Thesis Guide Bachelor

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Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences

A Guide to the Final Year Project

Taru Sotavalta

______________________________________________________________________

Consultation team:Tero Nurminen, Information TechnologyErkki Aalto, Media Engineering

Updated 26 November 2012

Copyright2005 Taru Sotavalta andEVTEK University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Technology

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may bereproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means.


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Contents

Abbreviations and Terms 3

1 Design of the Bachelors Thesis 4

1.1 Thesis Structure 41.2 Layout Instructions 61.3 Tables and Figures 91.4 Mathematical Expressions and Source Code in the Text 101.5 Abstract 121.6 Language Aspects 12

2 Documentation Standards 13

2.1 Research Ethics 132.1.1 General Guidelines 132.1.2 Plagiarism 14

2.2 Referencing Systems 152.3 In-Text Referencing 182.4 Reference List 19

2.4.1 Basic Principles 192.4.2 Printed Sources 20

2.4.3 Internet and Other Electronic Sources 21

3 The Process in Practice 24

3.1 Aim, Scope, Topic and Requirements 243.2 Supervision 253.3 Project Flow and Schedule 263.4 Final Thesis and Its Presentation 273.5 Assessment Criteria 27

4 Maturity Test 28

Literature 29


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Abbreviations and Terms

Documentation (of data or references)

Recording accurate data or details of references (to sourcesused) in a written document.

Final Year Project (FYP)The term used in departments of engineering at English-language universities all over the world to refer to a majorproject undertaken in the final year of study and consisting ofpractical project work and a written report (thesis). The projectis usually carried out in a real-life situation in a company or anorganisation.

Paraphrase A restatement, in ones own words, of something that anotherperson has written. The reference must always be documentedafter a paraphrase.

Quotation A group of words or a short piece of writing borrowed fromanother persons work and repeated word for word, and placedin quotation marks, in ones own work. The reference mustalways be documented after a quotation.

Reference (to source material)An indication in ones workof where a particular piece of

information taken from a source comes from, including both anin-text reference and the elements given in the reference list.

Source A book, journal article or any other document in printed orelectronic form, or a person, that provides information for use ina written piece of work. All sources used in a paper must bereferenced, and the references must be documentedappropriately both in the text and in the reference list.

Thesis A long report based on the final year project, theoreticalbackground research and ones own ideas, and done as part of a

university degree.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)The term used to refer to a Web address needed to locate aresource on the Web. There are three parts to a URL: theprotocol designator (for example: http://), the location of theWeb server on which a resource is held, that is, the domain,(www.bournemouth.ac.uk/) and a path name to that resource(library/using/ plagiarism.html.). When documenting a Webreference in a paper, all three parts must be given, together withother elements of reference.


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1 Design of the Bachelors Thesis

1.1 Thesis Structure

The Final Year Project (FYP), usually carried out in the last year of study, is anextensive individual project, which gives you a chance to demonstrate what you havelearned and further develop your skills and increase your knowledge. It is a supervisedproject, but to a large extent you will be on your own.

The final year project, 15 ECTS credits all in all, includes seminars practical project work a bachelors thesis, that is, a written report on the project, (30-60 pages in

length, excluding appendices), including theoretical background research on thetopic the thesis must include more text than illustrations, such as tables and

figures oral presentation of the project to an audience, usually in a seminar a maturity test.

The paper you are about to write must be constructed in the approved manner andpresented following high documentation standards. In order to be considered anacademic paper, a bachelors thesis must meet the following requirements:

1) It is a formal report on the project you have carried out, with a clearly set andexpressed goal and a clear structure, including theoretical background to thetopic and objective discussion of the results.

2) It is written in academic style and language, with appropriate layout, and itshows that you have sufficient reporting skills to communicate technicalconcepts in writing.

3) It contains sufficient information to enable readers to assess the observationsyou made, to repeat the tests you carried out if they wish, and to determinewhether your discussion of the results and the conclusions you have drawnfrom the results are justified by the data.

4) All the sources used in the report, including all Internet and other electronicsources, are referenced and documented in such a detailed manner thatreaders can easily distinguish between borrowed information and informationthat is your own observation or thinking, and also locate the sources if theywish. Documentation applies to both in-text referencing and the reference listat the end of the report.

As a student of engineering, you should produce a bachelors thesis that is both atechnical document and an academic paper, and they both require a clear structure.The topic and especially the focus of the topic largely determine the details of thestructure, but whatever the topic, the report should include the main sectionsdescribed in table 1. The sections can be further divided into major and minor

subsections where necessary. Each main section of the report should provide ananswer to a question describing the project, as shown in table 1.


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Table 1. Typical structure of an academic paper in engineering

Section Description

Introduction What was the question your project aimed to answer and why?

This section should include a general statement of the topic, background to theproject (such as your reason for choosing the topic, importance of the project,information on your client if appropriate), and a clear statement of the purpose, scopeand goal of your project.

Keep this section short (usually a few paragraphs, no subheadings). Do not give themethods or results of the project in the introduction, and do not list the contents ofthe major sections of the paper here.

Theoreticalbackground

What is already known about your chosen subject area and what is not known?

Discuss ideas in previous studies relevant to your topic (a brief introduction to thecurrent state of knowledge and practice in your subject area). Identify a gap in the

subject area and justify the purpose of your project, that is, the focus of your topic.

Methods andmaterials

How was the project carried out in practice, and how was the data analysed?

Describe the context in which the work was carried out (such as the overall projectand its design, your specific task, work environment) and the workflow. Describe themethods and materials used (accurate details of data, software, materials, methods,techniques). Give a full account of exact test arrangements and measurements carriedout, and accurate details of data analysis.

The issues included in this section depend on the nature of your project. Whateverthe issues, describe them in sufficient detail and in logical sequence.

Results What was found/created/designed/produced?

This section should include a clear presentation of the results, even possible errorsand sources of errors. Use an appropriate mixture of text, tables and figures. In thissection you should also say if you met the goal(s) set in the introduction.

Discussion What do the results mean?

Evaluate the results and the project: such as benefits and drawbacks, reliability,significance and usefulness of the results, validity of any conclusions drawn from theresults, technical and economical aspects. Discuss, for example, possibilities ofapplying the results for other purposes than the initial, and problems encounteredduring the project and decisions made. Evaluate whether the goal set in theintroduction was met: compare the results with those expected.

Provide a critical and objective evaluation of the results and implementation of yourproject, and place the results in context with previous studies (discussed in thetheoretical background section).

Conclusions What can be concluded?

This section usually begins with a restatement of the goal of the project, and includesa brief summary of the key results of the project and a conclusion about thesignificance and implications of the results, for your client and perhaps the field ingeneral. Also mention strengths and limitations of the project and ways in which theproject could be changed and improved if carried out again. In the end recommendfurther action, such as further study, if relevant.

