Thesis Fina Neil

7/25/2019 Thesis Fina Neil

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AN ASSESSMENT OF THE POLITICAL ORIENTATION AND

POLITICAL PARTICIPATION OF BARANGAY 2, ZONE 1 IN THEFIRST DISTRICT OF TONDO MANILA

An Undergraduae T!e"#"

Pre"ened T$ T!e

Fa%u&' $( De)ar*en $( P$&##%a& S%#en%e

In"#ue $( Ar" and S%#en%e"

Far Ea"ern Un#+er"#'

In Par#a& Fu&(#&*en $( !e Reu#re*en" ($r !e

Reg#$na& and Inerna#$na& Organ#-a#$n . POL S1/

0$!n Dan#e& E F#nu&#ar

An#%e$ A**uga$

0e"e&ea Laga"%a

0a'+ee Ba&&e"er$"

Fe&#%#""#*$ Ten$r#$



2

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACGROUND

INTRODUCTION

T!e "ud' $( )$&##%a& %u&ure #" #*)$ran #n under"and#ng !e )$&##%a& &#(e

#n an' "$%#e' 3!#&e !e "ud' $( #n"#u#$n" "u%! a" )$&##%a& )ar#e", &eg#"&a$r",

#nere" gr$u)", and !e 4ureau%ra%' and !$5 !e' $)erae #" #*)$ran, # %ann$

)r$+#de a (u&& under"and#ng $( a "$%#e'6" )$&##%a& )r$%e""e" T!e #n"#u#$na&

"ru%ure $( !e )$&##%a& "'"e* and !e#r d'na*#%" $n&' ($r* !a&( $( !e )$&##%a&

eua#$n 3!a #" a&"$ ne%e""ar' #n $rder $ ga#n "u%! a %$*)&ee under"and#ng#" $ e7a*#ne #n an #negraed *anner a "$%#e'6" %u&ura& ($unda#$n" 5!#%! #"

)$&##%a& "'"e* $)erae" T!e "ud' $( !e &aer !a&( $( !e eua#$n #" %$**$n&'

8n$5n a" "ud' $( 9)$&##%a& %u&ure: E!r#dge ;2//<= de(#ned )$&##%a& %u&ure a"

!e )$&##%a& a#ude", 4e&#e(", +a&ue" and "8#&&" 5#!#n an en#re )$)u&a#$n, a" 5e&&

a" !$"e 5#!#n "e)arae )ar" $( !a )$)u&a#$n I $4+#$u"&' #n%&ude" 8n$5&edge

a4$u )$&##%a& #n"#u#$n" and )r$%e""e", e+a&ua#$n" $( !$5 5e&& !$"e 5$r8,

and e*$#$na& re")$n"e" $ !e )$&##%a& "'"e* a" a 5!$&e

H$5e+er, !#" "ud' d$e" n$ ($%u" $n )$&##%a& %u&ure a" # #" a 4r$ad

er* 3#! !a 4e#ng "a#d, !ere are 5$ #*)$ran %$*)$nen" $( )$&##%a& %u&ure

a" #den#(#ed 4' Ba&& ;2//>=? a#ude" $ !e )$&##%a& #n"#u#$n" $( !e "ae 5!#%!

#" !e )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n, and !e degree $ 5!#%! %##-en" (ee& !e' %an

#n(&uen%e and )ar#%#)ae 5!#%! #" !e )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n P$&##%a& %u&ure #"

4e#ng d#"%u""ed !ere 4e%au"e # !e&)" )e$)&e under"and )$&##%a& &#(e I

en%$*)a""e" !e a%ua& +a&ue", a#ude", and 4e&#e(" !a *$" )e$)&e !$&d #n

+ar#$u" "$%#e#e" P$&##%a& %u&ure *a' e7)&a#n !$5 )e$)&e (ee& a4$u )$&##%" 4u

"#n%e # #" a 4r$ad er* # #" 4eer $ ($%u" $n !e &e+e&" $( )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n and

)$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n T!#" "ud' ($%u"ed $ (#nd $u !e &e+e&" $( )$&##%a&

$r#ena#$n and )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n $( Baranga' 2, Z$ne 1 #n !e (#r" d#"r#% $(

T$nd$ Man#&a



3

T!e &$%a&e $( !e "ud', Baranga' 2, Z$ne 1 #n !e (#r" d#"r#% $( T$nd$

Man#&a 5a" %!$"en ($r !e rea"$n !a # #" a &$5er %&a"" "u4ur4 #n !e n$r!5e"

)$r#$n $( !e %#' $( Man#&a De")#e !e (a% !a # #" 8n$5n ($r 4e#ng $ne $( !e

)$$re" and *$" underde+e&$)ed d#"r#%" $( !e %$unr' and *an' $( !e %#'@"

"&u*" are ($und #n !#" area $er urn$u #" "#&& !#g! #n !#" area Ba"ed $n !e

re%$rd" $( !e COMELEC ;O%$4er 2/1/= !e )$)u&a#$n #" 1,/< and >2<

re"#den" 5ere a4&e $ +$e dur#ng !e &a" e&e%#$n" $u $( !e <1 reg#"ered

+$er" 3#! "u%! *an#(e"a#$n, !#" "ud' $$8 a dee)er &$$8 4' "ud'#ng !e

&e+e&" $( )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n and )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n $( !e &$%a&e

A%%$rd#ng $ !e ADMUIPC ;2//>= $rd#nar' )e$)&e6" a))r$a%! $ e&e%#$n

#" 9)red$*#nan&' )rag*a#% and #n"ru*ena&: and !a e&e%#$n" 9"!$u&d n$ 4e+#e5ed a" a *a$r )$&##%a& e7er%#"e 5!#%! !e e&e%$rae #" e7)e%ed $ a8e

"er#$u"&'? are "$*e $( !e %$n%&u"#$n" rea%!ed 4' a "ud' $( e&e%#$n" #n a

+#&&age #n Baaan ;A&e$, R#+era, and a&en%#a 1, >, 2= T!e au!$r" a&"$

a""er,

E&e%#$n", a" "#e" $( )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n, are "u))$"ed $ 4e e7er%#"e" $(

ra#$na& %!$#%e T!#" +#e5 a""u*e" !a )e$)&e )ar#%#)ae !r$ug! !e

4a&&$" $n !e 4a"#" $( ra#$na& )r#n%#)&e" "u%! a" 9de*$%ra%',: )ar'

)r$gra*", e((#%#en%', %$n"#u#$na& agenda, a&& $( 5!#%! r' $ a((#r* $ne6"

*e*4er"!#) $ and #den#(#%a#$n 5#! ra#$na& and *$dern "ae, !e %ener

!a deer*#ne" !e a&&$%a#$n and u"e $( )$&##%a& )$5er

A&"$ 3$"!#n"8' ;1>= *en#$ned !a )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n 5#&& 4e &$5er #n

)&a%e" #n!a4#ed 4' )$$r 5!$ $4"er+e a 5!$&e !$" $( d#"%r#*#na$r' "$%#a&

d#"#n%#$n" e")e%#a&&' #( 4a"ed $n %&a"" T!#" $( %$ur"e #" a genera& ru&e

e7%e)#$n" a&5a'" e7#" And !e re"ear%!er" ($und $u !a !#" #" !e %a"e #n !e

&$%a&e $( !e "ud' "#n%e +$er urn$u #" !#g! Laer $n #n !e "ud', # 5#&& 4e

re+ea&ed !a !#" #" n$ !e %a"e #n Baranga' 2, Z$ne 1 #n !e (#r" d#"r#% $(

T$nd$ Man#&a

THEORETICAL FRAME3OR



4

ar#a4&e" A((e%#ng P$&##%a& Or#ena#$n and Par#%#)a#$n $( 3$"!#n"8'

;2//= #den#(#ed %&a"" a" $n $( !e +ar#a4&e" !a a((e% )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n and

)ar#%#)a#$n O!er !#ng" 4e#ng eua&, !e &$5er '$u are $n !e $e* )$&e $(

&#(e, !e &e"" &#8e&' # #" !a '$u 5#&& 4e%$*e a )$&##%a& a%#+#" Un"8#&&ed 5$r8er"

are &e"" &#8e&' !an are 4u"#ne"" e7e%u#+e" $ read a4$u )$&##%", a&8 a4$u

)$&##%", +$e, $r run ($r $((#%e M#dd&e%&a"" )r$(e""#$na&" 5#&& 4e *$re a%#+e !an

)e$)&e $n 5e&(are Fur!er*$re, 3$"!#n"8' ;11= *ade a "r$ng "an%e !a

!e (e5er '$u !a+e $( !e %!ara%er#"#%" a""$%#aed 5#! )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n,

!e &e"" &#8e&' # #" !a '$u 5#&& de+e&$) an' %$nne%#$n $ !e 5$r&d $( )$&##%"

T!e !e$r' #" a4$u !$5 "$%#a& %&a"" #" %$ndu%#+e #n #den#('#ng a )er"$n6"

)$&##%a& $r#ena#$n and )ar#%#)a#$n A%%$rd#ng $ E!r#dge ;2//<= a )er"$n6"S$%#$e%$n$*#% Sau" ;SES= #" deer*#ned 4' #n%$*e, edu%a#$n and $4 "au"

Ba"#%a&&', !e !e$r' #" a4$u !e !#g!er a )er"$n6" "$%#a& %&a"", !e !#g!er

!e &#8e&#!$$d !a !e $r "!e 5#&& 4e a +$er A" a re"u&, !e u))er "$%#a& %&a""e"

are (ar *$re &#8e&' $ +$e and !a+e !e#r +$#%e" !eard #n !e )$&##%a& )r$%e"" I( a

)er"$n 4e&$ng" $ *#dd&e %&a"", !e !a" an a+erage )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n and

)ar#%#)a#$n Sa*e g$e" 5#! )e$)&e 5!$ 4e&$ng $ &$5er %&a"", !e' are &e""

&#8e&' $ )ar#%#)ae "#n%e !e' !a+e &$5 )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n

CONCEPTUAL FRAME3OR

T!#" )ar $( !e %!a)er )re"ened !e )arad#g* $( !e "ud', a" "!$5n #n

F#gure 1 T!#" )arad#g* "er+ed a" a gu#de #n under"and#ng !e %$nen $( !e

"ud'



5

F#gure 1 Parad#g* $( !e Sud'

T!e "ud' e+$&+ed ar$und !e d#"%u""#$n %$n%ern#ng !e )$&##%a& %u&ure $(

!e %$**un#' a" )er%e#+ed 4' "e&e%ed re"#den" $( Baranga' 2, Z$ne 1, F#r"

D#"r#%, T$nd$ Man#&a

T!e )arad#g* $( !e "ud' "!$5ed !$5 re")$nden"6 "$%#a& %&a"" a((e%

!e#r )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n and # urn 5$u&d a((e% !e#r )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n U"#ng

"$%#a& %&a"" a" a +ar#a4&e 5a" %r##%a& #n %&a""#('#ng and under"and#ng !e

)$&##%a& %u&ure $( !e %$**un#'

I (ur!er "!$5ed !$5 a )er"$n 4e&$ng#ng $ a !#g! "$%#a& %&a"", !a" a

!#g! )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n !a 5$u&d 4e euae $ a !#g! )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n

!r$ug! &$%a& and na#$na& e&e%#$n" I6" !e "a*e 5#! a )er"$n 4e&$ng#ng $

*#dd&e %&a"", !e !a" an a+erage )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n and )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n

F$r a )er"$n 4e&$ng#ng $ a &$5er %&a"" !e 5#&& !a+e &$5 )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n and

&$5 )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n

In !e )arad#g* $( !e "ud', # #&&u"raed !e (&$5 $( re&a#$n"!#) 4e5een

!e "$%#$e%$n$*#% )r$(#&e $( !e re"#den", 5!#%! 5a" ")e%#(#%a&&' !e "$%#a&

%&a"" In !#" "ud' !e ($%u" #" $n !e &$5er %&a"", and !$5 !e &e+e& $( !e#r

H#g! P$&##%a&

Or#ena#$n

A+erage P$&##%a&Or#ena#$n

L$5 P$&##%a&Or#ena#$n

H#g! P$&##%a&

Par#%#)a#$n

A+erage P$&##%a&Par#%#)a#$n

L$5 P$&##%a&Par#%#)a#$n

U))er C&a""

M#dd&e C&a""

L$5er C&a""

S$%#a&

C&a""

P$&##%a&

Or#ena#$n

P$&##%a&

Par#%#)a#$n



6

)$&##%a& $r#ena#$n #" a""$%#aed $ !e#r )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

T!#" "ud' a#*ed $ #den#(' !e )$&##%a& %u&ure $( !e re"#den" $( Baranga' 2, Z$ne 1, F#r" D#"r#%, T$nd$ Man#&a u"#ng "$%#a& %&a"" a" a +ar#a4&e

S)e%#(#%a&&', # ae*)ed $ (#nd an"5er" $ !e ($&&$5#ng ue"#$n"?

1 3!a #" !e "$%#$e%$n$*#% )r$(#&e $( !e re")$nden" #n er*" $(?

a Age

4 Gender

% Edu%a#$na& Aa#n*en

d O%%u)a#$n

e In%$*e

2 3!a #" !e &e+e& $( )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n $( !e re")$nden"

J 3!a #" !e &e+e& $( )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n $( !e re")$nden"

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

T!#" 5a" a "ud' !a ($%u"ed $n !e )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n and )$&##%a&

)ar#%#)a#$n $( !e re"#den" $( Baranga' 2, Z$ne 1, F#r" D#"r#%, T$nd$ Man#&a

A&"$, # %$+ered !e re&a#$n"!#) $( "$%#a& %&a"" ")e%#(#%a&&' !e &$5er %&a""

$ )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n and )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n $( !e "a#d &$%a&e

T!#" "ud' 5a" &#*#ed $n&' $ "e&e%ed re")$nden" 5!$ 5ere re"#den" $(

Baranga' 2, Z$ne 1, F#r" D#"r#%, T$nd$ Man#&a ($r !e 'ear 2/1/ "#n%e # #" a

&$5er %&a"" "u4ur4 #n !e n$r!5e" )$r#$n $( !e %#' $( Man#&a De")#e !e (a%

!a # #" 8n$5n ($r 4e#ng $ne $( !e )$$re" and *$" underde+e&$)ed d#"r#%" $(

!e %$unr' and *an' $( !e %#'@" "&u*" are ($und #n !#" area $er urn$u #"



7

"#&& !#g! #n !#" area

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

T!#" "ud' 5a" a "#gn#(#%an endea+$r #n a""e""#ng !e )$&##%a& $r#ena#$nand )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n $( a %$**un#' #n !e P!#&#))#ne" T!#" "ud' 5a"

dee*ed 4ene(#%#a& $ !$"e 5!$ are #n !e (#e&d $( )$&##%" S$ !e' %an ($r*u&ae

e((#%#en 5a'" $ rea%! !e )e$)&e, )$""#4&' *a8#ng !e g$+erned *$re a5are

and )ar#%#)ae #n !e#r &$%a& and na#$na& g$+ern*en a((a#r"

T!#" "ud' 5a" a&"$ dee*ed 4ene(#%#a& $ "uden" e")e%#a&&' #n !e (#e&d $(

P$&##%a& S%#en%e 4e%au"e # #den#(#ed &e+e&" $( )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n and )$&##%a&

)ar#%#)a#$n $( !e F#&#)#n$ )e$)&e #n a %$**un#'

P$&##%#an" 5ere %$n"#dered $ 4ene(# (r$* !#" "ud' ($r !e' 5$u&d 4e

a4&e $ 8n$5 5!a !e &e+e&" $( )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n and )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n $(

!e %$**un#' are T!#" "ud' 5a" a&"$ %$n"#dered 4ene(#%#a& $ !e +$#ng )u4&#%

and !e reader" a" !#" #den#(#ed !e#r )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n and )$&##%a&

)ar#%#)a#$n are T!e reader" %an re&ae $ !#" "ud' 4e%au"e !e' are )ar $( a

)$&##%a& "$%#e'

I a&"$ "er+ed a" a (uure re(eren%e ($r re"ear%!er" $n !e "u4e% $(

)$&##%a& $r#ena#$n and )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n

DEFINITION OF TERMS

F$r !e )ur)$"e $( !#" "ud' !e ($&&$5#ng 5ere de(#ned %$ne7ua&&' $r

$)era#$na&&'

A""e""*en re(er" $ !e a% $( e+a&ua#ng !e )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n and

)$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n $( Baranga' 2, Z$ne 1 #n !e (#r" d#"r#% $( T$nd$ Man#&a

Baranga' !e 4a"#% )$&##%a& un# #n !e P!#&#))#ne" 5!#%! "er+e" a" !e

)r#*ar' )&ann#ng and #*)&e*en#ng un# $( !e g$+ern*en )$&#%#e", )r$gra*",

)r$e%", and a%#+##e" #n !e %$**un#'



8

Leg##*ae Re"#den re(er" $ a )er"$n &#+#ng #n Baranga' 2, Z$ne 1 #n !e

(#r" d#"r#% $( T$nd$ Man#&a ($r a &ea" "#7 ;= *$n!"

