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CHANGING PATTERNS OF CULTURE
AMONG YOUTH: AN EXPLORATION OF
GENERATION GAP
THESIS
Submitted for the Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
in
SOCIOLOGY
C.C.S. University, Meerut
Supervisor :
Dr. (Smt.) !"# R#ni
Reader & Head
Deptt. of Sociology
J.V. College, Baraut (Baghpat)
Research Scholar :
Ru$%i R#&v#ns%i
H.o. ! "#$, orth Ci%il i'e,
al%iya arg, u*affar'agar
+i' -/ 00/
Venue of Research :Department of Sociology
Janta Vedic Degree College
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Baraut (Baghpat)
2012
Dr.(Smt.) Alka RaniReader & Head
Deptt. Of SociologyJ.V. (P.G.) ollege! "ara#t ("ag$pat)Re%. '*+! Gyandeep!
S#,$a%$ -agar!"ara#t ("ag$pat) '/0++
P$.+'123'010014o,.5*16/+'/+*
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that thesis entitled Changing Patterns of Culture Among
Youth: An !ploration of "eneration "ap#submitted byRuchi Ra$vanshifor the
award of Doctor of Philosophy embodies the result of her original study and
in!estigation under my super!ision and guidance" This study is the first of its #ind
and is no way a reproduction of any other research wor# or literature" $he has
completed all the re%uirements as per the statues and ordinances of the &ni!ersity"
Super%ior
Dr. (Smt.) !"# R#ni
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Declaration
' do hereby declare that the thesis entitled Changing Patterns of Culture
Among Youth: An !ploration of "eneration "ap# is my own research and
original wor#"
' further declare that it is to the best of my #nowledge and belief that nobody
has either submitted or awarded degree on this topic under any other &ni!ersity
'nstitution"
$ubmitted byRuchi Ra$vanshi"
Ru$%i R#&v#ns%i
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Dedicated
to
My Reverend Late Mother
Smt. Savita Rajvanshi
&
Respected Elders
&
Loving Youngers of the Society
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PRE!"E
ach society has got its social !alues customs traditions and con!entions" ach
indi!idual members of the society has different attitudes towards such !alues" *e may
differ or agree with the !alues" This perspecti!e can easily be seen in younger as well as
older"
The infant begins his life under the fostering affection and care of his parents and
other near and dear ones associated with his family" +s he grows he recei!es the first
lesson of life in his family and tries to imbibe the habit ideas and patterns of beha!ior of
his family members" But when he comes in contact with other beings he directly or
indirectly influenced by them also" ,ow he -udges and speculates the things himself" ,ow
he wants to ma#e his own culture"
ri#son (1./a) has rightly said that +s a phase of indi!idual de!elopment youth
is obser!ed to be both comple and contradictory3"
4e all are aware that young age has become a comple phenomenon" The young
wants to touch s#y in a !ery short span" ,ot only youth but it has seen that the elders are
also getting fleible rather than con!entional"
't is a problem of e!ery family in!ol!ing strains of caring and stress of inter5
generational interactions" 't has become an important biological economic socio5
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psychological issue in the community where increasing moderni6ation urbani6ation and
social changes has made young7s care more problematic"
Today the youth is leading a life of confusion in mostly e!ery wal# of life" 'mpact of
!alues and norms are decreasing day5by5day" 8outh today has become indi!idualistic
rather than socialistic"
9or this research we ha!e chosen u6affarnagar city and ;inna !illage as our
study area" ;re5coded structure %uestionnaire schedule is used for collecting data"
$econdary data is also used whate!er it was re%uired"
The present study is di!ided into se!en chapters" 'n first chapter we ha!e gi!en
introduction of our chapter in second chapter< we ha!e briefly re!iewed the literature and
pointed the critical e!aluation of the literature" 'n chapter three we ha!e described the
research design of the study including the study area i"e" 'ndia &ttar ;radesh
u6affarnagar city and Village ;inna" 'n fourth chapter we ha!e discussed the gender
difference in youth culture" 'n fifth chapter we ha!e discussed the generation difference in
youth culture" 'n sith chapter we ha!e discussed rural and urban difference in youth
culture and lastly in se!enth chapter we ha!e gone through the conclusions and some
suggesti!e recommendation are also mentioned"
'n this proposed research wor# it is epected that the study will bring some new
and !aluable conclusions which can help in bridging the gap of two generations and
thereby resol!e the problem of social ad-ustment"
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To proceed our wor# for bridging the gap between generations we ha!e ta#en
u6affarnagar3 city as urban area and a small !illage ;inna3 which is #m away from
district head %uarter as a rural area" The young generation will be called parents youth3
and older generation will be treated as parent3" The age range of parents youth3 will be
1 to 2=3 years whereas the age of parents3 will be >= to =3 years"