Keep this section short (a few paragraphs, no subheadings), tie in and highlight the

main points of the project and its results and draw a clear conclusion.


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What distinguishes an academic paper, such as a bachelors thesis, from a working-lifeproject report, is the inclusion of the sections Theoretical Background (may also betitled according to the topic, or sometimes Literature Review) and Discussion in the

paper. The theoretical background section should provide the academic contextfor your thesis and also an introduction to your subject area. However, it should notbe too general in nature; it should have a direct link to your project.

The discussion section should provide a critical evaluation of the results and theproject as a whole, its benefits and drawbacks, problems met during the project andsolutions. It may also include some reflection on your own personal developmentduring the project: what you hoped to achieve and what you achieved on a personallevel, and what you learned from the project.

Final Thesis

The final thesis should include the following parts and in the following order ofappearance:

(hardback cover) title page (use the template available on the Tube) English abstract (use the template available on the Tube) (Finnish abstract only native speakers of Finnish use the template on the

Tube) contents (abbreviations, acronyms and terms, if a separate list is relevant) introduction theoretical background section, divided into subsections if necessary sections dealing with methods, materials and results, divided into chapters and

(major and minor) subsections with descriptive titles, depending on the topicand nature of the project

discussion section, divided into subsections if necessary conclusions references (appendices, if relevant).

The templates and instructions for the cover, title page, abstract and thereport itself are available on the Tube: : For student>Studies>Thesis andMaturity Test.

1.2 Layout Instructions

Different educational institutions, companies, professional journals and publishers oftenhave their own house styles to be applied in the layout of papers submitted to them.Follow these instructions when writing your thesis at this university of applied sciences,

beginning from the first draft you write.


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Line Spacing and Font

Write the report on sheets sized A4 and on one side of the sheet only. Note the

following specifications:

line spacingo text: 1.5 throughout the papero abstract and references pages: single (1.0) line spacing

font sizeo text: 11o chapter headings: 12 bold, all subheadings: 11

font style: Arial (NOTE. If source code strings are included in your text, use fontCourier for source code see section 1.4 in this guidebook for a model.)

For instructions on the margins and other layout details, see the updatedMetropolia thesis template and instructions, available on the Tube: ForStudent>Studies>Thesis and Maturity Test.

Page Numbers, Paragraphs and Lists

Position the page number in the top right-hand corner. Start counting the pages fromthe page of Introduction where also the first page number is shown. Number all pagesconsecutively throughout the paper including appendices.

Begin a paragraph at the left margin, that is, do not indent the first line, and leaveone blank line between paragraphs. A paragraph should not be longer than 8-10 lines.Break long paragraphs in two, but on the other hand, do not have too many shortparagraphs in quick succession. Do not write single-line paragraphs or paragraphsconsisting of a single sentence. Vary the length of the paragraphs. Do not begin a newparagraph at the bottom of a page, and similarly, do not end a paragraph at the top ofa new page. Moreover, when thinking of the content and structure, keep in mind thateach paragraph should indicate a new step in the development of the subject.

Alist must not begin or end a chapter or subsection always insert some text (full

sentences) both above and below a list, between a heading and a list, and a list and anew heading. Indent lists from the rest of the text. Use numbers, dashes or bullets tomark the items in a list.Lists should not be longer than about half a page. Finally, notethat the thesis must not be a collection of lists. The thesis must contain more textwritten with full sentences than lists or tables or figures (on the use of tables andfigures, see section 1.3).

You may use different highlighting techniques, such as underlining, bold lettering,italicising and indenting a part of the text, to draw readers attention to a specificpoint, but use them sparingly and consistently and only one at a time.


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Headings: Positioning and Numbering

In the body of the text, position both chapter headings and subheadings so that theybegin at the left margin, that is do not indent them. Leave one blank line between theheading and the text and between the chapter heading and the subheading. It isoutdated style to insert explanatory text between the chapter heading and the firstsubheading. Chapters usually start a new page whereas subheadings do not start anew page. Bold all headings in the text, including unnumbered headings.

Number the headings consecutively (two spaces between the number and theheading). Do not insert a full stop following the number or heading. Begin thenumbering with Introduction, which is chapter heading number 1, and end withConclusions, which is the last numbered heading. However, do not number headings

Abstract, Contents, References, and Appendices. Also note that single divisions areillogical: do not use 2.1.1 if there is no 2.1.2.

Furthermore, do not chop the text into too small pieces by dividing subheadings intofurther and further subheadings. Using more than three levels of headings is seldomnecessary. The number of subheading levels may vary from chapter to chapter. Inaddition to numbered headings you may use unnumbered headings in the text if youwish, but do not include them in the table of contents.

Table of Contents

The table of contents is titled Contents (font size 12 bold). Use the same font size forheadings as in the text but with no bolding, and indent the subheadings. Also give thepage number of the first page of each section.

Leave one blank line between chapters. Leave the same margins as on text pages.See the contents page of this guide and the thesis template (on the Tube) forexamples of the layout of this page.

Appendices

Long lists such as programme listings, lengthy instructions, survey questionnaires,complicated tabular material, long figures or series of figures, and the like should beplaced in an appendix rather than in the text. Note that the plural form ofappendixiseither appendices(Br) or appendixes(Am).

Number appendices consecutively in order of first mention in the text, and give eachappendix a title (font size 12 bold). Use line spacing 1.5 or single and font size 11 or10, depending on the content of the appendix, and use the same margins as on text

pages. Alternatively, use a top margin of 1 cm and place the number and the title ofthe appendix on the same line as the page number. Choose either style but beconsistent.


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Mention each appendix in the text, and refer to it by its number, not by its title: asshown in appendix 1. One appendix may consist of several pages, and the numberand the title of the appendix should appear at the top of each page. Mention both the

number and the title of each appendix on the Contents page. If an appendix containsdata or information borrowed from a source, document the reference as usual andinclude it in the reference list.

1.3Tables and FiguresAll tables and figures must be integrated with the text; in other words, each table andfigure must be mentioned in the text. As a general rule, the text should both introduceand explain the table or figure. Note that the thesis must not be a collection of tables,figures or lists. Most of the paper must consist of full paragraphs written with

complete sentences.

Labelling of Tables and Figures

Number tables and figures in order of presentation in one continuous sequencethroughout the report, including tables and figures in appendices: table 1, table2 etc / figure 1, figure 2 etc. Use single numeration, that is, do not usenumbering according to chapters. Do not include a separate list of tables and/orfigures in your thesis.

Title each table and figure. The title follows the number of the figure/table.Table titles are placed above the table, whereas figure titles go below thefigure. The title must not be a full sentence, a question or a relative clause.