P$&##%a& Cu&ure a" u"ed #n !#" "ud', re(er" $ !e a#ude" !a "$%#e#e"

!$&d $5ard )$&##%"

P$&##%a& Or#ena#$n # re(er" $ !e 8n$5&edge $( !e re"#den" 5#!

regard" $ !e P!#&#))#ne g$+ern*en "'"e* and %urren e+en" #n !e )$&##%a&

arena

P$&##%a& Par#%#)a#$n A" u"ed #n !e "ud', !e a% $( +$#ng

$e An a% $( e7er%#"#ng $( $ne6" r#g! $ "u((rage



9

CHAPTER 2

REIE3 OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

T!#" %!a)er )re"ened !e &#eraure and "ud#e" !a 5ere re+#e5ed 4'!e re"ear%!er" 5!#%! !ad "#gn#(#%an 4ear#ng 5#! !e %$ndu%ed "ud'

FOREIGN LITERATURE

One 5$u&d !$)e !a #n a de*$%ra#% "$%#e' a&& )e$)&e 5$u&d 4e eua&&'

eager $ e7er%#"e !e#r r#g! $ +$e and 4e !eard Ander"$n ;2//>= !ad #den#(#ed

!e gr$u) !a *$" &#8e&' $ +$e 5a" $&der, 4eer edu%aed, and (#nan%#a&&'

4eer $(( !an !e a+erage %##-en In "$%#$&$g#%a& er*", age, #n%$*e, and

edu%a#$n are !e "r$nge" )red#%$r" $( 5!e!er "$*e$ne 5#&& +$e T!e !#g!er

a )er"$n6" "$%#a& %&a"", !e !#g!er !e &#8e&#!$$d !a "!e $r "!e 5#&& 4e a +$er

A" a re"u&, !e u))er "$%#a& %&a""e" are (ar *$re &#8e&' $ +$e and !a+e !e#r

+$#%e" !eard #n !e )$&##%a& )r$%e"" In add##$n, Ba&& ;2//>= *en#$ned !a !e

"$%#$e%$n$*#% "ru%ure #" an$!er (a%$r #n(&uen%e )$&##%a& %u&ure A

)red$*#nan&' ur4an, #ndu"r#a&#-ed "$%#e' #" a *$re %$*)&e7 "$%#e', )u#ng a

)re*#u* $n ra)#d %$**un#%a#$n" Edu%a#$na& "andard" are !#g!er, #nere"

gr$u)" )r$&#(erae, and )u4&#% #n !e de%#"#$n*a8#ng )r$%e"" #" $( ne%e""#',

5#der Rura& "$%#e#e" are n$ geared $ %!ange and #nn$+a#$n, and "ae" 5#! a

)red$*#nan&' )ea"an )$)u&a#$n end $ 4e *$re %$n"er+a#+e T!ere #" n$

a&5a'" a d#re% &#n8 4e5een !e &e+e& $( "$%#$e%$n$*#% de+e&$)*en and

)ar#%#)a$r' &#4era& de*$%ra%#e" 4u n$ne !e &e"" 4u n$ne !e &e"" !ere are

re)er%u""#$n" $n %era#n )$&##%a& a#ude" and +a&ue" L$'a&' $ na#$na&, a"

$))$"ed $ reg#$na&, gr$u)" #n *$re a %!ara%er#"#% $( an #ndu"r#a&#-ed "$%#e'

He a&"$ *ade *en#$ned !a !ere are 5$ #*)$ran %$*)$nen" $( a )$&##%a&%u&ure? a#ude" $ !e )$&##%a& #n"#u#$n" $( !e "ae, and !e degree $ 5!#%!

%##-en" (ee& !e' %an #n(&uen%e and )ar#%#)ae #n !e de%#"#$n*a8#ng )r$%e""

!$&der" *a' n$ a((e% )$"##+e (ee&#ng" a4$u !e )$&##%a& #n"#u#$n" !e*"e&+e"

A*er#%an" e7)re"" grea "u))$r ($r !e A*er#%an )$&##%a& "ru%ure a" a 5!$&e,

ad*#re !e C$n"#u#$n and 5#&& n$ "u))$r an' an#"'"e* )ar#e" Ye



10

A*er#%an" a&"$ %r##%a& $( )ar#%u&ar )$&##%a& #n"#u#$n", !a+e 4e%$*e *$re

e&e%$ra&&' +$&a#&e and #nde)enden #n er*" $( )ar' "u))$r, and are

d#"#&&u"#$ned 5#! )$&##%#an" e")e%#a&&' C$ngre"" . a" 5e&& a" $!er *a$r "$%#a&

#n"#u#$n" A" ($r )$&##%a& "$%#a&#-a#$n, # #" !e #n"#u#$na&#-a#$n and

de+e&$)*en $( a#ude" $, and 4e&#e(" a4$u, !e )$&##%a& "'"e* T!e )r$%e""

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12

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13

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14

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Pe$)&e d#((er rad#%a&&' (r$* ea%! $!er, de)end#ng $n 5!ere !e' &#+e and !$5

!e' !a+e 4een ra#"ed And a" !u*an 4e!a+#$r +ar#e" (r$* $ne %u&ure $

an$!er, "$ $$ d$e" )$&##%a& 4e!a+#$r

T$ (ur!er under"and !e +$#ng 4e!a+#$r $( a )er"$n 3$"!#n"8' ;1>=

*en#$ned #n !#" 4$$8 !a 9$ne *u" !a+e !e ($r*u&a B ( OE, 5!ere B

"and" ($r 4e!a+#$ur, ( "and" ($r 9a (un%#$n $(,: O "and" ($r !e $rgan#"*,

and E "and" ($r !e en+#r$n*en: T!e ($r*u&a *ean !a 4e!a+#$ur $%%ur"

5!en a g#+en #nd#+#dua& (a%#ng a ")e%#(#% en+#r$n*en *ade a de%#"#$n a4$u !$5



16

$ a% #n !a %#r%u*"an%e He (ur!er "a#d !a !e 9%&a"", gender, re&#g#$n, ra%e,

e!n#%#', age, )&a%e $( re"#den%e, and reg#$n are "$*e $( !e 8e' (a%$r" !a

deer*#ne !$5 a+erage )e$)&e 5#&& 4e!a+e #n )$&##%": S)e%#(#%a&&', !e' are 8e'

#n(&uen%e" $n +$#ng, !a $ne "#gn#(#%an and %$**$n a% a !e *a"" &e+e&

FOREIGN STUDIES

A*er#%an "ae" ea%! !a+e #nd#+#dua& )$&##%a& %u&ure" 5!#%! are #*)$ran

$ $ur under"and#ng $( !e#r )$&##%a& en+#r$n*en", 4e!a+#$r, and re")$n"e" $

)ar#%u&ar #""ue" 3!#&e +$er" )r$4a4&' d$ n$ %$n"%#$u"&' !#n8 a4$u )$&##%a&

%u&ure and %$n($r* $ !a %u&ure $n E&e%#$n Da', !e' "ee* $ ($r* %$!e"#+e

%&u"er" #n d#((eren area" $( !e "ae, %rea#ng "#*#&ar gr$u) )$&##%a& #de$&$g#e"

Be%au"e $( !e"e "#*#&ar##e" E&a-ar ;1<= %$n%&uded !a # 5a" )$""#4&e $

*ea"ure !e d$*#nan )$&##%a& %u&ure 5#!#n "ae" $r area" $( a "ae, ga#n#ng

#n"#g! #n$ !e *#nd"e $( "ae re"#den" 3!ae+er !e "ae %u&ure, 5!e!er

&#4era& $r %$n"er+a#+e, )ar#%#)a$r' $r e7%&u"#+e, )$&##%a& %u&ure #den#(#e"

d$*#nan, "ae5#de rend"

Mean5!#&e, a genera& )r$)$"##$n re&a#ng "#*u&# and )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n

a))ear" re)eaed&' #n !e "ear%! (#nd#ng", 5!#%! "ae" !a !e *$re "#*u&#

a4$u )$&##%" a )er"$n re%e#+e", !e greaer !e &#8e&#!$$d !e 5#&& )ar#%#)ae #n

)$&##%", and !e greaer !e de)! $( !#" )ar#%#)a#$n T!#" 5a" !e "ud' $(

A&&ard Q Pe"$nan #n 1/ A&*$nd Q er4a #n 1J Bere&"$n, La-ar"(e&d Q

M%P!ee #n 1>< Ca*)4e&&, #n 12 Ca*)4e&&, Gur#n Q M#&&er, #n 1>< a-, #n

1> '$g$8u Q I8e, #n 1> La-ar"(e&d, Bere&"$n Q Gaude, Ca*)4e&&, #n

1/ L#)"e, #n 1/ Mar+#%8 Q N#7$n, #n 11 Pe"$nen, #n 11 R$88an Q

Ca*)4e&&, #n 1/ ;a" %#ed #n M#&4ra!, 1>= T!#" )r$)$"##$n "!$u&d n$ 4e

read $ *ean !a re%e)#$n $( )$&##%a& "#*u&# %au"e" )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n I u"

g$e" $ "!$5 !a )er"$n" 5#! a )$"##+e ara%#$n $ )$&##%" are *$re &#8e&' $

re%e#+e "#*u&# a4$u )$&##%" and $ )ar#%#)ae *$re

I #" a ru#"* !a !e greaer !e nu*4er $( )$&##%a& "#*u&# a+a#&a4&e #n !e

en+#r$n*en, !e greaer !e &#8e&#!$$d !a an #nd#+#dua& 5#&& )#%8 !e* u) T!e



17

e%!n$&$g#%a& re+$&u#$n #n !e *a"" *ed#a $( %$**un#%a#$n" !a" *ade )$&##%a&

"#*u&# read#&' a+a#&a4&e $ near&' e+er' %##-en $( *$dern #ndu"r#a&#-ed %$unr#e"

Fur!er*$re, !e da' #" a&*$" a !and 5!en u4#u#$u" )$&##%a& "#*u&#, +#a !e

*a"" *ed#a, 5#&& 4e 5#de&' a+a#&a4&e #n &e"" de+e&$)ed area" E+en !$ug!

)$&##%a& "#*u&# are gener$u"&' a+a#&a4&e, !ere are #*)$ran d#((eren%e" #n !e#r

&e+e& (r$* $ne en+#r$n*en $ !e ne7 3e %an ")ea8 !ere $( !e $+era&&

)$&##%#-a#$n &e+e& $( an #nd#+#dua&6" en+#r$n*en Bere&"$n, La-ar"(e&d Q M%P!ee

#n 1>< Ea&au #n 12 La-ar"(e&d, Bere&"$n Q Gaude, #n 1<< M M#&&er, #n

1>2 D#Pa&*a, #n 1/? er4a Q N#e, #n 12 !ad ($und $u #n !e#r "ud#e" ;a"

%#ed #n M#&4ra!, 1>= !a *#dd&e%&a"" )er"$n" are e7)$"ed $ *$re "#*u&#

a4$u )$&##%" !an 5$r8#ng%&a"" )er"$n" A&"$ Bere&"$n, La-ar"(e&d Q M%P!ee,

#n 1>< La-ar"(e&d, Bere&"$n Q Gaude #n 1<< (#nd#ng 5a" ;a" %#ed #n M#&4ra!,

1>= *en *$+e #n en+#r$n*en" !a+#ng *$re "#*u&# a4$u )$&##%" !an 5$*en

d$ An$!er re"ear%! "ud' 4' A&*$nd Q er4a #n 1J La-ar"(e&d, Bere&"$n Q

Gaude, #n 1<< L#)"e, #n 1/ M M#&&er, #n 1>2= %$n%&uded !a ;a" %#ed #n

M#&4ra!, 1>= )er"$n" end $ #nera% 5#! $!er )er"$n" $( !e#r $5n &e+e& $(

edu%a#$na& aa#n*en, and )er"$n" 5#! !#g!er edu%a#$n 5ere genera&&' *$re

#n+$&+ed #n and a&8 *$re a4$u )$&##%", a *$re !#g!&' edu%aed )er"$n

en%$uner" *$re "#*u&# a4$u )$&##%" !an $ne n$ "$ 5e&& edu%aed One *$re"ud' 4' La-ar"(e&d, Bere&"$n Q M%P!ee #n 1>< ($und $u ;a" %#ed #n M#&4ra!,

1>= !a )$&##%a& %$n+er"a#$n (&$5" *$" naura&&' and (ree&' 5!en )er"$n" $(

!e "a*e "$%#$%u&ura& &e+e& #nera%

An$!er re"ear%! e+#den%e 4' Bere&"$n, La-ar"(e&d Q M%P!ee ;1><=

"ugge"" !a e7)$"ure $ "#*u&# a4$u )$&##%" #n%rea"e" !e uan#' and

"!ar)ne"" $( )$&##%a& 8n$5&edge, "#*u&# #nere", %$nr#4ue" $ !e de%#"#+ene""

$( )$&##%a& %!$#%e", and (#r*" u) aa%!*en $ a )ar' $r %and#dae Mean#ng

)er"$n" 5#! !#g! #nere" and 8n$5&edge a4$u, and e7)$"ure $ )$&##%" are

*$re &#8e&' $ )ar#%#)ae a%#+e&' #n )$&##%"

LOCAL LITERATURE



18

Mar%e&$ e a&, ;2//= #den#(#ed "e+era& (a%$r" !a %$u&d a((e% !e )$&##%a&

%u&ure $( !e )e$)&e Te*)$ %enr#"* a" !e nu*4er $ne (a%$r e7)&a#ned !e

d#((eren%e" 4e5een !e )er")e%#+e" $( a gr$u) !a 4e&$ng $ d#((eren

genera#$n"

Bu 4e($re $ne %an (u&&' under"and !e )e$)&e and !e "'"e*",

"ru%ure" and )r$%e""e", $ne !a" $ e7a*#ne !e )$&##%a& %u&ure Yu0$"e

;1= (ur!er argued !a )$&##%a& %u&ure re(erred $ a )e$)&e@" a#ude" and

$r#ena#$n" $ )$&##%" T!e "e $( "!ared a#ude", 4e&#e(, and +a&ue" 5#! an

en#re )$)u&a#$n a" 5e&& a" 5#!#n !e "e)arae )ar" $( !e )$)u&a#$n #" !a

5!a %$n"#ue" )$&##%a& %u&ure

LOCAL STUDIES

In"#ue $( P!#&#))#ne Cu&ure Aene$ de Man#&a Un#+er"#' ;2//>= %$ndu%ed

a re"ear%! u"#ng ($%u"ed gr$u) d#"%u""#$n" ;FGD= a" a $$& $ ge $ !e ra5

"en#*en" and )er%e)#$n" $( !e "u4e%" $n )$&##%" #n !e P!#&#))#ne" 3!a #"

(a"%#na#ng a4$u !e )ar#%#)an"6 a#ude $5ard e&e%#$n" #" !a, de")#e #"

8n$5n (&a5", !e 5!$&e )r$%e"" #" regarded a" &eg##*ae M$" $( !e* "#gn#(#ed

!e#r #nen#$n $ +$e $n e&e%#$n da', 1/ Ma' 2//< T!e' %$n"#der %a"#ng $ne6"

4a&&$ a" an $4&#ga#$n, and a&"$ a" a r#g!, e+en #( 4' P!#&#))#ne &a5 # #", "r#%&'

")ea8#ng, n$ *anda$r' T!#" "en"e $( du' #" )er+a"#+e #n !e#r re")$n"e"

Importateng makaboto, kasi nasa batas naman na obligasyon natin ito. ;I #"

#*)$ran $ +$e, 4e%au"e !e &a5 "ae" !a # #" $ur $4&#ga#$n= . '$u!