Total sample si6e is ?20 sub-ects" *alf of them 1/0 will be selected from young
generation (parents5youth) and other half of them from old generations (parents)" 'n our
sample 1/0 males and 1/0 females will be selected with their e%ually distributed area"
There are se!en chapters in our study in which chapter > chapter = and chapter /
based on gender difference in youth culture generation difference in youth culture and
rural and urban difference in youth culture will help us to throw light on the changing
patterns of culture among youth specially in se!en areas !i6" education parent child
relations politics status of women marriage religion and socio5culture"
+lso to study the youth culture nine dimensions named as *ero image ideals !alue
preferences fashion rituals life goal use of time leisure and cultural acti!ities ha!e also
been selected" These dimensions can eplain the youth culture !ery critically and
effecti!ely"
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The study of youth3 and generation gap3 is an important global issue in this era"
The present study though confined to a !ery small si6e sample and eploratory in nature
has thus helped us to gi!e some insight for further study"
't is my pleasant duty to recall the helping hands at this important -unction of my
academic career ' would li#e to a!ail this opportunity to epress my profound gratitude to
my guideDr% &Smt%' Al(a Rani Reader and *ead @epartment of $ociology A"V" ollege
Baraut (Baghpat) for her epert super!ision encouragement and suggestions at each and
e!ery moment during the entire period of my research wor#"
y heartful than#s to)rs% "ian Vati 4C Date @r" *ari $ingh *arendra $hastri
5;rincipal A"V" ollege Baraut (Baghpat) for pro!iding a blissful and encouraging
atmosphere during the days of my research"
y special than#s to Dr% )ridula )ittal Decturer5hemistry @epartment @"+"V"
ollege u6affarnagar Dr% *iti )ittal (;olitical $cience) and Dr% "eetan$ali Verma
($ociology) for their in!aluable help and guidance"
,o words no language is e!er ade%uate to epress my heartfelt !eneration to my
father Dr% P%S% Ra$vanshi Retd" *"C"@" Botany @epartment @"+"V" ollege
u6affarnagar and my sisters )rs% *eera "uptaand)rs% Ritu "oelfor showing their
unmatching lo!e upon me during the course of my tiring in!ol!ement in pursuing the tas#"
't was with their ambitions only that ' engage myself in higher pursuits and be able to
match with higher education"
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y heart goes to the memory of my late mother re!erend Smt% Savita Ra$vanshi
who had always desired and wished for my attaining a distinguished status which ' am
able to achie!e -ust because of her blessings"
' also epress my sincere than#s to my in laws who always boosted me up to achie!e
my goal in life"
' would also li#e to epress my than#s to my niece and nephew for their lo!e and
affection which they poured to me"
y special than#s to my spouse)r% Vishal Sharmaand my lo!ely #idsSuhaniand
Aa+haswho maintained a blissful atmosphere for me during the long course of this
in!estigation and always inspired me to ad!ance and ad!ance till the aim is achie!ed"
y special than#s goes to the librarians of @"+"V" ollege u6affarnagar ""$"
&ni!ersity eerut @elhi &ni!ersity A","&" ,ew @elhi from where ' ha!e consulted
boo#s -ournals and periodicals"
' am etremely than#ful to)r% Deepa( ,aliyanfor his efforts for typing the thesis"
' ta#e pleasure in ac#nowledging my debt to all my friends who helped me
#nowingly or un#nowingly in the proceeding and completion of my research wor#"
' would be failing in my duty if ' do not epress my sincere gratitude to the good old
and young respondents who had been #ind enough to pro!ide me the re%uired information
at the time of my field wor#"
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+bo!e all ' than# almighty "-Dfor showering *is blessing on me and all those
who ha!e helped me to reach my destination"
Dated : &Ruchi Ra$vanshi'
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CO'TE'TS
Page No.
Preface
Chapter I: Introduction.....................................................1-14
Chapter II: Review of Literature......................................15-25
Chapter III: Reearc! "eign of t!e #tud$ %&et!odo'og$(. .26-
72
Chapter IV: )ender "i*erence in +out! ,u'ture............73-121
Chapter V: )eneration "i*erence in +out! ,u'ture. . .122-171
Chapter VI: Rura' and ran "i*erence in +out! ,u'ture.172-
219
Chapter VII: ,onc'uion and #uggetion......................22/-24/
Annexure
0uetionnaire
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i'iogra!$................................................I - III
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#$%RD'"%#$
All over the world, different age groups are known for their
experiences, ideals, values and personality. Children are known for
their innocence, elders are known for their experience but our
youths are known for their liabilities, ambitions and hard work for
their better and prosperous future. Proper understanding and
channelization of youth can build a new society whereas its
negligence may have devastating effects. Youth today has become
individualistic! rather than socialistic!.