Label all types of illustrations as figures, such as charts, graphs, diagrams, linedrawings, photographs or maps, and number them consecutively. For tables,write headings for each column. Choose terms that summarise the informationin the columns. In figures, explain all symbols used.

Referring to the Sources of Tables and Figures

1 If you have constructed the whole table / figure yourself, no reference is given.2 If you have taken for example the data from a source but otherwiseconstructed the table/ figure yourself, use the following reference, following the

title of the table/ figure:Data gathered from Smith (2009) [4,78] (where Smith is the author ofthe source; if no author is given in the source, use the title of thedocument here)

3 If you have taken the table/figure from a source but somehow modified ityourself, use the following reference:

Modified from Smith (2009) [4, 78], or, Adapted from

4 If you have copied the whole table / figure from a source, with no changes, usethe following reference:Reprinted from Smith (2009) [4, 78], or, Copied from


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Placing of Tables and Figures and Referring to Them in the Text

Always place text both above and below each table and figure and alsobetween each table and figure. Never begin a chapter or subsection with atable or figure: there must always be some text between a heading and a tableor figure.

Mention each table and figure in the text, both before and after itspresentation. The table or figure should appear as soon as possible after its firstmention in the text. Before presentation, write an introductory sentence or twoto lead into the table or figure, and after presentation, explain its significance.Refer to a table or figure in the text by its number, not by its title: for example,The percentages in table 1 illustrate As figure 1 shows Do not capitalise thewords tableand figureand do not insert an article in front.

1.4 Mathematical Expressions and Source Code in the Text

Mathematical Expressions

Mathematical expressions should be set on a separate line clear of the text andcentred, especially if they are referenced, if you want to emphasize them, or if they aredifficult to read or typeset in the body of the text. If you set different mathematicalexpressions on the same line, separate them with spacing together with words orpunctuation. For example:

If a = b, then for all real numbers x,a + x = b + x, ax = bx, a = b.

If you set different mathematical expressions on separate consecutive lines, centreeach expression on the line, as in the example below:

If a = b, then for all real numbers x,a + x = b + x,

ax = bx,a = b.

Grammatically mathematical expressions in the text are sentences or parts ofsentences and you should punctuate them accordingly. If several expressions appear ina single display, as in the examples above, separate them with commas (orsemicolons) and insert a full stop in the end. However, do not insert commas if you seta single multiline expression on consecutive lines; only insert a full stop at the end ofthe whole expression.

Mathematical expressions that are referenced later in the text should be numbered, aswell as expressions that present important results or steps in a calculation or proof.Number the mathematical expressions consecutively throughout the paper. Enclose the

number in parentheses and put it at the right margin. All numbered mathematical


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expressions must be set on a separate line clear of the text, that is, they must notappear on the same line as the text. For example:

Hence it is apparent that13 + 23+ + n3= (1 + 2 + + n)2. (1)

It is important to distinguish between the possible reference number and the numberof the equation (1). Placing the number of the mathematical expression at the rightmargin is a way to make the distinction. In cross-references, place the numbers inparentheses in the text. For example:

Recalling equation (1), it can be concluded thatAs equations (2)-(5) indicated

As a general rule, spell out single-digit numbers (one, twonine) in the text and use

numerals for all others, except when contrasted (for example: 3-12) or appearing witha noun (chapter 2, figure 4). However, when whole and decimal numbers are used asquantitative elements in technical and scientific texts, titles, tables and figures, expressthem as numerals, including single-digit numbers. Even so, do not begin a sentencewith a numeral: either spell out the number or preferably reword the sentence so thatthe number appears elsewhere, or use a conjunction to join the sentence to theprevious sentence. Percentages are always given in numerals. In technical, scientificand statistical texts, the symbol % is used (9%). No space appears between thenumber and the symbol. In humanistic texts the word percentis used (9 percent).

For more information on displaying mathematical expressions in a paper, consult TheChicago Manual of Style(2003), available in the Institute library, and Scientific Styleand Format Seventh Edition(2005), extracts available online (see Literature at the endof this guide for details).

Expression of Source Code in the Text

When you need to include a string of source code in the text, note the following:

use font Courier indent the code label the code strings as listings (Listing + number + title), and use the word

listing + its number when referring to it in the text refer to each listing in the text at least once (the same rule that applies to figures

and tables)

Example:echo


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1.5 Abstract

The abstract should be a structured abstract stating the key points of the report, and it

should be written primarily to a reader who has not read the report. Hence, it shouldmake sense on its own and contain the essence of the paper. It should consist of fourbasic parts in the order stated below (no subheadings or the like), giving a readerinformation on

1 why the project was carried out: the purpose and goal2 how the project was carried out: the methods used3 what was found/created/designed/produced: the results of the project4 what can be concluded: the importance and usefulness of the results, and

possibly recommendations for further study.

The abstract should be short and to the point. Avoid unnecessary detail, especially

when describing the methods, and give emphasis on the results. The abstract shouldbe 150200 words (all words count, even articles and prepositions). The four partslisted above are usually divided into separate paragraphs. Use single-spacing and leaveone blank line between paragraphs. Do not refer to the material in your report or toany sources. Write the abstract in academic style and language. Do not use pronounsI, you or wein the abstract. Use objective writing style.

If you are a native speaker of Finnish, you must include both an English abstract and aFinnish one in your thesis, in this order. The Finnish abstract should have the samecontent and the same impersonal tone as the English abstract. However, on asentence level everything cannot always be expressed in the same order in differentlanguages.

Also note that both the supervisor and the language advisor must approve yourabstract, separately from the rest of the thesis, and in the case of a Finnish abstract,also a lecturer in the Finnish language.

Write the abstract on the abstract template see instructions and thetemplate on the Tube: For Student>Studies>Thesis and Maturity Test.

1.6 Language Aspects

Write the thesis in standard academic English. You may use either British or AmericanEnglish spelling and expressions, but be consistent.

Read the instructions given on the courses of English, regarding academic style andlanguage. In addition, remember the following basics:

1 Do not use contracted verb forms: doesnt does not etc2 Do not use youunless you are writing instructions.3 Do not use weunless you are referring to several people including yourself.4 Use the first person pronoun Iwhen referring to yourself and your

viewpoints. The use of author or writer to refer to oneself is outdatedstyle.


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5 Begin each sentence with a capital letter and end it with a full stop.6 Check that the rest of the punctuation is correct. Incorrect or missing

punctuation may lead to misinterpretation of your message. Especially note

that there must be a comma between a subordinate clause and a mainclause (when appearing in this order in a sentence), or the text will bedifficult to read:

Since the results were as expected, the project could be considered asuccess.

