental and economic benefits. For example, it can create jobs and income, supply valuable raw materials to industry, produce soil-enhancing compost for agriculture, reduce the need to site or build more landfills and combustors, and prevent greenhouse gas emissions. An organized approach to recycling and composting can also have many benefits for your community. Involving scavengers or wastepickers in formal recycling activities can empower them, increase their income and reputation, and improve their quality of life, health, and safety

4.11 STARTING OF FORMAL RECYCLING AND COMPOSTION PROGRAMEstablishing and managing formal recycling and composting programs requires significant local government time and resource investments. However, these investments can save money in the long term by allowing governments to maximize existing recycling and composting activities before making significant investments in collecting and transporting waste. To successfully implement formal recycling or composting programs, governments will need to consider social, financial, institutional, and regulatory issues. The following steps outline one possible approach for implementing a program.Step 1. Plan and set goals. Set flexible goals and plans for your recycling and composting programs. As you follow each of the steps and learn more about the communitys needs, adjust the plans to incorporate this information.Ste