What is youth?
"he term #Youth$ denotes two aspects of the phenomenon
covered by it %&osenmayer '()*+**). -n one hand, it refers to a
phase in the development of individuals and on the other it
designates a group in society. "hese two aspects are inter/related,
though they often form separate foci and analysis depending upon
the ob0ectives of the researcher!.
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According to 9. 7pringhall %'((6 youth is as a social group
with a pattern history, with a great anxiety out of its engagement
with popular culture and adult fears of corruption. "he state of
#moral panics$ evolves out of the dis0uncture between reactions to
social or cultural phenomena appearing out of proportion to the
actual that posed!.
According to :ollings head %'(;(+ 5/), sociologically
adolescence %or, what is the same to him, youth, is the period in
the life of a person when the society in which he functions ceases
to regard him %male or female as child and does not accord him
full adult status, roles and functions!.
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a. Youth as a phase in the individual life cycle!, defined in
biological terms or which strict reference to age.
b. Youth as a social subset!, characterized by empirically
fre2uent forms of behavior in a roughly determined age range.c. Youth as an incomplete status!, evidenced by the existence of
individual, social and economic limitation to which grownups
are not sub0ect+d. Youth as a socially structured generation unit!, exposed to
common conditions and experiences and generating common
activities, ande. Youth as an ideal value concept!, expressed primarily in
mental alertness, a forward looking out look etc, or what is
subsumed under the expression #youth fullness$.
"he search for a new self/identification is a complex socio
psychological process, which the great commentator on youth
3rikson %'(56a+ Ch.; has subsumed under the concept of
identity crises! or identity confusion!. "he phrase identity crises
denote conditions in which a young person is uncertain about ones
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status and role in society, and experiences a discontinuity between
his past and his future.
What is Culture?
According to "ylor, %'6)' culture is that complex whole that
includes knowledge belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other
capabilities and habits ac2uired by a human being as a member of
society!.
7ociologists define society! as the people who interact in
such a way as to share a common culture. "he cultural bond!
may be ethnic or racial, based on gender or due to shared beliefs,
values and activities culture and society are intricately related. A
culture consists of the ob0ects! of a society where as a society
consists of the people who share a common culture.
What is Youth Culture?
Closely related to the emergence of youth groups is the
phenomenon of youth culture!. "he importance of youth culture
as a vantage point for understanding the sociology of adolescence
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was first emphasized by Parsonsas early as '(;*. :is influential
article %'(4;+ 6(/'=> has become a point of departure for many
a researcher study and discussion on youth.
According to Parsons, youth culture refers to a set of
patterns and behavior phenomena which involves a highly complex
combination of age/grading and sex role elements!, while some of
these elements may be found pre/adolescence and others in adult
culture, their peculiar combination with the particular age group is
uni2ue and highly distinctive.
Parsons characterized youth culture as being more or less
irresponsible!, and described its dominant theme as having a
good time!.
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"he concept of youth culture! was later taken further by
9ames 7. Coleman %'(5' who stated that the characteristic
aspects of youth culture were loyalty to one$s peers and the
gratuitousness of behavior, contrasting with the responsible
behavior of adults!.
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indicate groups with particular value systems! that are different
from the surrounding dominant culture. 1ut there are differences
between these two terms that it probably would be useful to note.
According to 1rake %'(6= youth culture is not same vague
structural monolith appealing to those roughly under thirty, but is
a complex kaleidoscope of several subcultures, of different groups,
yet distinctly related to the class position of more in them!. :e
argues that sub culture arises as attempts to resolve collectively
experienced problems arising from contradictions in the social
structure, and that they generate a form collective identity from
which an individual identity can be achieved outside that ascribed
by class, education and occupation. "his is neither a real
materialsolution nor a permanent one.
What is Generation?
"he word generation means a number of people of the same
age and having same vital contact with one another through their
common experiences, sameness of decisive influences and
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similarity in historical problems. "he youth of every era has seen
the old out of date, conservative and lacking in understanding the
youth.
According to Bangrade %'(5(, such a conflict between
younger and older generation has perhaps always existed!.
What is Generation Gap?
Beneration gap means difference in attitude or lack of
understanding between younger and older generation. "his
generation gap has always been there but these days it has
reached to an explosive stage!.
"he values and patterns of life have changed to a great
extent. "oday, everybody has to live and behave in his own way.