7 Write complete sentences. Check that there is subject and verb (predicate)in each sentence. Remember that a verb form ending ining is not apredicate on its own.

8 Check that there is a subject and verb (predicate) agreement in eachsentence: the subject and predicate must both be singular or both plural.

9 Check that all pronouns agree in number and gender with the nouns theyrefer to. Do not use a pronoun in the first sentence of a paragraph if thenoun that the pronoun refers to is in the previous paragraph: reuse thenoun.

10 Explain all abbreviations when first mentioned in the text: term(abbreviation in parentheses).

11 Divide your text into paragraphs (leave a blank line, no indentation).12 Do not place a heading at the top of each paragraph: a heading must be

followed by more than one paragraph.13 Do not write only main clauses. Use conjunctions and linking words to

connect ideas and paragraphs and to give your text a good structure andlogical flow.

Titles of Headings

Choose titles that describe the whole chapter: try to include both the subject and thefocus of the subject in the title. You may then further specify the chapter in thesubheadings. Headings on the same level should have titles that are parallel in length,style and structure (grammatical form) , that is, they should all be noun phrases, suchas Documentation of references, or alling headings, such as Documenting references.Do not use questions, imperatives, relative clauses or full sentences as titles in a

thesis. Finally, the titles should be short, not longer than one line, and meaningful. Thenumber of chapter headings and subheadings depends on the topic and nature of yourproject, and of course on your own judgment.

Capitalise the first and last word and any major words in a title, except articles a, an,the, short prepositions such as at, as,for, in, on, to, and the coordinating conjunctionsand, but, for, or, nor. This is called headline-style capitalisation. Use it in the body ofthe text and in the table of contents. However, in the reference list and abstract usesentence-style capitalisation: capitalise only the first letter in a title and any propernames. Sentence-style capitalisation in all titles is used for example in libraries andsome academic circles, and it is also a totally acceptable style, although headline style

is far more common in the English-speaking world.


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Abbreviations

Following the Contents page, you may insert a separate list of abbreviations (and

acronyms) containing all the abbreviations used in the thesis, if relevant. Even so,explain each abbreviation in the text when you first mention it and place theabbreviation in parentheses following the term. After the first mention you may useonly the abbreviation in the rest of the paper. A list is useful if many abbreviations areused or if a few are used frequently.

In the text Latin abbreviations, such as e.g. (for example) and i.e. (that is /in otherwords), should be replaced by English words in todays formal writing style.

As a general rule, terms are explained in the text, but if several terms used havedifferent meanings, you may define the terms for use in your paper in a separate list.

See the list of abbreviations and terms in this paper for an example.

2 Documentation Standards2.1 Research Ethics

2.1.1 General Guidelines

Good scientific practice means, among other things, that you understand and followthe rules for direct quotation, paraphrasing, and documentation of references, and that

you are truthful in reporting on the methods and results or any other data in yourwork. Present information and data accurately and in sufficient detail, also in tablesand figures. Make a clear distinction in your writing between your own ideas andarguments and those taken from sources. Use language that is precise andunambiguous and avoid unnecessarily complicated sentence structures, to avoidmisinterpretation. Moreover, do not disclose business-sensitive or classified informationin your work or otherwise, without permission.

Research misconduct is commonly described as three categories of activity:1 Falsification of results: misrepresenting results, in other words deliberately

changing, selecting or omitting results for presentation in your work.2 Fabrication of facts: representing fabricated data, in other words reporting on

tests or results you never performed or obtained or did not perform or obtainusing the methods described in your work.

3 Plagiarism: representing someone elses idea or work or parts thereof as yourown or using any of them in your work without acknowledgement.

2.1.2 Plagiarism

Plagiarism has become a serious issue in educational institutions throughout the world,especially with huge amounts of information available on the Internet for anyone toaccess and download. Plagiarism is intellectual burglary and it is wrong. Not allplagiarism, however, is deliberate, but whether or not, you will be hold responsible for

it. Note that the principles concerning plagiarism apply to both printed and electronic


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sources, including all Internet sources. Knowing and understanding what is consideredplagiarism will help you to avoid it.

For example the following instances are commonly held to count as plagiarism: You quote more than a single phrase directly from another persons work

and use it in your own work without using quotation marks anddocumenting the source.

You paraphrase or summarise passages from another persons work bychanging only a few words or the order of words or sentences, which is anunacceptable citation and is considered plagiarism whether or not youdocument the source.

You paraphrase or summarise passages from another persons work in yourown words, without documenting the source.

You use another persons ideas without documenting the source, or yousubmit or present work as your own which is the work of another person.

You make a copy of all or part of another persons work and present it asyour own by not disclosing the source.

Acceptable paraphrasing or summarising of source material does not, however, meanthat you should replace every single word in the original by another word. Whenparaphrasing or summarising, focus on the content and main ideas of the original andalways try to use your own words, but do not try to paraphrase specialised vocabularyor technical terms.

Do not over-reference either: do not cite common knowledge or provide four to fivereferences to support a single argument. If there is a reference at the end of eachparagraph in your paper, you have not done enough thinking of your own. Usecommon sense and have confidence in your own writing ability.

2.2 Referencing Systems

Referencing the sources you cite in your thesis, whether through direct quotations orindirectly through paraphrasing or summarising, means that you acknowledge the workof others. It is ethical and helps you to avoid plagiarism, and professional courtesyrequires it.

There are many styles of referencing but the primary elements are the same. The twomain styles are the Harvard system or style, also called the authordate system, andthe Vancouver system or style, also called the number system or the citationsequencesystem. In addition, many interpretations of them exist. Today no one style can beconsidered the only right one in any field.

Agree on the system to be used in your thesis with your supervisor before beginning towrite the thesis. In the field of engineering, the number system is the commonly usedsystem and therefore recommended to be used in the theses, especially in IT.


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The Author-Date System (the Harvard System)

The principle of the authordate system is to refer to a source by giving the authors

last name and the year of publication, and possibly the page number, in parenthesesafter the reference in the text as well as in tables and figure legends. In the referencelist, the references are listed in alphabetical order according to the authors last name.

EXAMPLES (the author-date system)

1) references in the text:as indicated in the study (Smith 2011, 58).

Here Smith is the last name of the author of the source (if no author is given in the

source, give the title of the document here), 2011 is the year of publication, and 58is the page number where the piece of information was taken from.

NOTE. THE PLACE OF FULL STOP: When the full stop is placed after the reference,the reference refers only to the previous sentence, as in the above example. Whenit should refer to several previous sentences or the whole paragraph, the full stopis placed at the end of the sentence and also inside the reference, as in theexample below:

as indicated in the study. (Smith 2011, 58.)