No man pay saan nga napintas ti imahe ti elekyon, ti panagbutos ket

importante nga obligasyon dagiti umili. ;De")#e !e nega#+e #*age $(

e&e%#$n", !e' are #*)$ran 4e%au"e !e' are an $4&#ga#$n $( ea%!

)er"$n= . ur4an (e*a&e

Naa man sa balaod nga maboto gyud ta. ;T!e &a5 e&&" u" !a # #" an

$4&#ga#$n= . rura& (e*a&e



19

Obligasyon natin ‘yun, eh, bilang isang mamayang Pilipino. ;T!6" $ur

$4&#ga#$n a" F#&#)#n$ %##-en"= . ur4an (e*a&e

Karapatan bilang isang Pilipino ang pumili ng mabuting pinuno sa ating

bansa. ;I #" !e r#g! $( a F#&#)#n$ %##-en $ %!$$"e g$$d &eader" ($r $ur

na#$n= . ur4an *a&e

T$ +$e #n an e&e%#$n #" "een a" an a((#r*a#$n $( )ar#$#"* and #" a""$%#aed

5#! a n$#$n $( %##-en"!#) #n a 9%#+#&#-ed: !u*an )$&#' S$*e )ar#%#)an" 4e&#e+e

!a ea%! +$e %an *a8e a d#((eren%e, !en%e, +$#ng "!$u&d 4e a8en "er#$u"&' I

5$u&d 4e #nere"#ng $ (#nd $u $ 5!a e7en !#" "en"e $( du', )ar#$#"*, and

%#+#% )ar#%#)a#$n #" )re"en a*$ng !e !#g!&' edu%aed *#dd&e and u))er

%&a""e" 5!en !e' %a" !e#r 4a&&$"

Napatutunayan ang pagiging Plipino. ;# )r$+e" $ne6" 4e#ng a F#&#)#n$=

ur4an *a&e

Obligasyon bilang sarong Pilipino ;T!e $4&#ga#$n $( a F#&#)#n$= – rura& *a&e

Tungod kay kung dili ta mobotar, dili kita tawo sa gobyerno, mura tag

tagasalang. ;Be%au"e #( 5e d$ n$ +$e, 5e are n$ )e$)&e $( g$+ern*en,4u &#8e !$"e $( !e ung&e= . rura& (e*a&e

Para mailhan pud ka nga tawo ;T$ 4e re%$gn#-ed a" !u*an 4e#ng"= . rura&

(e*a&e

Lahat ng botante! dapat bumoto" di dapat sayangin kasi malaking bagay

ang isang boto#baka ‘yun ang magpanalo. ;A&& "!$u&d +$e +$er" "!$u&d

n$ 5a"e !e#r 4a&&$", a" e+en $ne +$e %an *a8e a d#((eren%e #n !e

re"u&"= . ur4an *a&e

$as mabuti nang bumoto kaysa hindi kasi siguradong alam naming ang

ibinoto" mababawasasn ang (&'#ng +$er" ;T$ +$e #" 4eer !an n$ $ +$e

4e%au"e '$u 8n$5 5!$ '$u +$ed ($r # 5$u&d *#n#*#-e !e #n%#den%e $(



20

(&'#ng +$er"= . ur4an *a&e

De")#e e+er'!#ng e&"e !a !e' 8n$5 a4$u e&e%#$n", !e )ar#%#)an" %$n"#der

e&e%#$n" a" genu#ne&' u"e(u& T!e' "ee !e"e a" a %!an%e $ re*$+e (r$* $((#%e

!e )$&##%#an" #n 5!$* !e' !a+e &$" %$n(#den%e, and $ )u #n$ $((#%e !$"e

5!$* !e' )re(er $ 4e !e#r &eader" N$ $!er *e%!an#"* %an 4e #*ag#ned a"

)r$+#d#ng !#" $))$run#' ($r %!ange M$re$+er, !e %!ange #" )er%e#+ed a" n$

*ere&' ($r !e *$*en, ($r "$*e)ar#%u&ar&' !e '$u! and ur4an *a&e"

rea&#-e !a e&e%$ra& $u%$*e" !a+e &$neer* #*)&#%a#$n"

Kinahanglan kay nag%agad sa atong boto ang kaugma%on sa atong nasud.

;I #" #*)$ran 4e%au"e $ur %$unr'6" (uure re"" $n u"= . ur4an *a&e

Kasi sa halalan nakasalalay ‘yung pagasa ng mga tao na magbago ‘yung

Pilipinas, eh ;Be%au"e $n e&e%#$n" !e !$)e $( )e$)&e $ %!ange !e

P!#&#))#ne" #" de)enden= . '$u!

&ito nakasalalay ang kinabukasan ng mga mamayan. ;On # de)end" !e

)e$)&e6" (uure= . '$u!

Para mapaunlad ang bayan ;T$ *a8e !e %$unr' )r$")er= . '$u!

$ahalaga ang elekyson para makapili ng mga pinuno. ;E&e%#$n" are

#*)$ran #n $rder $ %!$$"e &eader"= . '$u!

Para mapalitan na ang mga nasaitaas na mahilig mangurakot, para maiboto

naming ‘yung mga gusto namin ;S$ 5e %an re)&a%e !e )e$)&e a !e $)

5!$ are 8een a4$u 4e#ng %$rru), "$ 5e %an +$e ($r !$"e 5!$* 5e &#8e= .

'$u!

Para tangggalin ang ayaw mong lider ;T$ re*$+e !e &eader '$u d$n6 &#8e=

. '$u!

T!a !e '$u! "ee e&e%#$n" a" "#gn#(#%an ($r %!ange *a' "ee* $ %$nrad#% !e

'$u!6" nega#+e *ea)!$r" !a a""$%#ae e&e%#$n" 5#! +#$&en%e, %$n(&#%, and



21

de%e)#$n Per!a)" !e *e""age #" !a '$ung )e$)&e rea&#-e !e #*)$ran%e $(

e&e%#$n" and, a" a re"u&, !e' !$&d !#g! e7)e%a#$n" a4$u 5!a e&e%#$n" %an

a%!#e+e !$5e+er, !e#r e7)er#en%e" "$ (ar !a+e n$ *e !$"e e7)e%a#$n"

A nu*4er $( rura& 5$*en, !$5e+er, ad*# !a !e#r )ar#%#)a#$n #n e&e%#$n"

en"ue" (r$* )rag*a#% %$n"#dera#$n"?

Pinaghihirapan ang parehistro. ;E(($r" are e7)ended $ reg#"er a" a +$er=

. rura& (e*a&e

Para makakuha ng pera ;T$ ge *$ne'= – rura& (e*a&e

Para manalo ang kandidato ko, para kung sakaling maluklok siya at may

problema ako, matutulungan niya ako. ;F$r *' %and#dae $ 5#n, "$ !a #(

e+er !e"!e #" "eaed and I !a+e a )r$4&e*, I %an $4a#n !e&) (r$* !#*!er=

. rura& (e*a&e

&ili ako makalakaw ug lay kay mangayo man an ug +$er6" a((#da+# ;I

%$u&dn6 g$ an'5!ere (ar 4e%au"e !e' 5$u&d a"8 ($r *' +$er6" a((#da+#= .

rura& (e*a&e

A !and(u& $( )ar#%#)an" )$#n $u !e (u#&#' $( e&e%#$n" T!e (#r" "ae*en

4e&$5 e7)re""e" a '$ung )er"$n6" +erd#% a4$u !e *ean#ng&e"" $( )ar#%#)a#ng

#n e&e%#$n", 5!#&e !e "e%$nd re%$rd" !e "en#*en $( !$"e 5!$ +$ed ($r

0$"e)! E"rada #n !e 1 e&e%#$n", and !e d#"*a' a !#" $u"er (r$* $((#%e,

de")#e !# &eg##*ae +#%$r' a !e )$&&"

Kasi dalawa ang klase ng botante' ang uto%uto at ang nagpaputo. ;T!ere

are 5$ 8#nd" $( +$er"? !e ($$& and !$"e 5!$ a&&$5 !e*"e&+e" $ 4e

($$&ed= . '$u!

(y siak ti maysa. Nauma akon nga agbotbotos. Ta no impatugawmo diay

kayatmo, no inkkat da met laeng wenmo inagawda ti posisyon na, awan

met laeng ti mamaayna. ;I d$n6 (ee& &#8e +$#ng, I a* #red 4e%au"e )e$)&e



22

5#&& r' an'5a' $ re*$+e $r )a#n a 4ad )#%ure $( !e )er"$n I 5#&& +$e ($r,

$r 5#&& gra4 )$5er a5a' (r$* !#* e+en #( !e 5$n (a#r&'= . ur4an (e*a&e

T!#" nega#+e +#e5 $( e&e%#$n", !$5e+er, #" n$ !e d$*#nan *$de $( !#n8#ng

a*$ng !e )ar#%#)an" M$" %$n"#der !e#r )ar#%#)a#$n #n e&e%#$n" a"

*ean#ng(u&, and a" an $))$run#' $ e((e% %!ange T!#" #dea&#"* re*a#n"

de")#e !e re%$gn##$n !a !e e&e%$ra& )r$%e"" #" e7re*e&' (&a5ed Bu !e

)#%ure #" une+en, a" !e ne7 "e%#$n "ugge"" T$ !e ue"#$n $( 5!e!er $r n$

!e re"u&" $( e&e%#$n" are re&#a4&e and ru"5$r!', !e FGD )ar#%#)an" 5ere

d#+#ded #n !e#r re")$n"e" A" $ne ur4an *a&e )u" # "u%%#n%&', )ati ang

pakiwari ;I "u))$"e #6" !a&( and !a&(= In !e 5$rd" $( a '$ung )ar#%#)an, minsan

oo, minsan hindi" mayroong nananalo na hindi mapagkakatiwalaan ;S$*e#*e"'e", "$*e#*e" n$ "$*e %and#dae" 5!$ 5#n %ann$ 4e ru"ed= T!a !ere #" a

)$""#4#&#', a >/ )er%en %!an%e, !a e&e%$ra& $u%$*e" are +a&#d )r$4a4&'

)re+en" !e 4&an8e %$nde*na#$n $( !e )r$%e""

S$*e )ar#%#)an" are n$ !e"#an $ "a' !a e&e%#$n re"u&" are re&#a4&e T!e'

e7)re"" a &e+e& $( (a#! #n !e )r$%e"", )$#n#ng $ !e )u4&#% %an+a""#ng $( +$e"

and !e #negr#' $( $((#%#a&" $( !e C$**#""#$n $n E&e%#$n" ;C$*e&e%=

&ahil mapakakatiwalaan at edukado ang namamahala sa C$*e&e%

;Be%au"e !e )e$)&e #n C$*e&e% are ru"5$r!' and are edu%aed= . u4an

*a&e

*alig gyud ta kay ngano kanang nagdala sa +omele kahibaw na

mudumala. *akto gyud na sila, rehistrado gyud. ;Ye", !e' are re&#a4&e

4e%au"e !$"e #n C$*e&e% 8n$5 !$5 $ *anage and !and&e !e )r$%e""

I C$*e&e% #" a%%urae and #" a reg#"ered 4$d'= . rura& *a&e

Tama ‘yung resulta sa halalan. ;T!e e&e%#$n re"u&" are %$rre%= . ur4an

*a&e

Oo naman, ‘pag ikaw siguro nandoon sa bilangan eh malalaman mo talaga



23

kasi nakikita mo. ;Ye", $( %$ur"e, #( '$u are !ere dur#ng !e %$un#ng, '$u

5#&& rea&&' 8n$5 4e%au"e '$u "ee # ($r '$ur"e&(= . '$u!

$abuti na rin ‘yung may mga 5a%!er ang magkakalabang partido, para

maiwasan ang dayaan. ;I #" a&"$ a g$$d !#ng !a !ere are )$&& 5a%!er"

(r$* r#+a& )ar#e", $ a+$#d %!ea#ng= . '$u!

A %$n"#dera4&e nu*4er $( )ar#%#)an", !$5e+er, n$e !a e&e%#$n re"u&" are

arn#"!ed 4' !e ra*)an %!ea#ng !a $%%ur" T!e' a))ear re"#gned $ !e

rea&#' $( e&e%$ra& %!ea#ng, 5!#%! "$*e regard a" #ne+#a4&e #n, $r e+en ende*#%

$, P!#&#))#ne &#(e?

Karaniwan nang di patas at kaduda%duda ang laban sa elekyson dito dahil

‘di naman nawawala ang dayaan sa mga kandidato ;E&e%#$n !ere #n !e

P!#&#))#ne" are u"ua&&' n$ (a#r and e&e%#$n re"u&" are d$u4(u& 4e%au"e

'$u %ann$ re*$+e %!ea#ng (r$* %and#dae"= . ur4an *a&e

-un ang problema sa bansa natin eh, ‘yung malawakang dayaan" kaya

‘yung talagang nananalo, hindi lumalabas. ;T!a6" !e )r$4&e* 5#! $ur

%$unr', !e 5#de")read %!ea#ng !#" #" 5!' !e $ne 5!$ rea&&' 5#n" d$e"

n$ %$*e $u !e +#%$r= . ur4an *a&e

No maminsan, dagiti maiwaragawag nga nangabak ket saan nga isuda ti

agpayso a nangabak gaputta dagiti mangabaabak no madam ti bilang ti

barangay, saan met nga isuda ti nangabaken no maisumite ti balota diay

C$*e&e% ;S$*e#*e" !e 5#nner" are n$ !e 5#nner" 4e%au"e !e 5#nner"

5!$ are &ead#ng #n !e 4aranga' %$un "udden&' urn $u $ 4e &$"er" 5!en

!e 4a&&$ 4$7e" are ran"(erred $ !e C$*e&e% !eaduarer"= . ur4an

(e*a&e

Lagi naman pong may dayaan na nagyayari" hindi naman po nawawala

‘yun eh. ;T!ere #" a&5a'" %!ea#ng !a !a))en" '$u %ann$ d$ a5a' 5#!

#= . '$u!



24

$araming dayaan. ;C!ea#ng #" )er+a"#+e= . '$u!