"his attitude has widened the generation gap, which can ever be
filled.
According to 1rannen et al, %*==; relations in childhood
from an individual identity as feelings and practices are shaped
from the inspirations or re0ections of role models in family!.
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According to "yyska, %*==' despite the fact that parents
want to control the behavior of their children, children always
strive towards independence that also cause ideological conflict
between the generations!.
According to aufman, %'((6 the parents and children are
connected throughout their lives. Parents/child relationship could
be deteriorated due to problems that can widen the generation
gap between mother/son as well as father/daughter!.
"he generation gap is a product of many social, psychological
and economic factors, such as less time spend together,
communication gap, separationdivorce or remarriage, imposition
of ideology, advice, educational choices and unawareness of
parents with new technologies and modern values and cohesion
with traditional values.
According to 7uzzanne, %*=== time is the ma0or cause of
generation gap, which may be due to lack of parental involvement
in lives of children which is changed now a days due to over load
of mothers, house hold chores and in many cases, working outside
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the home.
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about their own life and also have negative impact on their
personality.
7everal studies conducted in the recent years have clearly
indicated that age! is only one of the factors among others which
affects the ideology of parents and youth and brings generation
gap. Although factors like education, lack of communication,
traditional value system, media, rural vs urban environment,
economic status and culture also affect parents and youth.
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male and female respondents and parents and parent/youth
respondents.
"he study of youth! and generation gap! is an important
global issue in this era. "he present study though confined to a
very small size sample and exploratory in nature has thus helped
us to give some insight for further study.
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Revie( of Literature and "riticism
"oday the concept generation conflict! has become a global
issue. Guite often do we come across situations wherein a healthy
dispute can be seen between younger generations to their elders,
so what is all this aboutH "he young getting careless F or the
elders are getting more carefulH "echnically, it is defined as
occurring Ihen older and younger people do not understand each
other because of their different experiences, opinions, habits and
behavior!. 7o ultimately what comes out is a series of clashes
running haywire all across the world.
Iith the changing speed of society behavior patterns and
culture etc researchers J investigators tried to explore its basic
root cause so that the differences of both generations can
minimize and the gap may be bridge up.
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"his chapter presents a review of literature in which we come
to know about various studies done on generation conflict, culture
etc.
Chakravarty, ".. %'()4 found that traditional attitudes
among the younger generation people are changing very fastly but
their modern attitudes are not being reflected in actual process.
Chitnis, 7uma. %'(5( found that there are many differences
in attitudes and values of the parents and their off springs.
"he Eational youth policy %*==> reiterates the commitment
of the entire nation to the composite and all round development of
the young sons and daughters of
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regarding attitudinal modernity was found to be wider in :indus
then ?uslims. Beneration gap was wider in low caste people than
higher caste people.
According to 7inha . Durganand %'()'. 7uch a conflict
between younger and older generations has perhaps always
existed but it has become more conspicuous in recent times for
the simple reasons that the society in the developing countries is
moving today at a faster rate than in the past!.
Krank ?usgrove %'(5; says that it has existed since the time
adolescent was inverted probably around the time 9ames Iatt
invented the steam engine in ')54.
According to 3isentedt %'(45, '()( Age and differences of
age are among the basic aspects of human life. 3very human
being passes through various ages. At each age, he attains and
uses different biological and intellectual capacities!. At each age
he performs different tasks and roles in relation to the other
members of his society and every stage in this progression
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constitution an irreversible step in the unfolding of his life from its
beginning to its end!.
"iwari, 1.1. and &.C. ?ishra %'()( concluded that the two
generations tended to differ significantly on political and religious
values but there was a general agreement on the hierarchy of
values, differences of environment and educational backgrounds
did not have any significant effect on the value pattern of both
generations.
According to American sociologist &obert . ?erton the most
important values in American society are wealth, success, power
and prestige but that everyone does not have an e2ual opportunity
to attain these values.
According to Bangrade, .D. %'()4 points out that inter/
generational differences in attitudes and values have become wide
because this society is moving at much faster speed than it did in
the past.
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According to "alcott Parsons %'(;* the intense parent child
relation affective relations in a nuclear family are not broken off
immediately but re2uire a period of transition before being served.
According to 9ames 7. Coleman %'(5', the characteristic
aspect of youth culture were loyalty to one$s peers and the
gratuitousness of behavior, contrasting with the responsible
behavior of adults.
?C 1urney and -$ &eelly %'(64 emphasized the diversity
among school and concluded that no one model fits all areas.
Yang %'(6' reported that the decision of youth to enter
college was strongly influenced by the expectations of their
parents.
Lee %'(6; advised that parents, regardless of their racial
background, need to be fully aware of their influence on the
aspirations and expectations of young men and women.!