2) references in the reference list:List the references in the reference list in alphabetical order according to theauthors last name. If no author is given in the source, begin the reference by thetitle of the document. Give the details in the following order (the first example is anonline document, the second a printed book). For more examples on differenttypes of references in the reference list, see section 2.4.

Tidwell Doug (2009) Cloud Computing with PHP, part 1: Using Amazon S3 with theZend Framework [online]. Developer Works, 22 September 2009.URL: http://www.ibm.com/developerwords/opensource/library/os-php-cloud1.

Accessed 9 January 2011.

Weaver Patrick (2004) Success in your project: a guide to student systemdevelopment projects. Harlow, England, Prentice Hall.


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The Number System (the Vancouver system)

The principle of the number system is to number the sources consecutively in the

order they are first referred to in the text, and this applies to both printed and allelectronic sources. The reference number, and possibly the page number, is placed insquare brackets after the reference throughout the text, tables and figure legends. Inthe reference list, the references are listed according to the number they were given inthe text, not alphabetically. This system is commonly used in the field of engineering.

Even in the number system, it is a good idea to use the authors names or other verbalindicators of the sources in the text when writing the first draft of the report andnumbering them only in later drafts. Otherwise you will have to renumber all thereferences if you add, change or delete source information during the writing process.

EXAMPLES (the number system)

1) references in the text:... as indicated in the study [5,136].

Here 5 is the number of the reference in the reference list and 136 is thepage number.

NOTE. THE PLACE OF FULL STOP: The reference number should be placed as closeto the sentence or part of the text to which it is relevant, to avoid misinterpretationof the source. When the full stop is placed after the reference, the reference refersonly to the previous sentence, as in the above example. When it should refer toseveral previous sentences or the whole paragraph, the full stop is placed at the endof the sentence and one also inside the reference, as in the example below:

as indicated in the study. [5,136.]

2) references in the reference list (see section 2.4.3 for more examples ofdifferent types of references) the numbers here must match with thenumbers in the text:

1. Tidwell Doug. Cloud Computing with PHP, part 1: Using Amazon S3 with theZend Framework [online]. Developer Works; 22 September 2009URL: http://www.ibm.com/developerwords/opensource/library/os-php-cloud1.Accessed 9 January 2011.

2. Weaver Patrick. Success in your project: a guide to student systemdevelopment projects. Harlow, England: Prentice Hall; 2004.

In the reference list, only the last names of authors are often given. However, if youare uncertain of which name is the last name, in the case of foreign names, alwaysgive all the names. Be consistent with your chosen style throughout the paper.


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Indication of Page Numbers in the Text

Indication of page numbers in the text means that you give the exact page number(s)where the cited piece of information can be located in the source. For direct quotationsit is compulsory and it is recommended also for indirect citations. Indicating pagenumbers increases the credibility of your text and makes it easier for a reader to locatethe source. The page number is given after the reference number inside the samebracket (comma, no space). The same rule applies to both printed and electronicsources. Page numbers are commonly used in reliable electronic documents. Considerthe following examples (the examples are according to the number style).

[5,136] The information was borrowed from source 5 on page 136.[5,138-140] This refers to pages 138 through 140 of source 5.

[5,136;7,35] This refers to sources 5 and 7 and respective pages.[5;7] The information was taken from sources 5 and 7. No pagenumbers are indicated in this example.

2.3 In-Text Referencing

In short, provide references every time you use1 direct quotations2 paraphrases or summaries of source material3 somebody elses ideas4 tables, figures, computations or other data borrowed from a source5 any facts that are not common knowledge.

When in doubt, provide a reference. Especially note that in your text you shouldclearly indicate what is your own idea, observation or argument, and what comes fromyour sources.

In the number system, number references in the text consecutively in the order youuse them. Do not give any availability information of the references in the text.Reference numbers in the text must match with the numbers in the reference list.Place reference numbers in square brackets after the reference. If you refer to thesame source again, reuse the original number. In other words, each source is given

only one reference number that is used throughout the paper. For in-text referencingin the author-date system, see section 2.2.

Furthermore, note that each journal article (not the whole journal), each Internetdocument and each chapter written by an individual author in an edited book counts asa separate source that is given its own reference number in the text and reference list.Conversely, a book, manual or the like with a personal or corporate author, or noindication of an author, counts as one source even if you cite different sections of thework, and is given only one reference number which is used throughout the paper.

Direct quotations should be used only for a special reason: a) you quote a definition,

b) the author of the source is an authority and an argument gains credibility by a directquotation, c) the source is an official document and the wording has to be precise. If a


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direct quotation is necessary, place quotation marks around the quotationand numberthe reference as usual. For direct quotations, always indicate the page number. If thequotation is less than two lines, it may be included in the body of the text in quotation

marks. Longer quotations are indented and single-spaced and no quotation marks areused.

Personal communicationis cited in the text only. It does not provide recoverable dataand therefore is not included in the reference list. Do not number this type ofreference. Instead, give the name of the person concerned, provide as exact a date aspossible, and insert the term personal communicationin brackets after the reference;for example: [John Smith, Managing Director, 15 September 2008, personalcommunication]. Give all this information in the text following the cited detail.

In general, the use of personal communication as a reference should be avoided unless

it provides essential information not available from a public source. Ask for permissionfrom the person concerned, preferably in writing.

Cross-references mean that you refer to parts of your own paper. Use the number ofthe chapter, subsection, appendix, table or figure that you refer to, not the pagenumber. In the final thesis, make sure that the cross-references lead to the intendedparts of the text.

2.4Reference List2.4.1 Basic Principles (number system)

(for reference list entries in the author-date system, see section 2.2)

The reference list, titled References, appears at the end of your paper. List allreferences in order by number, not alphabetically, in the same order you cited them inthe text. Each reference is listed only once since the same number is used throughoutthe paper. Also include all electronic sources in the reference list, as well as thesources of any borrowed tables or figures.

On the basis of the information you give in the reference list, a reader should be ableto identify and locate your sources without difficulties. The reference numbers in the

text must match with the numbers in the reference list. All the in-text references mustappear in the reference list, and conversely, do not include any other works in thereference list except those referred to in the text.

Use single spacing and leave one blank line between each entry. Give all the elementsconcerning a reference on the same page. Do not indent, underline or italiciseanything in the reference list, not even the URL of a Web reference.

Finally, dictionaries, grammar books, writing guides, or the like that you have usedonly to improve the quality and style of your text are not included in the reference list.A dictionary is included in the reference list only if you have looked up a particular term

for definition. In that case, also the term looked up and the exact page number mustbe given in the reference list (see example in section 2.4.2).


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2.4.2 Printed Sources

The same basic information should be given of each reference in the reference list,

whether it is a book, book chapter, journal article or electronic document, with someadditional elements depending on the type of the reference.