&ili masaligan kay naa man gyud tikas ba. ;I %ann$ 4e ru"ed 4e%au"e

!ere are de%e)#$n" and %!ea#ng= . rura& *a&e

&aw indi man masaligan kung kis%a, kay may anomaliya. ;S$*e#*e" '$u

%ann$ rea&&' ru" !e re"u&" 4e%au"e !ere #" an an$*a&'= . rura& (e*a&e

Man' a*$ng !e )ar#%#)an" "a' !a !e re"u&" $( &$%a& e&e%#$n" are

re&#a4&e, 4u !e $u%$*e" $( na#$na& e&e%#$n" are (ar (r$* ru"5$r!' T!e

)$$r re%$gn#-e !a na#$na& )$"" are !#g!&' %$ne"ed, !en%e !e re%$ur"e

$ *a""#+e %!ea#ng #n na#$na& e&e%#$n"

*a na#$na& marami ang kalokohan. ;A &$ $( *#"%!#e( $%%ur" a !e

na#$na& &e+e&= .ur4an *a&e

)indi patas kasi may pagkakataon po na ‘yung balota pinapalitan nang

mabilang na. ;I6" n$ (a#r 4e%au"e !ere are #*e" 5!en 4a&&$ 4$7e" are

"5#%!ed 5#! !$"e !a !ad 4een %$uned e")e%#a&&' a !e na#$na& &e+e&=

.'$u!

Indi sa na#$na&. $adaya/ Pirmi%pirmi lang na ya gain indi gid. ;N$ #n

na#$na& e&e%#$n" C!ea" T!e' are a&5a'" %!ea#ng and '$u %an6 4e&#e+e

!e re"u&"= . rura& (e*a&e

*a lokal, lumalabas" sa na#$na&, hindi sigurado 0 halu%halo na kasi ‘yun,

kung saan%saan galling. ;In &$%a& e&e%#$n", !e rue re"u&" %$*e $u 4u

'$u %ann$ 4e "ure a4$u !e na#$na& &e+e& 4e%au"e !e' %$*e (r$*

d#((eren )&a%e" and are a&& *#7ed u)= . '$u!

Land"&#de sa lokal. ;I6" a &and"&#de a !e &$%a& &e+e&= . ur4an *a&e

Ba"#%a&&', !e "ud' ($und $u !a )ar#%#)an" under"and e&e%#$n" a" !e

&eg##*ae 9de*$%ra#% )r$%e"": ($r )u#ng #n$ $((#%e !e#r )re(erred %and#dae",

and ($r re*$+#ng (r$* $((#%e !$"e #n 5!$* !e' !a+e &$" %$n(#den%e Ca"#ng



25

$ne6" 4a&&$ #n an e&e%#$n #" 5#de&' "een a" and $4&#ga#$n and a *ar8er $(

)ar#%#)a#$n #n a *$dern )$&#' I #" a&"$ dee*ed an a((#r*a#$n $( )ar#$#"* and

$( 4e#ng a F#&#)#n$ A&"$, )ar#%#)an", )ar#%u&ar&' !e '$u!, rea&#-e !a e&e%#$n

re"u&" !a+e &$nger* #*)&#%a#$n" ($r 9!e (uure: M$" regard !e#r )ar#%#)a#$n

#n e&e%#$n" a" *ean#ng(u& and a" an $))$run#' $ e((e% %!angede")#e !e

re%$gn##$n !a !e e&e%$ra& )r$%e"" #" dee)&' (&a5ed H$5e+er, a (e5 %$n"#der

!e )r$%e"" a" *ean#ng&e"" "$*e (ee& d#"*a'ed !a, a(er a &eg##*ae +#%$r',

0$"e)! E"rada 5a" ($r%#4&' re*$+ed (r$* $((#%e S$*e rura& 5$*en ad*# !a

)rag*a#% %$n"#dera#$n" #n($r* !e#r )ar#%#)a#$n #n e&e%#$n" In add##$n,

e&e%#$n re"u&" are re&#a4&e and ru"5$r!', a%%$rd#ng $ !$"e 5!$ e7)re"" (a#!

#n !e )r$%e"" and #" )er%e#+ed ran")aren%' $5#ng, ($r #n"an%e, $ !e )u4&#%

%an+a""#ng $( +$e" A %$n"#dera4&e nu*4er $( )ar#%#)an", !$5e+er, +#e5

e&e%#$n re"u&" a" arn#"!ed 4' ra*)an (raud, "ee*#ng&' re"#gned $ !e (a% $(

e&e%#$n%!ea#ng a" a )ar $( &#(e Par#%#)an" re%8$n &$%a& e&e%#$n" a"

)r$du%#ng re&#a4&e re"u&", 4u e7)re"" d$u4 $n !e %red#4#&#' $( e&e%#$n reurn"

a !e na#$na& &e+e&, 5!ere !e e&e%$ra& )$"" are !#g!&' %$ne"ed and *a""#+e

%!ea#ng #" )re+a&en T!ere($re, e&e%#$n" are "een a *ean#ng(u& a%#+#' 4u, a

!e "a*e #*e, %ann$ 4e a8en "er#$u"&' 4e%au"e !e"e are *arred 4' %!ea#ng,

#&&ega&#', +$e4u'#ng, +#$&en%e, %$n(&#%, d#"%$rd, d#+#"#$n, )reen"e, *ud"&#ng#ng,"%anda&", (#&!, and $))$run#"* T!e %a*)a#gn )er#$d #" "een a" a #*e $(

e7re*e" and e7%e""e" A" ($r !e *a&e )ar#%#)an" !e' a%%$rd greaer

#*)$ran%e $ na#$na& e&e%#$n" !an &$%a& and 4aranga' e&e%#$n", "#n%e !e#r

re"u&" a((e% !e 5!$&e %$unr' In %$nra", (e*a&e )ar#%#)an" %$n"#der

4aranga' e&e%#$n" a" !e *$" %ru%#a& 4e%au"e $( !e#r d#re% and ea"#&' (e&

#*)a% H$5 are !e"e re"u&" $ 4e #ner)reed On $ne !and, # %an 4e "a#d !a

!e )$$r are %$gn#-an $( !e #*)$ran%e $( e&e%#$n" a" a de*$%ra#% )r$%e""

and a" a "'"e* $( re)re"ena#$n On&' !r$ug! an e&e%#$n %an $ne ga#n !e

&eg##*ae r#g! $ ru&e A" *e*4er $( !e e&e%$rae, !e' dee* !e a% $( %a"#ng

!e#r +$e an $4&#ga#$n, e+en #( 4' &a5 $r n$ Man' $( !e )$$r a))re%#ae !e#r

r$&e a" %##-en" $( a *$dern na#$n"ae S$*e e+en %$n"#der +$#ng a" a

d#"#n%#+e a% $( )ar#$#"* De")#e !e#r 94$urge$#": naure, e&e%#$n" a(er a



26

%enur' $( 4e#ng !e&d !a+e 4een #*4#4ed 4' F#&#)#n$" $ *ean an e""en#a&

a")e% $( de*$%ra%' and a *ar8er $( %#+#&#-a#$n and *$dern#' and an e*4&e*

$( na#$n!$$d A" +$er", !e#r $r#ena#$n #" n$ narr$5&' &$%a&%enered and

)ar#%u&ar#"#% ra!er, !e' "ee e&e%#$n" a" !a+#ng 4r$ad and &$nger*

%$n"euen%e" In Par"$n"6" "$%#$&$g' *an' )$$r +$er" %an 4e de"%r#4ed a"

*$#+aed 4' an $r#ena#$n $ !e %$&&e%#+#' ra!er !a !e "e&(, and a" de(#n#ng

!e#r r$&e $4&#ga#$n a" +$er" #n un#+er"a&#"#% ra!er !an )ar#%u&ar#"#% "andard"

$( +a&ue A "#-ea4&e nu*4er $( !e "ud' )ar#%#)an" are )re)ared $ 4e +#g#&an

#n )r$e%#ng !e "an%#' $( !e 4a&&$, and +#e5 +$e4u'#ng a" #n%$rre%

A&!$ug! "$*e are "8e)#%a&, !e )ar#%#)an" e&& u" !a !e a#ude" and

"en#*en" $( *an' $( !e )$$r d$ n$ %$n($r* $ !e #n"ru*ena&#"* and

)rag*a#"* ar#4ued $ !e* (&a&' #n !e &#eraure

In add##$n, !e (#nd#ng" $( !e "ud' $( R#+era ;2///= )r$+ed !a *#dd&e

%&a"" #n+$&+e*en #n )$&##%" 5a" %$*)re!en"#+e&' (r$* na#$na& #nde)enden%e $

!e )re"en He #nd#%aed !a "#n%e under !e a%ua& !#"$r#%a& %#r%u*"an%e", !e

*#dd&e%&a"" )$&##%a& )r$)en"##e" and )ra%#%e" %$u&d range (r$* r#g!5#ng

%$n"er+a#"* and rad#%a&#"* $ &#4era& and &e(5#ng )$&##%a& %au"e", !ere 5a" n$

d#"#n% and )red#%a4&e r$&e a""$%#aed 5#! !e* H$5e+er, 5!#&e # 5a" a (a%

!a "eg*en" $( !e *#dd&e %&a""e" !ad )ar#%#)aed #n "u%! a 5#de range $(

)$&##%a& $rgan#-a#$n" and *$+e*en" and e+en a""u*ed &eader"!#)

An$!er "ud' $( E")#r#u ;12= re+ea&ed !a !e 9P!#&#))#ne" 5a" "#&& a

+er4a& "$%#e':, 5!#%! *ean !a F#&#)#n$" &$+ed $ 4e #n($r*ed a4$u !e

d#"%u""ed #""ue" 4u &a%8ed !e )ar#%#)a#+e ")#r# Fur!er*$re, re"u&" "!$5ed

!a !ere 5a" a )$""#4&e e7#"en%e $( a &#n8 4e5een re")$nden"6 )er%e)#$n $(

)$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n a" a du' $r $4&#ga#$n and !e &$5 &e+e& $( )$&##%a&

)ar#%#)a#$n 4' re")$nden" T!u", #( !e' "ee !e#r )ar#%#)a#$n $n )$&##%" *$re

$( a du', !e' 5#&& $(en engage #n )$&##%a& a%#+##e" Bu !e "ud' "!$5ed !a

)ar#%#)a#$n #n !e e&e%$ra& )r$%e"" #" !e $n&' #*e 5!ere !e re")$nden"

"!$5ed a !#g! degree $( #nere"



27

SYNTHESIS AND RELEANCE TO THE STUDY

T!e ($re#gn and &$%a& &#eraure and "ud#e" 5r#en and %$ndu%ed 4'

"$*e )er"$n" $( au!$r#' #n !e (#e&d $( )$&##%a& "%#en%e !ad a +er' "#gn#(#%an

4ear#ng #n !#" "ud' 4e%au"e # rea&&' "u))$red !e re"ear%!er"6 #n+e"#ga#$n

5#! regard" $ !e re&a#$n"!#) 4e5een !e "$%#$e%$n$*#% "au" ")e%#(#%a&&'

"$%#a& %&a"", )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n and )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n $( !e )e$)&e T!e"e

5ere a&& #*)$ran "#n%e e+er' &#eraure and "ud#e" 5ere !e 4a"#" $r !e %$re

($unda#$n $( !e $)#%" a !and T!e read#ng *aer#a&" !a !e re"ear%!er" u"ed

#n !e "ud' %$nr#4ued $ !e (#na& a""e""*en $( !e $)#% a !and



28

CHAPTER J

REASEARCH METHODOLOGY

T!#" %!a)er )re"ened !e *e!$d$&$g', )ar#%u&ar&' !e de"#gn and !ee%!n#ue" 5!#%! !e re"ear%!er" u#&#-ed #n !e "ud' I #n%&uded !e )$)u&a#$n,

!e "a*)&#ng e%!n#ue, !e #n"ru*en" !a 5ere u"ed $ +a&#dae !e daa and

!e a))&#%a#$n $( "a#"#%a& rea*en $( daa

RESEARCH DESIGN

T!e de"%r#)#+e *e!$d $( re"ear%! 5a" u"ed #n !#" "ud' T!#"

*e!$d 5a" u"ed "#n%e # %an $4a#n (a%" a4$u e7#"#ng %$nd##$n" $r dea%!

"#gn#(#%an re&a#$n"!#)" 4e5een %urren )!en$*ena I a&"$ de"%r#4ed and

#ner)reed )re+a#&#ng %$nd##$n" $r re&a#$n"!#)" !a e7#"ed $r d#d n$ e7#",

)ra%#%e" !a )re+a#&ed $r d#d n$, 4e&#e( $r )$#n" $( +#e5 $r a#ude !a 5ere

!e&d, )r$%e"" !a 5ere g$#ng $n $r $!er5#"e, e((e%" !a 5ere 4e#ng (e& $r

rend" !a 5ere de+e&$)#ng T!#" a&"$ #n+$&+ed !e %$&&e%#$n $( daa !a 5ere

)er#nen $ !e "u4e% *aer S#n%e !#" "ud' a#*ed $ (#nd $u !e )$&##%a&

%u&ure $( !e re"#den" $( Baranga' 2, Z$ne , F#r" D#"r#%, T$nd$ Man#&a,

de"%r#)#+e *e!$d 5a" *$" "u#ed $ #den#(' "u%! )!en$*ena

POPULATION AND SAMPLING TECHNIUE

T!e "u4e%" #n+$&+e #n !#" "ud' #n%&uded !e re"#den" $( Baranga' 2,

Z$ne 1, F#r" D#"r#% $( T$nd$, Man#&a T!e re&a#$n"!#) a*$ng !e#r "$%#a& %&a""

and )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n and )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n 5a" e"a4&#"!ed "#n%e !e

re"ear%!er" e*)&$'ed n$n)r$4a4#&#' %$n+en#en%e "a*)&#ng T!e re")$nden"

5ere %!$"en )r#*ar#&' a%%$rd#ng $ !#" %r#er#$n #( !e' 5ere &eg##*ae re"#den"$( !e &$%a&e $( !e "ud' F$r*u&a#ng !#" %r#er#$n a&&$5ed !e re"ear%!er" $

deer*#ne !e re&a#$n"!#) $( !e +ar#a4&e" !a 5ere a8en #n$ a%%$un

T!e re"ear%!er" !ad deer*#ned !e nu*4er $( reg#"ered +$er" $(

Baranga' 2, Z$ne 1, F#r" D#"r#% $( T$nd$, Man#&a !a+#ng a nu*4er $( "e+en



29

!undred ($r'$ne ;<1= Ta8#ng #n $ %$n"#dera#$n !e ru&e $( !u*4 !a en

;1/V= )er%en #" a +a&#d "a*)&e ($r a "ud', !e re"ear%!er" %!$$"e "e+en'(#+e

;>= re")$nden" 5!#%! #" *$re !an en ;1/V= )er%en In !e ($r*a& )!a"e, !e

#n"ru*en" !a 5ere u"ed #n !#" "ud' 5ere 5r#en #n a%%$rdan%e $ !e

%$unr'6" na#+e $ngue F#&#)#n$ Be($re !e "ur+e' ue"#$nna#re" 5ere g#+en,

!e re"ear%!er" a"8ed #( !e' 5ere &eg##*ae re"#den" $( !e "a#d &$%a#$n

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

In $rder $ ga!er !e needed daa, ue"#$nna#re" 5ere u"ed #n !e "ud'

T!e #n"ru*en #n%&uded !ree )ar" Par I 5a" !e generaed de*$gra)!#%

)r$(#&e $( !e re")$nden" T!#" #n%&uded !e#r na*e ;$)#$na&=, "e7, age,

edu%a#$na& aa#n*en, $%%u)a#$n and #n%$*e Par II #den#(#ed !e )$&##%a&

)ar#%#)a#$n $( !e re")$nden" In )ar III and I # #den#(#ed !e )$&##%a&

$r#ena#$n $( !e re")$nden", #n 5!#%! ue"#$n" 5ere an"5era4&e 4' True $r

Fa&"e ;Ta*a $ Ma&#= and *u&#)&e %!$#%e 4a"ed $n !e#r 8n$5&edge ;See

A))end#7 B=

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

T!e "ur+e'" 5ere %$ndu%ed $n 0anuar' $ Fe4ruar' 2/11 )r#$r $ !e

"ur+e' )r$)er, !e re"ear%!er" 5en $ !e Baranga' Ca)a#n $ "e%ure a &eer

)er*##ng !e* $ d#"r#4ue and %$ndu% a "ur+e' 5#!#n !e +#%#n#'

T!e re"ear%!er" ga+e !e re")$nden" "u((#%#en #*e $ (a*#&#ar#-e

!e*"e&+e" 5#! !e %$nen $( !e ue"#$nna#re"

T!e ad*#n#"ra#$n and rer#e+a& $( ue"#$nna#re" 5ere (a%#&#aed

)er"$na&&' 4' !e re"ear%!er" T!e' !en (#na&&' %!e%8ed and a4u&aed !ere")$n"e" $( !e re")$nden" "'"e*a#%a&&'



30

STATISICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

T$ an"5er !e (#r" re"ear%! $4e%#+e, !e "$%#$e%$n$*#% )r$(#&e $( !e

re")$nden" 5a" %$*)ued 4' deer*#n#ng !e )er%enage $( ea%! )r$(#&e T!e

&e+e&" )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n and )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n $( !e re")$nden" 5ere !en

a8en #n$ a%%$un

T!#" "ud' u"ed !e Sa#"#%" er"#$n $ %$*)ue a&& re"u&" #n !#"

re"ear%!