According to Iilliams and 9unussbaum %*==' the imbalance
between generations is evident from thinking patterns as mostly
younger generations prefers modern and technologically advance
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values and the things which are old fashioned, outdated and worn
out are decremented.
According to "yyska %*==' parents want to control the
behavior of their children, children always strive towards
independence that also causes ideological conflict between the
generations.
According to "urner %*==5 the parents of the young people
are in transition of experience especially with respect to their
problem of generation gap.
According to aiser %*==; the hierarchy is only destructive
when status is based in attitudes like gender, race, class rather
than experience and wisdom.
According to Peer et al. %*==' the intensity of generation
gap among parents and children diversified from one community
to another. "he ma0or impacts are the stress and depression.
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ii.
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values more than their parents values predictive that values of
socialization in the cultural sub groups more than their nuclear
families. "he primary and the secondary groups are transmitted
more effectively than the political values because they are more
important for the family identity and integration and when it does
not happen this produces the generation gap between parents and
children.
According to Parsons %'(4;, youth culture refers to a set of
patterns and behavior phenomenon which involves a highly
complex combination of age, grading and sex role elements!.
9ha, B.E. %'((( concludes that boys gave top priority to
political value and girls preferred religious value most. Aesthetic
value was preferred least by both the groups. 1oys and girls differ
significantly in respect of their performances for theoretical,
economic, aesthetic, political and religious values.
7urabhi and &eeta umar %*==; concluded that when grand
children and grand parents live together, the attitude of boys
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towards discipline is less favorable than that of girls particularly in
the early adolescent girls.
&ee %'()= founded that in
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Bangrade %'()4 selected a sample of '=== students in the
age group of '5 F **. A high percentage of parents was found to
be in between ;' to 4= years age.
"here are researches who have found that changes in the
setup of family systems i.e. from 0oint to nuclear family have
increased the gap between generations.
7ome scholars believe that there is an urgent need for setting
up welfare programs and social security system for the youth.
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perceptible in our society. "he youth of today is not ready to think
and act according to the elders. :e develops his own pattern of
culture as a result of interaction with the changing social setup.
Youth always feel somewhat exasperated with age and age
has always been suspicious of youth. Browth in literacy, power and
globalization demands a proper understanding. "his changed
attitude and patterns of culture can be clearly observed in the
form of modernization and in the dimensions of their culture
perspective.
Objeti!es o" the stu#y
"he main ob0ectives of this study were as follows+
'. "o ascertain the degree in which generation %Parent$s Youth
and Parents, gender %?ale and Kemale and locale %&ural and
Mrban influence the seven areas of modernization and
different dimensions of youth culture.
*. "o interpret the areas of modernization and dimensions of
youth culture. 1oth generations and both genders of rural and
urban backgrounds.
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>. "o analyse the selected dependent variable of both genders.;. "o compare the modernization pattern as well as dimensions of
youth culture of rural and urban sub0ects.4. "o ascertain the overall significance of difference among the
group in respect to generation, gender and locale.
$ypothesis
-n the basis of the review of literature and other observations,
our problem reflects the need of further researches. "hus, the
following null/hypothesis has been proposed for their testification.
'. "here will be no significant difference in the seven areas of
modernization and dimensions of youth culture of parents/
youth and their parents.
*. "here will be no significant difference in the modernization and
dimensions of youth culture of male and female.>. "here will be no significant difference in the areas of
modernization and dimensions of youth culture of rural and
urban residents.;. "here will be no significant effect of interaction of the
Beneration and Bender on the two selected dependent
variables.
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4. "here will be no significant effect of interaction of the
Beneration and locale on patterns of modernization and
dimensions of youth culture.5. "here will be no significant effect of interaction of the gender
and locale on dependent measures.). "here will be no significant effect of the interactions between
Beneration, Bender and locale on their modernization patter
and dimensions of youth culture.
%esign
"he function of research design is to provide for the
collections of relevant information with minimum expenditure of
effort, time and money. "hus, selection of an appropriate design, a
standardized tool for measuring the variables concerned is a very
prime step in any investigation.
7urvey of recent literature clearly shows that due to the
effect of modern mass media, globalization, effect of
westernization etc. are directly affecting the thorough behavior of
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residing in rural or urban locale.
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while sub0ects residing in the urban area at least from five years
have been selected as urban population.
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b. 7elected nine dimensions of youth culture O"o measure the
said dimensions an Guestionnaire 7chedule will be prepared
by the researcher as per re2uirement
'+S+A'C$ :OO*S
1, C;( Comprehensi!e ;o#erni %r, A,, alia
"his inventory contains ;( items. inventory items.