Examples of Reference List Entries

NOTE: The examples in sections 2.4.2 and 2.4.3 are given according to the numberstyle of referencing since that is the common referencing system in engineering.However, you can easily adapt the examples to the author-date system, if necessary,since the same elements should always be given of references in any system, only theorder of the elements differs.

Of printed sources, give the necessary elements in the following order of appearance.Also note punctuation.

Authors last name one spaceInitial(s) of first name(s) full stop onespaceTitle of workfull stop one spacePlace of publication colon onespacePublisher semicolon one spaceYear of publication full stop

NOTE 1: If you are uncertain of which name is the last name of author, always give allthe names.

NOTE 2: The underlined headings below are for the purposes of this guide only. Donot include any headings in your own reference list.

List all the references in your reference list according to the numbers you gave them inthe text. The numbers in the text must match with the numbers in the reference list.Only the references used in the text are listed in the reference list.

Book, personal author(s)e.g. Brown JS, Duguid P. The social life of information. Boston, MA: Harvard

Business School Press; 2000.

Gerson SJ, Gerson SM. Technical writing: process and product. 2nd ed.Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1997.

Book, editor(s)e.g. Keisler S, editor. Culture of the Internet. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum; 1997.

Book, corporate author (institution, organization or the like)The institution or organization is given in place of an author.

e.g. Science and Technology Policy Council of Finland. Review 2000: thechallenge of knowledge and know-how. Helsinki: Edita; 2000.


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Book chapter by an individual author in an edited bookGive the author and title of the chapter first, followed by In:, then the editorand book title. Also include the page range of the chapter.

e.g. Wiley B. Interoperability through gateways. In: Oram A, editor. Peer-to-peer: harnessing the benefits of a disruptive technology. Sebastopol,CA: OReilly; 2001. p.381-392.

Journal article, personal author(s), or organization or the like as authorGive the author and title of the article first, followed by the title of the journal.

e.g. Boehm B, Basili VR. Software defect reduction top 10 list. Computer2001;34(1):135-137.

Note: Computer = title of journal, one space, 2001 = year of publication, 34 =volume, 1 = number of issue, 135-137 = page range; do not include pin frontof the page range for journal articles; one space between the title of thejournal and the year; no spaces between any of the numbers.

Work with no indication of an author or editorThe title of the work becomes the first element. See the example for dictionaryentry below.

Dictionary entryThe term looked up must be mentioned, followed by the page number.e.g. Dictionary of computing. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1996.

Periodogram. p. 364.

2.4.3 Internet and Other Electronic Sources

The basic rule is that the same information should be given of an electronic source asof a printed source with the addition of the type of medium (e.g. online), the URL (theInternet address) or other indication of access, and the date of access. A commonmistake is to provide only the address of the electronic document, which is notsufficient information.

Always evaluate the reliability of an Internet document before using it as a source inyour paper. Do not take the information presented at face value. Specifically, look atthe domain of the document, and look for indication of a person, institution or the likeresponsible for producingthe document (author). Do not mix this with a person or thelike maintainingthe document.

Note that all the references or even the majority of the references in your thesis shouldnot be Web references. Web references may be deleted, changed or moved relativelyquickly, and a so-called dead link in your thesis would seriously undermine thecredibility of your work.


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According to universal standards on documenting electronic references in academicpapers, the following information should always be given in the reference list of eachelectronic reference:

1 Name of author, if givenIf no author is given, the smallest identifiable institutional unit responsible forproducingthe document should be given in place of an author. This isequivalent of the corporate author of printed sources. Do not mix this with theorganisation maintainingthe document.

2 Title of document (including number and the like, if an official document)3 Type of medium, in square brackets: [online; serial online; DVD; CD-ROM;

computer programme]4 Place of publication (location of the publishing institution or company): often

requires tracing back in the URL.

5 Publisher: institution, organisation or the like that publishes the document.6 Date of publication/update/modification: e.g.25 August 2008.7 Availability: URL for Internet sources; for others, type of medium (see point 3)8 Date of access: e.g. Accessed 15 September 2008.

Of Internet sources, give the necessary elements in the reference list in the followingorder of appearance. Also note punctuation:

Authors last name one spaceInitial(s) of first name(s) (if no author isgiven, give the institutional unit responsible for producing thedocument, if given) full stop one spaceTitle of document one space[online] full stop one space Place of publication colon one spacePublisher semicolon one spaceLast update of the document full stopURL: full path to the document full stop one space

Accessed (the exact date when you accessed the document)full stop

If you cannot find most of the elements above for your electronic source, do not usethat source in your thesis. No indication of most of the elements above is a sign of anunreliable source.

NOTE the following points in the reference list:1 A URL always begins a new line.2 Do not underline a URL in the reference list.3 If a URL is longer than one line, break it at a convenient place after a slash (see

the first example below). Do not break a URL at a hyphen.4 Do not capitalise online.5 Be consistent: for example, use either British or American style for expressions

of dates throughout the paper including the reference list (see section 1.6).


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Examples

Internet documentHolland M. Citing references [online]. Academic Services. Poole,England: Bournemouth University; September 2004.URL: http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/academicservices/documents/Library/Citing_References.pdf. Accessed 6 October 2004.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/TechnicalCommittee (TC) 46/Subcommittee (SC) 9. Excerpts from internationalstandard ISO DIS 690-2/1997. Information and documentationibliographic references part 2: electronic documents or parts thereof[online]. Ottawa, Canada: ISO/TC 46/SC 9 Secretariat. National Library

of Canada; 22 August 2002.URL: http://www.collectionscanada.ca/iso/tc46sc9/standard/6902e.htm.Accessed 6 October 2004.

E-journal Zakrwewska JM. Consumer views on managements of trigeminalneuralgia headache [serial online] 2001;41(4):369-376.URL: http://www.swetsnet.nl/link/access_db?issn=0017-8748.Accessed 29 August 2001.

CD-ROM The Oxford English dictionary [book on CD-ROM]. 2nd ed. New York, NY:Oxford University Press; 1992.

Software Epi Info [computer program]. Version 6. Atlanta, GA: Center for DiseaseControl and Prevention; 1994.

Film, filmstrip, broadcast, DVDGive the title, material designation (film, filmstripor the like), subsidiary originator(director), production details (place and organisation), year (for films, the year ofrelease in the country of production is preferred).

Crop duster attack. North by northwest [DVD]. Directed by AlfredHitchcock 1959. Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video; 2000.(in this example, the first title is that of a scene individually accessible in

DVD, and the second title is that of the film)


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3 The Process in Practice

3.1 Aim, Scope, Topic and Requirements

The aim of the final project is to develop and demonstrate the students ability toapply his or her knowledge and skills in a practical specialist task related to his or herprofessional studies (Polytechnic Decree 352/2003, section 7).