F#na&&', 4e&$5 are !e ($r*u&a !a 5a" u"ed #n !#" "ud'

Per%en#&e ;$r )er%enage=?

100% xn

f =

3!ere? V #" !e $4a#ned )er%enage rae

( #" !e (reuen%'

n #" !e $a& nu*4er $( re")$nden"

T!e !#g!, a+erage $r &$5 &e+e&" 5ere deer*#ned u"#ng !e ru&e $( !u*4 a

"#*)&e *a$r#', 5!#%! #" (#(' )er%en ;>/V= )&u" $ne



31

CHAPTER <

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

T!#" %!a)er an"5ered !e uer' !a 5a" )re"ened #n !e "ae*en $( !e )r$4&e* $( !e "ud' #n C!a)er 1 T!e dea#&" )re"ened !ere 5ere

"euen#a&&' and &$g#%a&&' arranged #n $rder $ !a+e a 5e&& "ru%ured

)re"ena#$n, #ner)rea#$n and ana&'"#" $( daa !a 5ere ga!ered 4' !e

re"ear%!er"

O+er+#e5 De"%r#)#$n $( !e Re")$nden"

T!#" "ud' $$8 #n$ %$n"#dera#$n !e )r$(#&e $( !e re")$nden" $ "e !e

($unda#$n !a 5a" u"ed ($r !e %$*)ar#"$n $r %$rre&a#$n T!e daa ga!ered

)r$+#ded !e gender, age, edu%a#$na& aa#n*en, $%%u)a#$n, and #n%$*e $( !e

re")$nden"

De*$gra)!#%"?

Ta4&e 1

D#"r#4u#$n $( !e Re")$nden" 4' Age

Age F V Ran8122 J >2 12J2 1> 2/ 22J2 <JJJ < > >J and a4$+e 1/ 1J JT$a& > 1//

Ta4&e 1 re(&e%ed !a !e *a$r#' $( !e re")$nden" 5ere #n !e#r

adu&!$$d "age $( 1 $ 22 'ear" $&d ;(J, V>2= T!#" 5a" "e%$nded 4' !$"e

5!$"e age (a&&" 4e5een 2J and 2 'ear" $&d ;(1>, V2/= T!#rd #n !e ran8 5a"

!$"e 5!$"e age (a&&" 4e5een J 'ear" $&d and a4$+e ;(1/, V1J= F$ur! 5a"

!$"e 5!$"e age (a&&" 4e5een 2 and J2 'ear" $&d ;(, V= F#na&&', &ea" (a&&"

$n !e age 4ra%8e $( JJ $ J 'ear" $&d ;(<, V>=



32

T!#" daa *ean !a *a$r#' $( !e re")$nden" 4e&$nged $ !e age

4ra%8e $( 12J !a+#ng a nu*4er $( <J re")$nden" T!#" $n&' )era#ned !a !e

re")$nden" 5ere a&read' #n !e#r )r$)er age "#n%e !e' 5ere #n !e#r )er#$d $(

)"'%!$&$g#%a& *aur#' !e' 5ere a4&e $ g#+e !e#r re")e%#+e degree $( )$&##%a&

$r#ena#$n and )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n $5ard !e#r %$**un#'

Ta4&e 2

D#"r#4u#$n $( !e Re")$nden" 4' Gender

Gender F V Ran8Ma&e J2 <J 2Fe*a&e <J > 1T$a& > 1//

Ta4&e 2 re(&e%ed !a !ere 5ere *$re (e*a&e ;n<J, V>= !an *a&e

;nJ2, V<J= 5!$ )ar#%#)aed #n !#" "ud', !u", *a$r#' $( !e re")$nden"

5!$ are (e*a&e end $ )ar#%#)ae #n a""e""#ng !e )$&##%a& %u&ure $( Baranga'

2, Z$ne , F#r" D#"r#% $( T$nd$, Man#&a T!#" daa 5ere re(&e%#+e $( !e (a% !a

(e*a&e" 5ere *$re a%#+e !an *a&e" #n *aer" #n+$&+#ng !e#r %$**un#'

Ta4&e J

D#"r#4u#$n $( !e Re")$nden" 4' Edu%a#$na& Aa#n*en

Edu%a#$n F V Ran8C$&&ege graduae 1 2> JC$&&ege undergraduae 2 J 1H#g! "%!$$& graduae 2 J> 2E&e*enar' J < <T$a& > 1//

T!e a4&e a4$+e re+ea&ed !a *a$r#' $( !e re")$nden" 5ere %$&&ege

undergraduae ;(2, VJ= 5!erea" 2 ;VJ>= 5ere !#g! "%!$$& graduae"

T!ere 5ere 1 ;V2>= re")$nden" 5!$ 5ere %$&&ege graduae" Fe5 !ade&e*enar' edu%a#$n ;(J, V<=

T!#" daa *ean !a *a$r#' $( !e re")$nden" 5ere %$&&ege

undergraduae" ;(2, VJ= T!#" $n&' )era#ned $ !e#r "$%#a& %&a"" and $n

!$5 !e' %$u&d n$ a(($rd a !#g!er edu%a#$n and $ !e (a% !a !e' d#d n$ "ee



33

!e #*)$ran%e $( !a+#ng "u%!

Ta4&e <

D#"r#4u#$n $( !e Re")$nden" 4' O%%u)a#$n

Nu*4er $( %!#&dren F V Ran8Se&(e*)&$'ed 22 2 2E*)&$'ed #n G$+ern*en 11 JE*)&$'ed #n Pr#+ae 11 JUne*)&$'ed J/ </ 1O!er" <T$a& > 1//

Ta4&e < "!$5ed !e )er%enage and (reuen%' $( !e re")$nden"6

$%%u)a#$n Ma$r#' $( !e re")$nden" 5ere une*)&$'ed ;(J/, V</= T!#"

5a" "e%$nded 4' !$"e 5!$ 5ere "e&(e*)&$'ed ;(22, V2= T!#rd #n !e ran8

5ere !$"e 5!$ 5ere 5$r8#ng #n g$+ern*en $((#%e" and )r#+ae "e%$r" ;(,

V11= F#na&&', (e5 5ere 5$r8#ng #n $!er ')e" $( $4 ;(, V= T!#" daa

*ean !a *a$r#' $( !e re")$nden" 5ere une*)&$'ed ;(J/, V</= T!#" %an

4e ar#4ued $ !e#r "$%#a& %&a"" "#n%e !e' %$u&d n$ a(($rd a !#g!er edu%a#$n

!e' %$u&d n$ ge an' de%en $4 "$ !e' u" )re(erred $ "a' a !$*e

Ta4&e >D#"r#4u#$n $( !e Re")$nden" 4' M$n!&' In%$*e Per H$u"e!$&d

M$n!&' In%$*e ;P!)= F V Ran81>,//1 and a4$+e 12 <1/,//11>,/// 1J 1 J>,//11/,/// J < 1>,/// and 4e&$5 1 2J 2T$a& > 1//

Ta4&e > re(&e%ed !e #n%$*e 4ra%8e $( !e re")$nden" T!e re")$nden"

*$"&' earned 4e5een (#+e !$u"and and $ne )e"$" $ en !$u"and )e"$"

;P!)>,//11/,///= ;(J, V<= T!#" 5a" ($&&$5ed 4' !$"e re")$nden" 5!$

earned (#+e !$u"and )e"$" ;P!)>,//1= and 4e&$5 ;(1, V2J= Ne7 5a"

!$"e 5!$ earned en !$u"and and $ne )e"$" $ (#(een !$u"and )e"$"

;P!)1/,//11>,///= ;(1J, V1= Lea" a*$ng !e gr$u) 5ere !$"e earn#ng



34

(#(een !$u"and and $ne )e"$" ;P!)1>,//1= and a4$+e ;(, V12= T!#" daa

*ean !a !e re")$nden" 4e&$nged $ !e &$5er %&a"" #n !e "$%#e' "#n%e !e#r

*$n!&' #n%$*e #" (#+e !$u"and and $ne )e"$" $ en !$u"and )e"$"

;P!)>,//11/,///= T!#" #" due $ !e (a% !a *an' $( !e* d#d n$ ge $ (#n#"!

!e#r edu%a#$n and "$ 4e%au"e $( !a *an' $( !e* 5ere une*)&$'ed T!e

re"ear%!er" $$8 #n$ %$n"#dera#$n !e *#n#*u* 5age ($ur !undred ($ur )e"$"

;P!)</<=

Ta4&e

T!e Le+e& $( P$&##%a& Or#ena#$n $( !e Re")$nden"

;V= ;V= V T$a&

> <2 1//

Ta4&e re(&e%ed !e &e+e& $( )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n $( !e re")$nden" T!ere

5ere (#(' e#g! )er%en ;>V= $( !e re")$nden" 5!$ 5ere a4&e $ an"5er

%$rre%&' !e ue"#$n" $n g$+ern*en "'"e* and %urren e+en" #n !e )$&##%a&

arena 5!#&e !ere 5ere ($r' 5$ )er%en ;<2V= 5!$ (a#&ed $ d$ "$

T!e daa *ean !a !e re")$nden" 5ere 5e&& $r#ened $n P!#&#))#ne

g$+ern*en "'"e* and %urren e+en" #n !e )$&##%a& arena



35

Ta4&e

Re")$nden"6 Re")$n"e" $ !e ue"#$n" Re(err#ng $ !e G$+ern*en S'"e*

ue"#$n" $n G$+ern*en S'"e* V

Ang )re"#dene ng P#&#)#na" a' nanunung8u&an ng an#* na a$n J 2

Ang )re"#dene ng P#&#)#na" a' *aar#ng *aangga& "a )araan ng)e$)&e )$5er

2

Ang )re"#dene ng P#&#)#na" a' *aar#ng *aangga& "a )araan ng)e$)&e )$5er

2

Ang *ga "enad$r ng P#&#)#na" a' !#nd# *aar#ng *a#*)ea%! 22 >J 2

Ang 1 C$n"#u#$n ng P#&#)#na" a' )ang &#*ang %$n"#u#$n > 1

Ang "u)re*e %$ur a' 4#nu4u$ ng #"ang C!#e( 0u"#%e a &a4#ng&#*ang ;1>= a""$%#ae u"#%e"

J1 << <1

Ang H$u"e $( Re)re"ena#+e" ang na*a*a!a&a "a &a!a ng#*)ea%!*en %a"e"

>> 2/ J

L#*ang a$n nanunung8u&an ang 4aranga' %$un%#&$r ng P#&#)#na" J J <

Ang *ga na8a8u&$ng a' na8a8a4$$ u5#ng e&e8"'$n >< 21 2

Tu5#ng a&$ng a$n nagagana) ang e&e8"'$n )ara "a 4aranga'$((#%#a&"

>< 21 2

Para "a S $ Sanggun#ang a4aaan, ang *aar# &ang 4u*$$"a8an#&a a' ang *ga *a' edad na 1>21 'ear" $&d

<2 2J >

Ang *ga "u*u"un$d a' *ga 8#na8a#&angan )ara *ag#ng #"ang4$ane, *a&#4an "a #"a?

a 1 'ear" $&d

4 nan#ra!an "a )#&#)#na" ng !#nd# 4a4a ng #"ang a$n

% u*#ra "a &ugar na na#" )ag4$$!an ng !#nd# 4a4a "a an#* na4u5an

d *a' 4a!a' a &u)a

1



36

Ang *ga "u*u"un$d a' *ga ua&#(#%a#$n" )ara "a )re"#dene ng P#&#)#na",

*a&#4an "a #"a?

a Re!#"rad$ng 4$ane

4 a &ea" >/ 'ear" $( age "a ara5 ng e&e8"'$n

% *arun$ng *ag4a"a, a *ag"u&a

d re"#dene ng P#&#)#na" ng !#nd# 4a4a ng "a*)ung a$n

> 1 >

Ang !$u"e $( re)re"ena#+e" a' 4#nu4u$ ng?

a 1>/ *e*4er"

4 2// *e*4er"

% 2>/ *e*4er"

d J// *e*4er"

/ 1> /

Ta4&e re+ea&ed !e dea#&ed (reuen%' and )er%enage $( !e

re")$nden"6 re")$n"e" $ ue"#$n" a4$u !e P!#&#))#ne g$+ern*en "'"e* I

5a" "!$5n #n !e a4&e !e nu*4er $( re")$nden" 5!$ an"5ered %$rre%&' and

#n%$rre%&' ($r ea%! ue"#$n" F$r !e (#r" ue"#$n a4$u !e er* $( $((#%e $( !e

)re"#den, J re")$nden" 5ere a4&e $ ge !e %$rre% an"5er 5!#&e 2 $( !e*

g$ !e 5r$ng $ne T!e "e%$nd ue"#$n 5!#%! re(erred $ )e$)&e )$5er a" a

5a' $( re*$+#ng !e )re"#den (r$* $((#%e, re")$nden" 5ere a4&e $ ge #

r#g! 5!#&e !ere 5ere re")$nden" 5!$ d#d n$ T!e !#rd ue"#$n 5!#%! 5a"

a4$u !e "ena$r" $n 4e#ng #*)ea%!ed, 22 re")$nden" 5ere a4&e $ an"5er #

%$rre%&' 5!#&e >J re")$nden" g$ # 5r$ng T!e ($ur! ue"#$n 5!#%! 5a" a4$u

!e 1 C$n"#u#$n, !ere 5ere > re")$nden" 5!$ an"5ered !a # 5a" n$

!e (#(! %$n"#u#$n and 1 re")$nden" (a#&ed $ an"5er %$rre%&' T!e (#(!