7ome selected items are positive and some are negative in
its nature having five alternatives for the response of the
sub0ects in the direction of strongly disagree to strongly agree.
Ie have taken * to ( alternatives according to the 2uestions
raised by researcher.
7, %imension@s o" Youth Culture
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"o study the youth culture nine dimensions named as :ero
image,
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them from old generation %Parent.
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:able B,78 )asi %emographi (n#iators o" (n#ia
POPD*A:(O Persons 171019B377
;ales 5*,>),*;,*;6emales 46,5;,5(,');
%+CA%A*
POPD*A:(O G'OW:$
70017011
Absolute Perentage
Persons 1F139F6 12,63
?ales (,'4,=','46 ').'(
Kemales 6,((,4;,6*6 '6.'*
%+S(:Y O POPD*A:(Oper sH, Im,4
>6*
S+E 'A:(O "emales per1000 males4
(;=
POPD*A:(O ( :$+ AG+
G'ODP 06Absolute
Perentage to
total population
Persons '4,6),6(,*6) '>.'*
;ales 6,*(,4*,'>4 '>.>=emales ),46,>),'4* '*.(>
*(:+'A:+S Absolute *iteray rate
Persons 22F33170 23,03
?ales ;;,;*,=>,)5* 6*.';
Kemales >>,;*,4=,>46 54.;5
7ource / Census of .* estimated population on ?arch *='' is
',*'=,'(>,;** out of which male population is 5*>,)*;,*;6 and
36
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female population is 465,;5(,');. "he decadal growth from *=='/
*='' is ').5;T in which the growth of male population is ').'(T
and the growth of female population is '6.'*T. "he total sex ratio
of male/female is ('; females per '=== males. "otal literacy rate
is )=.=;T in which 6*.;T are males and 5;.;5T are females.
"his chapter deals with geographical, demographic and socio/
economic features of
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D::A' P'A%+S$
Mttar Pradesh is the rainbow land where the multi/hued
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Kebruary, summers from ?arch to mid 9une ?onsoon from mid
9une to 7eptember.
Eearly (=T of the rainfall in the state is caused by monsoon
from the 1ay of 1engal from 9une to -ctober. As the monsoon
moves westward, its intensity decreases. Iinter rainfall is not very
fre2uent and is scanty. Eo part of the state receives less than
4==mm rainfall.
Area an# Population8
"otal land area of Mttar Pradesh is *,>6,455 s2. km., lies
between latitude *; deg to >'deg and longitude =.)) deg to 6;
deg east. Area wise it is the fourth largest state of
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heritage of :indu and ?uslim influences. "wo great epics, the
&amayana and the ?ahabharata and great religion F 1uddhism
and 9ainism were born and flourished here. 4 the name was shortened to Mnited
Provinces!. After independence, the states of &ur, 1anaras and
"ehri Barhwal were merged with Mnited Provinces. "he name of
the Mnited Provinces was changed to Mttar Pradesh in '(4=.
+onomy8Kor about )>T of the population of Mttar Pradesh, agriculture
is the main occupation. Iheat, rice, gram, barley, maize and ba0ra
are the principal food crops. Cotton, linseed, groundnut,
sugarcane, tea, seasum, rapeseed, mustard and tobacco are the
main cash crops. Mttar Pradesh is the main opium growing state of
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"he important industries of the state are cotton and woolen
textiles, leather and footwear, distilleries and breweries, paper,
chemicals, agricultural implements and glass and glass products.
:andloom is the largest cottage industry of the state. "he
traditional handicrafts are silk fabric, metal ware, wood work,
ceramics, stone work, dolls, artistic bather articles, perfumery,
bamboo products and musical instruments.
?a0or irrigation pro0ects coming up in the state are+ 3astesh
Banga Canal, ?odernization of ?audaka Dam. 7ardas 7ahayak,
7aryu Canal and Mrmil Dam.
Airports are located in Lucknow, anpur, Qaranasi, Allahabad,
Agra, 9hansi, 1areilly, :indon %Bhaziabad, Borakhpur, 7arsawa
%7aharanpur and Kursatgan0 %&ae 1areilly.