The learning objectives of the final year project are that you should be better able to1 work in a systematic and organised way, and within constraints of limited

resources2 cooperate with others including supervisors3 locate sources of relevant information and document them appropriately4 apply the knowledge and skills acquired on various courses during the studies5 use appropriate working methods6 overcome unforeseen problems7 make good decisions and draw justified conclusions8 prepare and give good oral, visual and written presentations, and specifically,

communicate technical concepts both orally and in the written form

The scope of the final year project is 15 ECTS credits, which means about 10 weeksof intensive fulltime work. The project is scheduled in the study programme of the 4thacademic year but you may start planning even earlier.

You should generate the topic of your final year project yourself, and the head of the

degree programme will approve it. The topic must be related to your professionalstudies. A typical case is that a student receives the project as an assignment from acompany or an organisation. If you cannot generate the topic yourself, you will begiven assistance in finding one.

In general, a project is a planned piece of work with a goal, and it is usually designedto improve something, to find information about something or to produce somethingnew. Being your final year project, this project should also involve theoretical study ofyour chosen subject area, based on relevant source material.

The final year project should be a task typically assigned to an engineer in working life,

such as1 developing a product or service2 developing or selecting a production method3 developing or designing a production line, organisation, project, worksite or

quality4 writing a piece of software or an application of a piece of software5 carrying out an applied research project.

Once you have chosen your topic, define it, make any necessary limitations to it, andset a goal for your work. During the project you may specify the topic and the goalfurther if necessary. Give your thesis a title which describes it as precisely as possible.

The title should tell the reader both the topic and the focus of the topic, in other wordsit should also demonstrate the scope of the project.


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The requirements of the final year project consist of1 participating in seminars (attendance compulsory)2 carrying out the project work3 writing a formal report (bachelors thesis) of 30-60 pages on the project4 giving an oral presentation of the project in a seminar attended by both

students and teachers5 taking a maturity test.

The work is often done in the premises and with the equipment of the companyassigning you the final year project. If the project is carried out as a paid assignment,you will have to agree on the salary with the company yourself.

The final year project is an individual assignment, and thus each student carries outthe work independently and writes an individual report (thesis) based on the project.

Even if the final year project is a part of a large project and several studentsparticipate in it, each student will write an individual thesis based on his or her share inthe project.

Bachelors and masters theses are public documents. According to the guidelinesgiven by the Ministry of Education to polytechnics and universities (2004), no part of athesis is to contain classified information.

3.2 Supervision

The final year project is an individual major piece of guided work. The head of thedegree programme will appoint you a supervisor (a lecturer in a professional subject)before the beginning of the project. If the project is an assignment from a company,the company will appoint you an instructor responsible for instructing you in thepractical part of the project. At the end of the project, the instructor will give astatement of your final year project for assessment. In addition, a language advisor(a lecturer in the English language) will advise you on reporting, use of English, layout,and documentation details.

Regular meetings with the supervisor especially during the writing process, and notonly at the end of the process, will help you to stay on track while writing the report,

and to complete your project and thus graduate on schedule.

All students in the English-language degree programmes are required to write theirtheses in English. Also note that the supervisor and the language advisor may onlygive you some advice and guidance, but in the end you alone will be responsible forboth the content of the thesis and the language usage.


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3.3 Project Flow and Schedule

From the students viewpoint, the project can be seen to consist of nine different

phases, summarised in table 2. There may be some variation in the process dependingon the degree programme but this is the general flow of the process.

Table 2. Project flow

Phase for student Event for student Supervision Approval

Participation in the preliminaryseminar (attendancecompulsory).

Preliminary seminar,3 h, 3rd academicyear

Head of the degree programme:general information on the finalyear project and recommendedschedule

1 Topic selection and proposalfor the topic. Reading the

instructions in the Guide.

Meeting with supervisor Head of the degreeprogramme: topic

2 Creating a written project plan(1-2 pages): the topic, the goaland a draft of the contents page.

Meeting with supervisor Supervisor:project plan

3 Locating and studying relevantsource material. Planning theschedule and methods.

Meetings with supervisor andinstructor

4 Carrying out the project workand writing a rough draft of thethesis.

Seminar: oralpresentation of thetopic and methods

Meetings with supervisor andinstructor

5 Revision of the rough draft

step by step into the final draftand considering feedback fromreaders.

Seminar: oral

presentation of theproject flow andproblems

Meetings with and feedback

from readers: supervisor,instructor, (language advisor)

6 Revision of the final draft andconsidering feedback fromreaders.

Meetings with and feedbackfrom readers: supervisor,instructor, language advisor

7 Producing the final thesis,including abstract(s): finalcorrections on the basis offeedback.

Seminar: oralpresentation of theproject and results,15 min

SupervisorLanguage advisor

8 Preparation for the maturity

test: reading the instructions inthe Guide.

Maturity test, 3 h Supervisor

Language advisor(passed/failed)

9 Submission of the final thesis:check the current instructions forthis on the Tube(Students>Studies>Thesis andMaturity Test) or from yourdegree programme

Assessment of the project andthe thesis: supervisor, instructor,language advisor

Supervisor(grade 1-5)

The final year project is scheduled in the study programme of the 4th academic year

but you may start planning and even carrying out the project in the industrialplacement in the 3rd academic year or in a summer job. In the 3rd academic year, thehead of your degree programme usually organises a preliminary seminar, and your


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participation in this seminar is a prerequisite for your project to be supervised in yourdegree programme. As shown in table 2, a recommended schedule for the project willbe given in the preliminary seminar. When planning your own schedule, note that you

must give the supervisor and the language advisor enough time to see through yourdraft and read the final thesis. If you submit the thesis to your supervisors on too tighta schedule, it may delay your graduation to the following graduation day.

3.4 Final Thesis and Its Presentation

For specific instructions on the submission of the thesis, check the current instructionson the Tube (Students>Studies>Thesis and Maturity Test) or from your degreeprogramme.

Furthermore, be prepared to give an oral presentation of your final year project in a

seminar. Both students and teachers will attend the seminar, and after yourpresentation you should allow them an opportunity to ask questions. The duration ofthe presentation should be approximately 15 minutes, not including questions andanswers. The presentation should cover the goal, implementation and results of yourfinal year project. Prepare a few slides to illustrate your presentation.

3.5 Assessment Criteria

The supervisor will assess the final year project in general and the bachelors thesisfrom the viewpoint of the content, structure, and documentation in general, and thelanguage advisor from the viewpoint of the style and language, layout, anddocumentation details. The instructor will assess the final year project from theviewpoint of the practical project work.