ue"#$n 5!#%! 5a" a4$u !e %$*)$"##$n $( !e u"#%e" #n !e Su)re*e C$ur,

J1 re")$nden" 5ere a4&e $ #den#(' !a !e "ae*en 5a" (a&"e and <<

re")$nden" an"5ered #n%$rre%&' T!e "#7! ue"#$n 5!#%! 5a" a4$u !e

H$u"e $( Re)re"ena#+e" 4e#ng #n %!arged 5#! a&& !e #*)ea%!*en %a"e", >>



37

$( !e re")$nden" an"5ered %$rre%&' 5!#&e 2/ re")$nden" (a#&ed $ an"5er

%$rre%&' T!e "e+en! ue"#$n 5!#%! 5a" a4$u !e er* $( $((#%e $( a 4aranga'

%$un%#&&$r, J re")$nden" an"5ered %$rre%&' 5!#&e J $( !e* d#d n$ ge !e

%$rre% $ne T!e e#g! ue"#$n 5!#%! 5a" a4$u )r#"$ner" 4e#ng a4&e $ +$e

dur#ng e&e%#$n", >< re")$nden" 5ere a4&e $ ge # r#g! 5!#&e !ere 5ere 21

re")$nden" 5!$ d#d n$ T!e n#n! ue"#$n 5!#%! 5a" a4$u 4aranga'

e&e%#$n", >< re")$nden" an"5ered %$rre%&' 5!#&e !ere 5ere 21 5!$ d#d n$

T!e en! ue"#$n 5!#%! 5a" a4$u !e age $( +$er" ($r Sanggun#ang a4aaan

$r S, <2 re")$nden" 5ere a4&e $ "ee !a !e "ae*en 5a" #n%$rre% 5!#&e 2J

re")$nden" (a#&ed $ #den#(' !a # 5a" 5r$ng T!e e&e+en! ue"#$n a"8ed

5!#%! 5a" n$ a ua&#(#%a#$n $( a +$er, re")$nden" 5ere a4&e $ #den#(' !a

!e %$rre% an"5er #" &eer d 5!#&e !ere 5ere re")$nden" 5!$ 5ere n$ a4&e

$ d$ "$ T!e 5e&(! ue"#$n a"8ed 5!#%! 5a" n$ a ua&#(#%a#$n ($r "$*e$ne $

run a" !e )re"#den $( !e P!#&#))#ne", > re")$nden" 5ere a4&e $ an"5er !e

%$rre% $ne 5!#%! #" &eer 4 5!#&e !ere 5ere 1 re")$nden" 5!$ d#d n$ T!e

&a" ue"#$n 5!#%! 5a" a4$u !e %$*)$"##$n $( !e H$u"e $( Re)re"ena#+e",

/ re")$nden" an"5ered !e %$rre% $ne 5!#%! #" &eer a 5!#&e !ere 5ere 1>

re")$nden" 5!$ d#d n$

I %an 4e dee*ed #n !e a4&e a4$+e !a *a$r#' $( !e re")$nden" 5ere

8n$5&edgea4&e 5#! !e g$+ern*en "'"e* $( !e P!#&#))#ne"



38

Ta4&e

Re")$nden"6 Re")$n"e" $ !e ue"#$n" Re(err#ng $ !e Curren E+en"

ue"#$n" Curren E+en" V

S# F$r*er Pre" 0$"e)! Eer%#$ E"rada a' naangga& "a ung8u&#n"a )a*a*ag#an ng I*)ea%!*en Tr#a& > 1

Ang unang Pe$)&e P$5er Re+$&u#$n a' nagana) n$$ng Mar%!22 1

>2 2J

Panga&a5ang 4e"e" nau)$ 4#&ang S)ea8er $( !e H$u"e "# 0$"eC De ene%#a, 0r

J J >2

Ang 8a"a&u8u'ang %!#e( u"#%e ng P#&#)#na" a' "#?

a Rena$ C$r$na

4 Re'na$ Pun$

% H#&ar#$ Da+#de, 0r

d Are*#$ Pangan#4an

> 1/

Ang #n%u*4en ")ea8er $( !e !$u"e a' "#?

a Fe&#%#an$ R Be&*$ne, 0r

4 Pr$")er$ N$gra&e"

% Arnu&($ T Fuena4e&&a

d 0$"e C de ene%#a, 0r

>J 22 1

Ang #n%u*4en "enae )re"#den ng P#&#)#na" a' "#?

a Mann' #&&ar

4 0uan P$n%e Enr#&e

% Fran8&#n Dr#&$n

d Au#&#n$ P#*ene&

J 12 <

T#naa&a8a' "a RH B#&& ang *ga "u*u"un$d *a&#4an "a #"a?

a Ma4#"ang (a*#&' )&ann#ng

B 4 Se7 Edu%a#$n

>> 2/ J



39

A % A4$r#$n

d Ma4#"ang !ea&! %are "er+#%e"

Ta4&e re+ea&ed !e dea#&ed (reuen%' and )er%enage $( !e

re")$nden"6 re")$n"e" $ ue"#$n" a4$u !e %urren e+en" #n !e )$&##%a&

arena $( !e P!#&#))#ne" I 5a" "!$5n #n !e a4&e !e nu*4er $( re")$nden"

5!$ an"5ered %$rre%&' and #n%$rre%&' ($r ea%! ue"#$n" F$r !e (#r" ue"#$n

a4$u !e F$r*er Pre" 0$"e)! Eer%#$ E"rada 4e#ng re*$+ed (r$* $((#%e

4e%au"e $( !e I*)ea%!*en Tr#a&, > re")$nden" 5ere a4&e $ ge !e %$rre%

an"5er 5!#&e 1 $( !e* g$ !e 5r$ng $ne T!e "e%$nd ue"#$n 5!#%! re(erred

$ !e dae $( )e$)&e )$5er, >2 re")$nden" 5ere a4&e $ ge # r#g! 5!#&e !ere

5ere 2J re")$nden" 5!$ d#d n$ T!e !#rd ue"#$n 5!#%! 5a" a4$u 0$"e C

De ene%#a, 0r 4e#ng !e ")ea8er $( !e !$u"e ($r !e "e%$nd #*e, J

re")$nden" 5ere a4&e $ an"5er # %$rre%&' 5!#&e J re")$nden" g$ # 5r$ng

T!e ($ur! ue"#$n 5!#%! 5a" a4$u !e %urren C!#e( 0u"#%e $( !e P!#&#))#ne",

!ere 5ere > re")$nden" 5!$ an"5ered %$rre%&' 5!#%! #" &eer a Rena$

C$r$na and 1/ re")$nden" (a#&ed $ an"5er %$rre%&' T!e (#(! ue"#$n 5!#%!

5a" a4$u !e #n%u*4en ")ea8er $( !e !$u"e, >J re")$nden" 5ere a4&e $an"5er %$rre%&' 5!#%! #" &eer a Fe&#%#an$ R Be&*$ne, 0r and 22 re")$nden"

an"5ered #n%$rre%&' T!e "#7! ue"#$n 5!#%! 5a" a4$u !e #n%u*4en "enae

)re"#den $( !e P!#&#))#ne", J $( !e re")$nden" an"5ered %$rre%&' 5!#%! #"

&eer 4 0uan P$n%e Enr#&e 5!#&e 12 re")$nden" (a#&ed $ an"5er %$rre%&' T!e

"e+en! ue"#$n a"8ed 5!#%! 5a" n$ !e "%$)e $( !e Re)r$du%#+e Hea&! B#&&,

>> re")$nden" an"5ered %$rre%&' 5!#%! #" &eer % A4$r#$n 5!#&e 2/ $( !e*

d#d n$ ge !e %$rre% $ne

I %an 4e dee*ed #n !e a4&e !a *a$r#' $( !e re")$nden" 5ere

8n$5&edgea4&e 5#! !e %urren e+en #n !e )$&##%a& arena $( !e P!#&#))#ne"



40

Ta4&e

T!e Le+e& $( P$&##%a& Par#%#)a#$n $( !e Re")$nden"

D#d n$ +$e ;V= $ed #n Baranga'E&e%#$n" ;V=

$ed #n Na#$na&E&e%#$n" ;V=

V T$a&

J2 J 2 1//

Ta4&e "!$5ed !e &e+e& $( )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n $( !e re")$nden" T!#r'

5$ )er%en ;J2V= $( !e re")$nden" d#d n$ +$e, !#r'n#ne )er%en ;JV= $(

!e re")$nden" +$ed #n !e 4aranga' e&e%#$n" 5!#&e !ere 5ere 5en'n#ne

)er%en ;2V= $( !e re")$nden" 5!$ +$ed #n !e na#$na& e&e%#$n"

I %an 4e dee*ed (r$* !e a4&e a4$+e *$" $( !e re")$nden" )re(er $

+$e dur#ng !e 4aranga' e&e%#$n" A" $ne $( !e re"u&" $( !e "ud' %$ndu%ed

4' !e ADMUIPC ;2//>= )ar#%#)an" re%8$n &$%a& e&e%#$n" a" )r$du%#ng re&#a4&e

re"u&", 4u e7)re"" d$u4 $n !e %red#4#&#' $( e&e%#$n reurn" a !e na#$na&

&e+e&, 5!ere !e e&e%$ra& )$"" are !#g!&' %$ne"ed and *a""#+e %!ea#ng #"

)re+a&en T!u", !e' )re(er +$#ng *$re $n &$%a& e&e%#$n" !an a !e na#$na&

&e+e&

Ta4&e 1/

Le+e& $( P$&##%a& Par#%#)a#$n $( !e Re")$nden" #( Gr$u)ed 4' Age

D#d n$ +$e;V=

$ed #n Baranga'E&e%#$n" ;V=


V T$a&

122 J1 J J/ 1//2J2 22 << J< 1//2J2 J J> </ 1//JJJ >> 1/ J> 1//J and a4$+e </ J/ J/ 1//

Ta4&e 1/ "!$5ed !e &e+e& $( )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n $( !e re")$nden" #(

gr$u)ed 4' gender F$r !e !$"e 5!$"e age (a&&" 4e5een e#g!een $ 5en'

5$ 'ear" $&d ;122=, !#r'$ne )er%en d#d n$ +$e ;J1V=, !#r'n#ne )er%en

;JV= $( !e* +$ed #n !e 4aranga' e&e%#$n" 5!#&e !ere 5ere !#r' )er%en

;J/V= $( !e re")$nden" 5!$ +$ed #n !e na#$na& e&e%#$n" F$r !$"e 5!$"e



41

age (a&&" 4e5een 5en'!ree and 5en'"e+en 'ear" $&d ;2J2= !ere 5ere

5en'5$ )er%en 5!$ d#d n$ +$e ;22V=, ($r'($ur )er%en ;<<V= $( !e*

+$ed #n !e 4aranga' e&e%#$n" 5!#&e !ere 5ere !#r'($ur )er%en ;J<V= $( !e

re")$nden" 5!$ +$ed #n !e na#$na& e&e%#$n" F$r !$"e 5!$"e (a&&" 4e5een

5en' e#g! and !#r'5$ 'ear" $&d ;2J2=, !ere 5ere !#r'e#g! )er%en 5!$

d#d n$ +$e ;JV=, !#r'(#+e )er%en ;J>V= $( !e* +$ed #n !e 4aranga'

e&e%#$n" 5!#&e !ere 5ere ($r' )er%en ;</V= $( !e re")$nden" 5!$ +$ed #n

!e na#$na& e&e%#$n" F$r !$"e 5!$"e age (a&&" 4e5een !#r'!ree $ !#r'

"e+en 'ear" $&d ;JJJ= !ere 5ere (#('(#+e )er%en 5!$ d#d n$ +$e ;>>V=, en

)er%en ;1/V= $( !e* +$ed #n !e 4aranga' e&e%#$n" 5!#&e !ere 5ere !#r'(#+e

)er%en ;J>V= $( !e re")$nden" 5!$ +$ed #n !e na#$na& e&e%#$n" F$r !$"e

5!$"e age (a&&" $n !#r'e#g! ;J= and a4$+e 5#! "#7'$ne )er%enage ;1V=

!ere 5ere ($r' )er%en 5!$ d#d n$ +$e ;</V=, !#r' )er%en ;J/V= $( !e*

+$ed #n !e 4aranga' e&e%#$n" 5!#&e !ere 5ere !#r' )er%en ;J/V= $( !e

re")$nden" 5!$ +$ed #n !e na#$na& e&e%#$n"

A" &#8e 5!a !e ADMUIPC ;2//>= ($und $u !e '$u! "ee e&e%#$n" a"

"#gn#(#%an ($r %!ange and !a '$ung )e$)&e rea&#-e !e #*)$ran%e $( e&e%#$n"

and, a" a re"u&, !e' !$&d !#g! e7)e%a#$n" a4$u 5!a e&e%#$n" %an a%!#e+e "$

!e' )ra%#%e !e#r r#g! $ +$e



42

Ta4&e 11

Le+e& $( P$&##%a& Par#%#)a#$n $( !e Re")$nden" #( Gr$u)ed 4' Gender

D#d n$ +$e;V=

$ed #nBaranga'

E&e%#$n" ;V=

$ed #nNa#$na&

E&e%#$n" ;V=

V T$a&

Ma&e 1 J <> 1//Fe*a&e >/ J/ 2/ 1//

Ta4&e 11 "!$5ed !e &e+e& $( )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n $( !e re")$nden" #(

gr$u)ed 4' gender F$r !e *a&e re")$nden" !ere 5ere n#neeen )er%en 5!$

d#d n$ +$e ;1V=, !#r'"#7 )er%en ;JV= $( !e* +$ed #n !e 4aranga'

e&e%#$n" 5!#&e !ere 5ere ($r'(#+e )er%en ;<>V= $( !e re")$nden" 5!$ +$ed

#n !e na#$na& e&e%#$n" A" ($r !e (e*a&e re")$nden" !ere 5ere (#(' )er%en

5!$ d#d n$ +$e ;>/V=, !#r' )er%en ;J/V= $( !e* +$ed #n !e 4aranga'

e&e%#$n" 5!#&e !ere 5ere 5en' )er%en ;2/V= $( !e re")$nden" 5!$ +$ed #n

!e na#$na& e&e%#$n"

I #" e+#den (r$* !e a4&e a4$+e 5!a ADMUIPC ;2//>= !ad ($und $u #n

!e#r "ud' !a *a&e )ar#%#)an" a%%$rd greaer #*)$ran%e $ na#$na& e&e%#$n"

!an &$%a& and 4aranga' e&e%#$n", "#n%e !e#r re"u&" a((e% !e 5!$&e %$unr' In

%$nra", (e*a&e )ar#%#)an" %$n"#der 4aranga' e&e%#$n" a" !e *$" %ru%#a&

4e%au"e $( !e#r d#re% and ea"#&' (e& #*)a%

Ta4&e 12

Le+e& $( P$&##%a& Par#%#)a#$n $( !e Re")$nden" #( Gr$u)ed 4' Edu%a#$na& Aa#n*en

D#d n$ +$e;V=



V T$a

E&e*enar' </ <> 1> 1//

H#g! S%!$$& <2 J 21 1//C$&&egeUndergraduae

2 </ J2 1//

C$&&ege Graduae 1 <J <1 1//

Ta4&e 12 "!$5ed !e &e+e& $( )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n $( !e re")$nden" #(

gr$u)ed 4' edu%a#$na& aa#n*en F$r !$"e 5!$ aa#ned e&e*enar'