)asi %emographi (n#iators8"he basic demographic indicators for the state compared to
the whole of .> Mttar Pradesh is the
most populous state in
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in the state during *==' F *='' %*=.='T was slightly higher than
that for the country as a whole %*'.>;T. "he population density
%per s2. km for the year *='' is 6*6 for Mttar Pradesh compared
to >*; for
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Densitykm* 6*6 5(=
Densitymi* *,';5 ',)6)
Area km* *;=,(*6 *;=,(*6
"otal Child Population %=/5 Age *(,)*6,*>4 >',5*;,5*6
?ale Population %=/5 Age '4,54>,')4 '5,4=(,=>>
Kemale Population %=/5 Age ';,=)4,=5= '4,''4,4(4
Literacy 5(.)* T 45.*) T
?ale Literacy )(.*; T 5).>= T
Kemale Literacy 4(.*5 T ;>.== T
"otal Literate ''6,;*>,6=4 )4,)'(,*6;
?ale Literate )=,;)(,'(5 ;6,(=',;'>
Kemale Literate ;),(;;,5=( *5,6'),6)'
%esription 'ural Drban
Population %T )).)* T **.*6 T
"otal Population '44,''',=** ;;,;)=,;44
?ale Population 6',=;;,544 *>,44',)5=
Kemale Population );,=55,>5) *=,('6,5(4
Population Browth ').6' T *6.)4 T
7ex &atio ('; 666
Child 7ex &atio %=/5 (=; 6)(
Child Population %=/5 *;,*;6,=55 4,;6=,'5(
Child Percentage %=/5 '4.5> T '*.>* T
Literates 66,>(5,44) >=,=*),*;6
Average Literacy 5).44 T )).=' T
?ale Literacy )6.;6 T 6'.)4 T
Kemale Literacy 44.5' T )'.56 T
Source Directorate of Census Operation in Uttar Pradesh (2011).
43
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As per details from Census *='', Mttar Pradesh has
population of '(.(4 Crore, an increase from figure of '5.5* Crore
in *==' census. "otal population of Mttar Pradesh as per *=''
census is '((,46',;)) of which male and female are '=;,4(5,;'4
and (;,(64,=5* respectively. 5( while females were
)6,5>*,44*.
"he total population growth in this decade was *=.=( percent
while in previous decade it was *4.6= percent. "he population of
Mttar Pradesh forms '5.;( percent of = percent and ;>.==
percent literate respectively.
44
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,6=4 of which males were )=,;)(,'(5 and females were
;),(;;,5=(.
"otal area of Mttar Pradesh is *;=,(*6 s2. km. Density of
Mttar Pradesh is 6*6 per s2 km which is higher than national
average >6* per s2 km. *; per s2 km.
7ex &atio in Mttar Pradesh is (=6 i.e. for each '=== male,
which is below national average of (;= as per census *=''.
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;AP O D::A' P'A%+S$
46
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;u,4;>,>5* of
which males were ',6(>,6>* and remaining ',5;(,4>= were
females. ?uzaffarnagar District population constituted *.=)
percent of total ?aharashtra population. percent of
?aharashtra population.
"he initial provisional data released by census
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?uzaffarnagar District. "otal literate in ?uzaffarnagar District were
*,;4(,4;) of which male and female were ',;5),)); and ((',))>
respectively. 6,4*( in its
district.
Iith regards to 7ex &atio in ?uzaffarnagar, it stood at 665
per '=== male compared to *==' census figure of 6)'. "he
average national sex ratio in
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:able B,38 )asi %emographi (n#iators o" ;u,6>*Kemale ',(;;,=54 ',5;(,4>=
Population Gro=th 16,F0J 73,6J
Area 72. m ;,==) ;,==)
%ensityKIm7 10BB FF3
Proportion to Mttar PradeshPopulation
*.=)T *.'>T
SeL 'atio Per 10004 FF6 F21
Child 7ex &atio %=/5 Age 64( 64(
A!erage *iteray 20,11 60,62
?ale Literacy )(.'' )'.('
Kemale Literacy 5=.== ;).6'
:otal Chil# Population 06Age4
6B0B79 622907
?ale Population %=/5 Age >>(,*=' >5;,5>)
Kemale Population %=/5 Age *(','*6 >'>,*54
*iterates 73932 12BF79
?ale Literates ',;5),)); ',=((,5>*Kemale Literates ((',))> 5>6,6()
Chil# Proportion 06 Age4 1,7BJ 19,1BJ
1oys Proportion %=/5 Age '4.;5T '(.*4T
Birls Proportion %=/5 Age ';.(6T '6.((T
%esription 'ural Drban
Population J4 21,73 J 7F,26 J
:otal Population 793F79 1190026
?ale Population ',454,)'' 5*6,6*(
Kemale Population ',>6*,6'6 45',*;)SeL 'atio FFB F9B
Child 7ex &atio %=/5 64) 65*
Chil# Population 064 360F73 1690
49
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?ale Child%=/5 *;6,')) (',=*;
Kemale Child%=/5 *'*,5;) )6,;6'
Chil# Perentage 064 1,6B J 13,73 J
?ale Child Percentage '4.64 T ';.;6 TKemale Child Percentage '4.>6 T '>.(6 T
*iterates 1277121 2B2B26
?ale Literates ',=;>,>65 ;*;,>66
Kemale Literates 5)6,)64 >'*,(66
A!erage *iteray 69,7B J 27,7 J
?ale Literacy )(.'( T )6.(' T
Kemale Literacy 46.=' T 5;.6> TSource Directorate of Census Operation in Uttar Pradesh (2011).