The areas and factors to be assessed include the following:1 Selection and relevance of the topic, planning the project, setting the objectives2 Implementation of the project: evidence of relevant background research,

execution of the project, the methods used, creativity in problem-solving3 Evaluation and discussion of the results: reliability, validity, error analysis,

interpretation, evidence of original thought4 Conclusions drawn from the results and the overall project5 Achievement of the project objectives; significance and implications of the

results and the overall project

6 The process of carrying out the project: overall grasp of the project, initiative,independence, organisation of work, consideration of instructions andschedules, consideration of feedback, project and team working skills

7 Written presentation: thesis content, organisation of content, use ofillustrations, use and documentation of source material, expertise

8 Written presentation: reporting skills; style, language and format of the thesis9 Oral presentation: content, structure, delivery, illustrations, expertise10 Maturity test: content and language usage.

The grade as well as the title of the final year project will be entered into the degreecertificate.


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4 Maturity Test

For a Bachelor of Engineering degree, you need to take a written maturity test in the

subject area of your thesis. In the test you should demonstrate familiarity with thesubject area and a good command of the English language. Native speakers of Finnishare required to write the test in Finnish irrespective of the language of the thesis. Thisrequirement is based on law.

Read the following instructions before taking the maturity test:

Enrolment: After both the supervisor and the language advisor have given youpermission, enrol for the maturity test, arranged about six times during eachacademic year, by filling in the exam envelope (that is, the re-sit envelope).Check the dates of the maturity tests from your degree programme.

Topic: In the test you will be given three topics, chosen by your supervisor andrelated to the subject area of your final year project. Choose one of them asthe topic of your maturity test. The given topics will be clearly defined, that is,both the topic and the focus of the topic will be specified, and the content ofyour writing must correspond to them.

Audience: Direct your writing to readers who have a general knowledge ofyour field but are not familiar with your subject area and have not read yourthesis. The audience is usually specified in the topic instructions.

Length and format: The text you write should be about 400 words in length(all words count, even articles and prepositions) and in the form of anessay/article/report, as specified in the topic instructions.

The essay/article/report should have a clear structure (introduction, main pointsin a logical order, conclusion), and it should consist of whole paragraphs writtenwith complete sentences. Write the topic at the top of the first page, and use afew subheadings in the text if necessary. However, there must notbe asubheading at the top of each paragraph. Do not include lists, tables or figuresin your text. Write the essay/article/report in academic style and language.

Assessment: Both the supervisor and the language advisor will assess the testand mark it as either passed or failed. The test can be failed if the contentdoes not correspond to the topic or does not demonstrate a sufficientknowledge of the subject area. The test can also be failed if the languageusage does not demonstrate a good command of the English language andformal style, or if the provided text consists of lists or the like, or is not of therequired length.

If you fail the test, you will be required to contact your supervisor or languageadvisor for feedback before re-sitting the test.


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engineers. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI)Lecture Notes Number 164; 2003. p. 59-127.

Chicago manual of style. 15th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2003.

Coffin C, Curry MA, Goodman S, Hewings A, Lillis TM, Swann J. Teaching academicwriting: a toolkit for higher education. London: Routledge; 2003.

Crystal D. English as a global language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress; 2003.

Gerson SJ, Gerson SM. Technical writing: process and product. 2nd ed. Upper SaddleRiver, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1997.

Good scientific practice and procedures for handling misconduct and fraud in science.Helsinki: National Advisory Board on Research Ethics; 2002.

Hacker D. A writers reference. 4th edition. Boston: Bedford/St.Martins; 1999

Hall GM, editor. How to write a paper. 2nded. London: BMJ Books; 1998.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/Technical Committee (TC)46/Subcommittee (SC) 9. Excerpts from international standard ISO DIS 690-2/1997.

Information and documentation bibliographic references part 2: electronicdocuments or parts thereof [online]. Ottawa, Canada: ISO/TC 46/SC 9 Secretariat.National Library of Canada; 22 August 2002.URL: http://www.collectionscanada.ca/iso/tc46sc9/standard/6902e.htm.Accessed 6 October 2004.

Learning Resource Centre. References according to the Vancouver style [online].Toronto: The Michener Institute; 4 October 2004.URL: http://www.michener.on.ca/lrc/lrcvanco.php. Accessed 6 October 2004.

Lilleyman JS. Titles, abstracts and authors. In: Hall GM, editor. How to write a paper.

2nd ed. London: BMJ Books; 1998. p. 36-45.

Mustonen E, PaananenPorkka M. Final year project: writers guide. Study materials D,2002:3 Espoo: EspooVantaa Institute of Technology; 2002.

Norman J. The results. In: Hall GM, editor. How to write a paper. 2nd ed. London: BMJBooks; 1998. p.21-30.

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Nyh MR, Laukkanen K. Insinrityohjeet. 5. uudistettu painos. Oppimateriaalit D,2002:2. Espoo: EspoonVantaan teknillinen ammattikorkeakoulu; 2002.

Official definitions of research misconduct [online]. Cleveland, OH: The Online EthicsCenter for Engineering and Science at Case Western Reserve University.URL: http://onlineethics.org/reseth/defns/html. Accessed 19 October 2004

Opetusministeri. Opinnytetiden julkisuus. Kirje yliopistoille jaammattikorkeakouluille. Dnro 3/500/2004. Helsinki; 28.1.2004.

Plagiarism [online]. Poole, England: Bournemouth University Library.URL: http:// www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/using/plagiarism.html.Accessed 6 October 2004.

Rantapuska S, Kankkunen A. Insinrityn arviointikriteerit. Opinnytety. Jyvskyl:Jyvskyln ammattikorkeakoulu, Ammatillinen opettajakorkeakoulu; 2003.

Shelton JH. Handbook for technical writing. Lincolnwood, IL: NTC Business Books;1996.

Spinellis D. The decay and failures of Web references. Communications of the ACMJanuary 2003,46(1):71-77.

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Swales JM, Feak CB. Academic writing for graduate students: essential tasks and skills.

2nd ed. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press; 2004.

Taylor BN, Mohr PJ. The NIST reference on constants, units and uncertainty:International System of Units (SI) [online]. NIST Physics Laboratory. National Instituteof Standards and Technology (NIST); 2004.URL: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/index.html. Accessed 2 February 2005.

Valtioneuvoston asetus ammattikorkeakouluista. Asetus nro 352/2003. Helsinki:Suomen sdskokoelma; 15.5.2003.

Weaver P. Success in your project: a guide to student system development projects.

Harlow, England: Prentice Hall; 2004.

NOTE: The URLs cited in this list were functional in March 2005.

Thesis Guide Bachelor

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