43

edu%a#$n, !ere 5ere ($r' )er%en 5!$ d#d n$ +$e ;</V=, ($r'(#+e )er%en

;<>V= $( !e* +$ed #n !e 4aranga' e&e%#$n" 5!#&e !ere 5ere (#(een )er%en

;1>V= $( !e re")$nden" 5!$ +$ed #n !e na#$na& e&e%#$n" A" ($r !$"e 5!$

aa#ned H#g! S%!$$& edu%a#$n, !ere 5ere ($r'5$ )er%en 5!$ d#d n$ +$e

;<2V=, !#r'"e+en )er%en ;JV= $( !e* +$ed #n !e 4aranga' e&e%#$n" 5!#&e

!ere 5ere 5en'$ne )er%en ;21V= $( !e re")$nden" 5!$ +$ed #n !e

na#$na& e&e%#$n" F$r !$"e 5!$ 5ere %$&&ege undergraduae" !ere 5ere

5en'e#g! )er%en 5!$ d#d n$ +$e ;2V=, ($r' )er%en ;</V= $( !e* +$ed #n

!e 4aranga' e&e%#$n" 5!#&e !ere 5ere !#r'5$ )er%en ;J2V= $( !e

re")$nden" 5!$ +$ed #n !e na#$na& e&e%#$n" A" ($r !$"e 5!$ 5ere %$&&ege

graduae", !ere 5ere "#7een )er%en 5!$ d#d n$ +$e ;1V=, ($r'!ree

)er%en ;<JV= $( !e* +$ed #n !e 4aranga' e&e%#$n" 5!#&e !ere 5ere ($r'$ne

)er%en ;<1V= $( !e re")$nden" 5!$ +$ed #n !e na#$na& e&e%#$n"

0u" &#8e 5#! )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n, !e a4&e a4$+e %&ear&' *an#(e"ed 5!a

3$"!#n"8' ;1>= "aed !a n$ *aer 5!a !e "e#ng, !e *a$r 'ear" $(

($r*a& "%!$$&#ng )e$)&e !a+e, !e *$re &#8e&' # #" !a !e' 5#&& under"and

)$&##%" and 4e #n+$&+ed #n #" a%#+##e", e")e%#a&&' +$#ng

Ta4&e 1J

Le+e& $( P$&##%a& Par#%#)a#$n $( !e Re")$nden" #( Gr$u)ed 4' O%%u)a#$n

D#d n$ +$e;V=



V T$a

Se&(e*)&$'ed 2 <1 J/ 1//E*)&$'ed #nG$+ern*en

1/ < << 1//

E*)&$'ed #nPr#+ae

1/ < << 1//

Une*)&$'ed J2 J 2 1//

O!er" < <> 1//

Ta4&e 1J "!$5ed !e &e+e& $( )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n $( !e re")$nden" #(

gr$u)ed 4' $%%u)a#$n F$r !$"e 5!$ 5ere "e&(e*)&$'ed, !ere 5ere 5en'

n#n%e )er%en 5!$ d#d n$ +$e ;2V=, ($r'$ne )er%en ;<1V= $( !e* +$ed #n



44

!e 4aranga' e&e%#$n" 5!#&e !ere 5ere !#r' )er%en ;J/V= $( !e re")$nden"

5!$ +$ed #n !e na#$na& e&e%#$n" A" ($r !$"e 5!$ 5ere e*)&$'ed #n

g$+ern*en, !ere 5ere en )er%en 5!$ d#d n$ +$e ;1/V=, ($r'"e+en )er%en

;<V= $( !e* +$ed #n !e 4aranga' e&e%#$n" 5!#&e !ere 5ere ($r'($ur )er%en

;<<V= $( !e re")$nden" 5!$ +$ed #n !e na#$na& e&e%#$n" F$r !$"e 5!$

5ere e*)&$'ed #n !e )r#+ae "e%$r, !ere 5ere en )er%en 5!$ d#d n$ +$e

;1/V=, ($r'"e+en )er%en ;<V= $( !e* +$ed #n !e 4aranga' e&e%#$n" 5!#&e

!ere 5ere ($r'($ur )er%en ;<<V= $( !e re")$nden" 5!$ +$ed #n !e na#$na&

e&e%#$n" A" ($r !$"e 5!$ 5ere une*)&$'ed, !ere 5ere !#r'5$ )er%en 5!$

d#d n$ +$e ;J2V=, !reen#ne )er%en ;JV= $( !e* +$ed #n !e 4aranga'

e&e%#$n" 5!#&e !ere 5ere 5en'n#ne )er%en ;2V= $( !e re")$nden" 5!$

+$ed #n !e na#$na& e&e%#$n" And ($r !$"e 5!$ 5ere e*)&$'ed under !e

$!er" %aeg$r', !ere 5ere e#g! )er%en 5!$ d#d n$ +$e ;V=, ($r'"e+en

)er%en ;<V= $( !e* +$ed #n !e 4aranga' e&e%#$n" 5!#&e !ere 5ere ($r'(#+e

)er%en ;<>V= $( !e re")$nden" 5!$ +$ed #n !e na#$na& e&e%#$n"

T!e a4&e a4$+e %&ear&' "!$5ed 5!a 3$"!#n"8' ;1>= *ean 5!en !e

5r$e !a un"8#&&ed 5$r8er" are &e"" &#8e&' !an are 4u"#ne"" e7e%u#+e" $ read

a4$u )$&##%", a&8 a4$u )$&##%", +$e, $r run ($r $((#%e Pr$(e""#$na&" 5#&& 4e *$re

a%#+e !an )e$)&e $n 5e&(are

Ta4&e 1<

Le+e& $( P$&##%a& Par#%#)a#$n $( !e Re")$nden" #( Gr$u)ed 4' In%$*e

D#d n$ +$e;V=



V T$a

1>,//1 and a4$+e <> J> 2/ 1//1/,//11>,/// 1> < J 1//>,//11/,// J/ J J1 1//

>,/// and 4e&$5 J 1 1//

Ta4&e 1< "!$5ed !e &e+e& $( )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n $( !e re")$nden" #(

gr$u)ed 4' #n%$*e F$r !$"e 5!$ earned (#(een !$u"and and $ne )e"$"

;P!)1>,//1= and a4$+e !ere 5ere ($r'(#+e )er%en 5!$ d#d n$ +$e ;<>V=,



45

!#r'(#+e )er%en ;J>V= $( !e* +$ed #n !e 4aranga' e&e%#$n" 5!#&e !ere 5ere

5en' )er%en ;2/V= $( !e re")$nden" 5!$ +$ed #n !e na#$na& e&e%#$n" A"

($r !$"e 5!$ earned en !$u"and and $ne )e"$" $ (#(een !$u"and )e"$"

;P!)1/,//11>,///=, !ere 5ere (#(een )er%en 5!$ d#d n$ +$e ;1>V=, ($r'"#7

)er%en ;<V= $( !e* +$ed #n !e 4aranga' e&e%#$n" 5!#&e !ere 5ere !#r'

n#ne )er%en ;JV= $( !e re")$nden" 5!$ +$ed #n !e na#$na& e&e%#$n" F$r

!$"e 5!$ earned 4e5een (#+e !$u"and and $ne )e"$" $ en !$u"and )e"$"

;P!)>,//11/,///=, !ere 5ere !#r' )er%en 5!$ d#d n$ +$e ;J/V=, !#r'n#ne

)er%en ;JV= $( !e* +$ed #n !e 4aranga' e&e%#$n" 5!#&e !ere 5ere !#r'

$ne )er%en ;J1V= $( !e re")$nden" 5!$ +$ed #n !e na#$na& e&e%#$n" A" ($r

!$"e 5!$ earned (#+e !$u"and )e"$" ;P!)>,//1= and 4e&$5 , !ere 5ere

"e+en'!ree )er%en 5!$ d#d n$ +$e ;JV=, e#g!een )er%en ;1V= $( !e*

+$ed #n !e 4aranga' e&e%#$n" 5!#&e !ere 5ere n#ne )er%en ;V= $( !e

re")$nden" 5!$ +$ed #n !e na#$na& e&e%#$n"

E!r#dge ;2//<= %$n%&uded !a !$"e 5!$ are earn#ng *$re are *$re

&#8e&' !an !e )$$r $ 4e &#erae and $ read ne5")a)er and 4$$8" T!e"e

a%#+##e" and a""$%#a#$n" !e&) !e* de+e&$) a "r$ng #nere" #n )$&##%" T!e'

+$e *$re 4e%au"e !e' are *$re #n+$&+ed and *$re #n($r*ed, and 4e%au"e

!e' are *$re &#8e&' !an !e )$$r $ !a+e de+e&$)ed a "en"e $( )$&##%a& e((#%a%'



46

CHAPTER >

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

T!#" %!a)er )re"ened !e "u**ar', %$n%&u"#$n" and re%$**enda#$n"der#+ed (r$* !e daa d#"%u""ed #n !e )re%ed#ng %!a)er"

T!#" "ud' 5a" %$ndu%ed ($r !e )ur)$"e $( #den#('#ng !e &e+e& $(

)$&##%a& $r#ena#$n and )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n $( !e %$**un#' Baranga' 2, Z$ne

1, F#r" D#"r#% $( T$nd$ Man#&a T!e de"%r#)#+e *e!$d $( re"ear%! 5a" u#&#-ed

#n $rder $ ga!er !e needed daa 3!#&e !e ue"#$nna#re "er+ed a" !e

#n"ru*en ($r %$&&e%#ng !e daa T!e #nu#r' 5a" %$ndu%ed dur#ng !e "%!$$&

'ear 2/1/2/11

T!e ($&&$5#ng 5ere !e (#nd#ng" $( !e "ud' a%%$rd#ng $ !e "euen%e $(

!e )re"ena#$n $( !e ")e%#(#% ue"#$n" #n %!a)er 1

1 3!a #" !e "$%#$e%$n$*#% )r$(#&e $( !e re")$nden" #n er*" $(?

a Age

4 Gender

% Edu%a#$na& Aa#n*en

d O%%u)a#$n

e In%$*e

A%%$rd#ng $ !e daa ga!ered 4' !e re"ear%!er", *a$r#' $( !e

re")$nden" (a&&" 4e5een !e age" 1 $ 22 'ear" $&d ;(J, V>2= T!#" 5a""e%$nded 4' !$"e 5!$"e age (a&&" 4e5een 2J and 2 'ear" $&d ;(1>, V2/=

T!#rd #n !e ran8 5a" !$"e 5!$"e age (a&&" 4e5een J 'ear" $&d and a4$+e

;(1/, V1J= F$ur! #" !$"e 5!$"e age (a&&" 4e5een 2 and J2 'ear" $&d ;(,

V= F#na&&', &ea" (a&&" $n !e age 4ra%8e $( JJ $ J 'ear" $&d ;(<, V>= A"

($r !e gender, !ere 5ere *$re (e*a&e ;n<J, V>= !an *a&e ;nJ2, V<J=



47

re")$nden" 5!$ )ar#%#)aed #n !#" "ud' A" ($r !e edu%a#$na& aa#n*en $(

!e re")$nden", *a$r#' $( !e re")$nden" 5ere %$&&ege undergraduae ;(2,

VJ= 5!erea" 2 ;VJ>= 5ere !#g! "%!$$& graduae" T!ere 5ere 1 ;V2>=

re")$nden" 5!$ 5ere %$&&ege graduae" Fe5 !ad e&e*enar' edu%a#$n ;(J,

V<= F$r !e re")$nden" $%%u)a#$n, Ma$r#' $( !e re")$nden" 5ere

une*)&$'ed ;(J/, V</= T!#" 5a" "e%$nded 4' !$"e 5!$ 5ere "e&(

e*)&$'ed ;(22, V2= T!#rd #n !e ran8 5ere !$"e 5!$ 5ere 5$r8#ng #n

g$+ern*en $((#%e" and )r#+ae "e%$r" ;(, V11= F#na&&', (e5 5ere 5$r8#ng #n

$!er ')e" $( $4 ;(, V= La"&', a" ($r !e re")$nden"6 #n%$*e, !e' *$"&'

earned 4e5een (#+e !$u"and and $ne )e"$" $ en !$u"and )e"$" ;P!)>,//1

1/,///= ;(J, V<= T!#" 5a" ($&&$5ed 4' !$"e re")$nden" 5!$ earned (#+e

!$u"and )e"$" ;P!)>,//1= and 4e&$5 ;(1, V2J= Ne7 5a" !$"e 5!$

earned en !$u"and and $ne )e"$" $ (#(een !$u"and )e"$" ;P!)1/,//1

1>,///= ;(1J, V1= Lea" a*$ng !e gr$u) 5ere !$"e earn#ng (#(een

!$u"and and $ne )e"$" ;P!)1>,//1= and a4$+e ;(, V12=

2 3!a #" !e &e+e& $( )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n $( !e re")$nden"

T!e re"ear%!er" ($und $u !a !e &e+e& $( )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n $( !e

re")$nden" u"#ng )er%enage T!ere 5ere (#(' e#g! )er%en ;>V= $( !e

re")$nden" 5!$ 5ere a4&e $ an"5er %$rre%&' !e ue"#$n" $n g$+ern*en

"'"e* and %urren e+en" #n !e )$&##%a& arena 5!#&e !ere 5ere ($r' 5$

)er%en ;<2V= 5!$ (a#&ed $ d$ "$

J 3!a #" !e &e+e& $( )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n $( !e re")$nden"

T!e re"ear%!er" a&"$ ($und $u !a !e &e+e& $( )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n $( !e

re")$nden" u"#ng )er%enage T!#r' 5$ )er%en ;J2V= $( !e re")$nden" d#dn$ +$e, !#r'n#ne )er%en ;JV= $( !e re")$nden" +$ed #n !e 4aranga'

e&e%#$n" 5!#&e !ere 5ere 5en'n#ne )er%en ;2V= $( !e re")$nden" 5!$

+$ed #n !e na#$na& e&e%#$n"

CONCLUSIONS



48

Ba"ed $n !e ($reg$#ng (#nd#ng", !e ($&&$5#ng %$n%&u"#$n" 5ere dra5n?

1. T!e re")$nden" $( Baranga' 2, Z$ne 1, F#r" D#"r#% $( T$nd$ Man#&a

5ere 5e&& $r#ened 5#! !e g$+ern*en "'"e* and %urren e+en" #n !e

)$&##%a& arena $( !e P!#&#))#ne"

2. M$" $( !e re")$nden" $n&' +$ed dur#ng 4araga' e&e%#$n" and !e#r

)$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n 5a" #n%$n"#"en "#n%e n$ a&& $( !e* +$ed dur#ng

!e na#$na& e&e%#$n"

J T!e )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n $( !e re")$nden" d$e" n$ d#%ae !e#r )$&##%a&

)ar#%#)a#$n E+en #( !e' 5ere 5e&& $r#ened 5#! !e g$+ern*en "'"e*

and %urren e+en" !e' "#&& (a#&ed #n !a+#ng a %$n"#"en )aern $( +$#ng

RECOMMENDATIONS

T!e re"ear%!er" !ad ($r*u&aed !e ($&&$5#ng "ugge"#$n" #n $rder $ !a+e

a 4eer under"and#ng $( )$&##%a& %u&ure

1 Sud' $( )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n and )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n *u" 4e *ade #n a

&arger "%a&e $ under"and *$re (u&&' !$5 !e %##-en" )er%e#+ed !e#r

g$+ern*en and !e %$unr'6" )$&##%"

2 T!#" "!$u&d 4e read 4' !e re"#den" $( Baranga' 2, Z$ne 1, F#r" D#"r#%,

T$nd$ Man#&a $ under"and 5!a !e#r )$&##%a& $r#ena#$n and )$&##%a&

)ar#%#)a#$n 5ere

J I #" re%$**ended !a a "ud' 5#! regard" $n !e (a%$r" $n 5!' !e

)$&##%a& $r#ena#$n #n a %$**un#' #" !#g! 4u !e )$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n #"

&$5 A&"$, an$!er "ud' *u" 4e *ade ($%u"#ng $n !e re&a#$n"!#) $( !e

)$&##%a& )ar#%#)a#$n #n !e &$%a& and na#$na& e&e%#$n"

< I #" (ur!er re%$**ended !a a ($&&$5u) "ud' $( !#" re"ear%! 4e

%$ndu%ed $n a greaer re"ear%! )$)u&a#$n 5#! greaer +ar#a#$n #n $rder

$ +a&#dae !e re"u& $( !#" "ud' T!e re"u& %an 4e %$*)ared $ !e



49

#n($r*a#$n generaed 4' !#" "ud'



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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A&*$nd, G Q er4a, S ;1J= The +i1i +ulture' Politial (ttitudes and &emoray in 2i1e Nations. Pr#n%e$n Un#+er"#' Pre""

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E&g#e, e a& ;2///= 2renh politis' &ebates and +ontro1ersies. L$nd$n?R$u&edge

E!r#dge, M ;2//<= Politis in a hanging world. Ca&#($rn#a? 3ad"5$r!T!$*"$n



51

&earn#ng

Geer-, C ;1= 3eligion as a +ultural *ystem. In (nthropologial (pproahes

$ the *tudy o< 3eligion, Ed#ed 4' M#%!ae& Ban$n Ta+#"$%8 Pu4&#%a#$n"

0a%8"$n, D, Q 0a%8"$n, R 0 ;1, 1= +omparati1e Introdution To Politial *iene A&e7andr#a, A? Pren#%e Ha&&

Mag"ad, T ;2//J= 8nderstanding politis. Ca&#($rn#a? 3ad"5$r!T!$*"$n&earn#ng

M#&4ra!, L 3 ;1>= Politial partiipation" how and why do people get in1ol1ed in politisB C!#%ag$? Rand M%Na&&'

M#e&&, 0 ;2//= Tele1ision and (merian +ulture Ne5 Y$r8? O7($rd Un#+er"#'

Press, USA

Ne5$n ;2//1= Ceyond ToDue1ille. +i1il *oiety and the *oial +apital &ebate in +omparati1e Perspeti1e. Han$+er? Tu(" Un#+er"#'

Pre"#"" e a& ;2//= $ass $edia 4<<ets 3esearh' (d1anes through $eta% (nalysis. Ca*4r#dge, MA? Har+ard Un#+er"#' Pre""

Tan"e', S ;2//<= Politis

L$nd$n? R$u&edge

3$"!#n"8', O ;2//= 4Eplaining Politis' +ulture, Institutions and Politial Ceha1ior. Ne5 Y$r8? R$u&edge

3$"!#n"8', O ;11, 1>= +ulture and Politis' (n Introdution to $ass and 4lite Politial Ceha1ior. Ne5 0er"e'? Pren#%e Ha&&

Yu0$"e L ;1, Ma'= Fapan ;iews the Philippines, >?@@%>?GG Aene$ de$anila Un#+er"#' Pre"" Re+ Su4 ed##$n

Sud#e"

Aene$ de Man#&a Un#+er"#'In"#ue $( P!#&#))#ne Cu&ure ;2//>= ;ote o< thePoor' $odernity and Tradition in PeopleHs ;iews o< Leadership and

4letions. ue-$n C#'? ADMUIPC

C$&&ad$, CD A, Ga&a", 0 P Q arga", MTA B ;2//= +omparati1e *tudy on the 1oting pre<erene o< senior I(* students during the :@@G 248+*Oand :@@G presidential eletions. Man#&a? Undergraduae T!e"#", Far Ea"ern Un#+er"#'



52

E&a-ar, D ;1<= The (merian $osai' The Impat o< *pae, Time, and +ulture on (merian Ne5 Y$r8? T!$*a" Y Cr$5e&&

E")#r#u, E ;12= The Politial (ttitudes o< 8ni1ersity *tudents' ( +ase *tudy.

Man#&a? Un)u4&#"!ed Ma"er6" T!e"#", Cenr$ E"%$&ar Un#+er"#'

R#+era, T ;2///= $iddle +lass Politis' The Philippine 4Eperiene. 0$urna& $( *oial S%#en%e <>? 1.22

3e4"#e

P!#&#))#ne P$&##%a& Cu&ure C#r%a 2// ;2//= Rer#e+ed Augu" 11 2/1/, (r$*http?(#&#)#n$+$#%e"%$*)!#&#))#ne)$&##%a&%u&ure%#r%a2//

Merr#a*3e4"er Rer#e+ed N$+e*4er 1> 2/1/ Fr$* !)?555*err#a*webster %$*



53

A))end#7 A

T#*e Ta4&e ($r Re"ear%!

Activity Date

Su4*#""#$n $( )r$)$"ed #&e" 0u&'

Su4*#""#$n $( (#na& #&e 0u&' 1

Su4*#""#$n $( #nr$du%#$n and"ae*en $( !e )r$4&e*

0u&' J/

Su4*#""#$n $( "%$)e and de&#*#a#$nand "#gn#(#%an%e $( !e "ud'

Augu"

Su4*#""#$n $( (ra*e5$r8, !')$!e"#"and de(#n##$n $( er*"

Augu" 1J

Su4*#""#$n $( %!a)er 1%$*)&ee %$)' Augu" 2

Su4*#""#$n $( %!a)er 2)ar#a& Augu" J1

Su4*#""#$n $( %!a)er 2%$*)&ee %$)' Se)e*4er

Su4*#""#$n $( %!a)er J Se)e*4er 1

T!e"#" )r$)$"a& *anu"%r#) "u4*#""#$n Se)e*4er 21

Ora& De(en"e Se)e*4er O%$4er

Su4*#""#$n $( re+#"ed *anu"%r#) N$+e*4er



54

Daa ga!er#ng De%e*4er 0anuar'

Pre)ara#$n $( %!a)er < 0anuar'

Pre)ara#$n $( %!a)er > 0anuar'

Su4*#""#$n $( (#na& *anu"%r#) Fe4ruar' <

Ora& De(en"e Mar%!

Su4*#""#$n $( !ard4$und Mar%! 1<



55

A))end#7 BT!e ($&&$5#ng #" an e7a*)&e ($r* $( !e re"ear%!er"6 "ur+e' $n !e

"e&e%ed re")$nden"?

I)#na)aa&a* )$ na ang *ga re"u&ang na8a)a&$$4 r#$ a' )aguuunan ng

8au8u&ang )ag##nga Mara*#ng "a&a*a )$ "a #n'$ng 8$$)era"#'$n

Punan ang mga sumusunod na detalye. Para sa mga may bilog, maari lamangpong lagyan ng tsek (

) ang napiling kasagutan.

Panga&an ;O)"'$na&=? a"ar#an?Ba4a4e; =La&a8#; = Edad?

P#na8a*aaa" na ana" ng edu8a"#'$ng naa4$? ; =E&e*enar'a ; =H#g!"%!$$&; =C$&&ege Undergraduae ; =C$&&ege ; =Ma"er6" Degree ; =D$%$rae Degree

Tra4a!$? ; =Se&( E*)&$'ed ; =Sa G$4'ern$ ; =Sa Pr#4ad$ Se8$r ; =3a&ang ra4a!$; =O!er" P&" S)e%#('

#a? ; = 1/,///)a4a4a ; = 11,///1>,/// ; = 1,///2/,/// ; = 21,///)aaa"

I"a 8a 4ang re!#"rad$ng 4$ane ; = O$ ; = H#nd#

Bu*$$ 8a 4a "a *ga "u*u"un$d na na#$na& e&e%#$n" Lag'an ng "e8 ;= ang *ga

ang8$) na 8a"aguan

WWW2//< e&e%#$n"

WWW2/1/ e&e%#$n" ;Ma'$=

Bu*$$ 8a 4a "a *ga "u*u"un$d na &$8a& ;Baranga'= na e&e%#$n" Lag'an ng %!e%8

ang *ga ang8$) na 8a"aguan

WWW2// e&e%#$n"

WWW 2/1/ e&e%#$n" ;O8u4re=

Sagutan ang sumusunod ng Tama o Mali ayon sa inyong kaalaman.

WWWWWWWW1 Ang )re"#dene ng P#&#)#na" a' nanunung8u&an ng an#* na a$n

WWWWWWWW2 Ang )re"#dene ng P#&#)#na" a' *aar#ng *aangga& "a )araan ng )e$)&e)$5er

WWWWWWWWJ Ang *ga "enad$r ng P#&#)#na" a' !#nd# *aar#ng *a#*)ea%!

WWWWWWWW< Ang 1 C$n"#u#$n ng P#&#)#na" a' )ang &#*ang %$n"#u#$n

WWWWWWWW> Ang "u)re*e %$ur a' 4#nu4u$ ng #"ang C!#e( 0u"#%e a &a4#ng &#*ang ;1>=a""$%#ae u"#%e"

WWWWWWWW Ang !$u"e $( re)re"ena#+e" ang na*a*a!a&a "a &a!a ng #*)ea%!*en



56

%a"e"

WWWWWWWW S# F$r*er Pre" 0$"e)! Eer%#$ E"rada a' naangga& "a ung8u&#n "a)a*a*ag#an ng I*)ea%!*en Tr#a&

WWWWWWWW Ang unang Pe$)&e P$5er Re+$&u#$n a' nagana) n$$ng Mar%! 22 1

WWWWWWWW L#*ang a$n nanunung8u&an ang 4aranga' %$un%#&$r ng P#&#)#na"

WWWWWWWW1/ Ang *ga na8a8u&$ng a' na8a8a4$$ u5#ng e&e8"'$n

WWWWWWWW11 Tu5#ng a&$ng a$n nagagana) ang e&e8"'$n )ara "a 4aranga' $((#%#a&"

WWWWWWWW12 Para "a S $ Sanggun#ang a4aaan, ang *aar# &ang 4u*$$ "a8an#&a a'ang *ga *a' edad na 1>21 'ear" $&d

WWWWWWWW1J Panga&a5ang 4e"e" nau)$ 4#&ang S)ea8er $( !e H$u"e "# 0$"e C Deene%#a, 0r

Bilugan ang tamang sagot ayon sa inyong kaalaman.

1< Ang 8a"a&u8u'ang %!#e( u"#%e ng P#&#)#na" a' "#

a. Rena$ C$r$na 4 Re'na$ Pun$

% H#&ar#$ Da+#de, 0r d Are*#$ Pangan#4an

1> Ang #n%u*4en ")ea8er $( !e !$u"e a' "#

a. Fe&#%#an$ R Be&*$ne, 0r 4 Pr$")er$ N$gra&e"

% Arnu&($ T Fuena4e&&a d 0$"e C de ene%#a, 0r

1 Ang #n%u*4en "enae )re"#den ng P#&#)#na" a' "#

a Mann' #&&ar 4 0uan P$n%e Enr#&e

% Fran8&#n Dr#&$n d Au#&#n$ P#*ene&

1 Ang *ga "u*u"un$d a' *ga 8#na8a#&angan )ara *ag#ng #"ang 4$ane, *a&#4an "a #"a

a. 1 'ear" $&d 4 nan#ra!an "a )#&#)#na" ng !#nd# 4a4a ng #"ang a$n

% u*#ra "a &ugar na na#" )ag4$$!an ng !#nd# 4a4a "a an#* na 4u5an

d *a' 4a!a' a &u)a

1 Ang *ga "u*u"un$d a' *ga ua&#(#%a#$n" )ara "a )re"#dene ng P#&#)#na", *a&#4an "a #

a. Re!#"rad$ng 4$ane 4 a &ea" >/ 'ear" $( age "a ara5 ng e&e8"'$n

% *arun$ng *ag4a"a, a *ag"u&a



57

d re"#dene ng P#&#)#na" ng !#nd# 4a4a ng "a*)ung a$n

1 Ang !$u"e $( re)re"ena#+e" a' 4#nu4u$ ng

a. 1>/ *e*4er" 4 2// *e*4er" % 2>/ *e*4er" d J// *e*4er"

2/ T#naa&a8a' "a RH B#&& ang *ga "u*u"un$d *a&#4an "a #"a

a Ma4#"ang (a*#&' )&ann#ng 4 Se7 Edu%a#$n

% A4$r#$n d Ma4#"ang !ea&! %are "er+#%e"



58

A))end#7 C

Cer#(#%ae (r$* !e Sa#"#%#an


De)ar*en P$&##%a& S%#en%e

N#%an$r Re'e" Sree

M$ra'a, Man#&a

Cer#(#%a#$n

T!#" #" $ %er#(' !a !e re"ear%!er", Jrd 'ear P$&##%a& S%#en%e

"uden" !a+e "$ug! *' ad+#%e 5#! regard $ !e#r "ud'6" "a#"#%a&

rea*en $( daa

I""ued !#" 1/! da' $( 0u&' 2/11

S#gned

M" Raue& Ra)#ra)

Sa#"#%#an



59

A))end#7 D

Leer $ COMELEC



N#%an$r Re'e" Sree

M$ra'a, Man#&a

11 0anuar' 2/11

A' M#%!ae& D D#$neda

D#re%$r ($r NCR, COMELEC

2F FEMII B&dg D$n Andre" S$r#an$ A+e

Inra*ur$", Man#&a

Dear S#r,

3e, !e under"#gned are "uden" $( !e Far Ea"ern Un#+er"#', 5$u&d &#8e $ reue"'$ur g$$d $((#%e $ a&&$5 u" $ "e%ure a %$)' $( !e &#" $( !e na*e" $( +$er" (r$* Baranga' 2,Z$ne 1, F#r" D#"r#% $( T$nd$ Man#&a 5#! )re%#n% nu*4er" //A, //A, //A, //B, //C T!ed$%u*en 5#&& 4e !e&d %$n(#den#a& and 5#&& $n&' 4e u"ed ($r a%ade*#% )ur)$"e $n&'

H$)#ng ($r '$ur (a+$ra4&e %$n"#dera#$n and 8#nd a))r$+a& !ere$(

T!an8 '$u and *$re )$5er

er' Re")e%(u&&' Y$ur",

F#nu&#ar, 0$!n Dan#e& E

N$ed 4'?

Pr$( Fran%#" L$u#e Mend$-a

Ad+#"er

A))end#7 E



60

Leer $ !e Baranga'



N#%an$r Re'e" Sree

M$ra'a, Man#&a

Baranga' C!a#r*an

Baranga' 2, Z$ne , F#r" D#"r#%

T$nd$ Man#&a

S#rMada*,

Gree#ng" $( Pea%e and Pr$")er#'

T!e <! 'ear "uden" $( Far Ea"ern Un#+er"#' *a$r #n P$&##%a& S%#en%e are %$ndu%#nga "ud' en#&ed 9An A ""e""*en $( P$&##%a& Cu&ure $( Baranga' 2, Z$ne 1 #n !e F#r" D#"r#%$( T$nd$ Man#&a: a" a *a$r reu#re*en ($r !e Degree $( Ba%!e&$r $( Ar" *a$r #n P$&##%a&S%#en%e

In !#" regard, 5e 5$u&d &#8e $ a"8 '$ur g$$d $((#%e $ a&&$5 u" $ %$ndu% a "ur+e' $n'$ur 4aranga' Be re" a""ured !a a&& #n($r*a#$n and daa ga!ered 5#&& 4e 8e) %$n(#den#a&

Y$ur )er*#""#$n #" !#g!&' a))re%#aed

T!an8 '$u and G$d 4&e""

S#n%ere&',

F#nu&#ar, 0$!n Dan#e& EN$ed 4'?

Pr$( Fran%#" L$u#e Mend$-a

Ad+#"er

Thesis Fina Neil

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