Communiation
?uzaffarnagar District is situated in the Iestern &egion of
Mttar Pradesh, '*= km. from Delhi.
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ancient times. "he earliest settlement discovered in this district is
in ?andi village and belongs to the :arappan civilization it
appears that this 9anapadawas a part of :arappacivilisation, for
the pots and pans and other ob0ects, which are of the type of that
era, are seen occasionally in use here and in neighbouring villages.
"he area witnessed the arrival of Aryansfrom the present Pun0ab
and, in the &amayana/?ahabharataepic period, it was considered
a part of the uru %3ast ?aha0anapada territory Msinara and
Panchala ?aha0anapadas were its eastern neighbours then.
According to a local tradition, the legendary ?ahabharatawar /
between the auravasand the Pandavas/ was fought in the fields
of the present village of RPachendaR and their army camps were
located respectively at the sites now famous as RaurawaliR and
RPandavliR. 1eing close to :asthinapur and urukshetra, it should
have been important during ?ahabharataperiod.
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across the vast swathe of Bangetic plains of
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7ayyid 1rothers, :asan and Abdullah, famous as king makers in
?ughal history. ?arathas rose as power that controls most of doab
region in '6th century.
Colonial Perio#
"he last of the invaders were the 1ritish, who marched into it
from the east and, in '6=>, the expanding 1ritish 3ast
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Congress was opened in ?uzaffarnagar city, to continue the
freedom struggle through peaceful means. ?uzaffarnagarRs
prominent freedom fighters of this period are+ Pt. 7under Lal, Lala
:ardayal, 7hri 7hanti Earayan and Eawabzada Lia2uat Ali han,
who became the first prime minister of Pakistan, after the partition
of 1ritish
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this forest, a saint, 7ant 1aba Bopal Biri, worshipped gods and
goddesses and he was rewarded with a formula to get alive after
death. 7ome old people say that, there are such medicines in this
forest that can make alive any dead body, as happened in the
times of 1aba Bopal Biri. =WE and *(U;4V'4WE and between ))U>V;4W3
and )6U)V3.
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elevation of *>* metres. "he district is covered by two ma0or holy
rivers from two sides in the east there is the Banges and in the
west there is the Yamuna. "he Yamuna and Banges rivers
separate it from the neighbouring districts, %arnal, :aryana to
its west and %1i0nor, Mttar Pradesh to the east, respectively
7aharanpur and ?eerut districts are to its north and south.
"ill the 7eptember *='', the district was divided into ';
blocks, these were+
Sr, o, )loI ame Sr, o, )loI ame
' ookra 6 1udhana
* 1hagra ( 7hahpur
> Purkazi '= andla
; Chatrawal '' airana
4 ?orna '* Mn
5 9ansath '> 7hamli
) hatauli '; "hanabhavanSource Directorate of Census Operation in Uttar Pradesh (2011).
:A)*+ B,
56
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijnorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_(administrative_division)#Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijnorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_(administrative_division)#India -
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> inhabitants per s2uare kilometre %*,56= s2 mi. ,6>(,>== and females ',5;4,>==
/ and the number of literates is ')>,4>= / males '=(,5>= and
females 5>,(===.
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population of :indu. 7ikhs, Christians and 9ains are other
communities present.
?inority population is about >)T of the total population of
the district. ?uzaffarnagar is a category S1'S district i.e. having
socio/economic parameters below the national average.
+onomy
?uzaffarnagar is an important industrialdistrict with sugar,
steeland paperbeing the ma0or products.
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Cheetal. 7ome state of the art centers for health, like Dr. "ari2ue
7alimRs ?ax &elief near Almaspur Chauraha.
Cultural *i"e
Culturally, it is part of Iestern Mttar Pradesh, with
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it. "he special thing about this temple is its 3kadash 7hivalinga
%eleven 7hivlingas. "he peculirity of this temple is that it is birth
place of a great saint 7hree '==6 Earayan 7wami 9i.
Qahelna, ; km from the city, is a holy site for 9ains. Qahelna
is an excellent example of :indu/?uslim brotherhood as the walls
of ?os2ue, 7hiv ?andir and 9ain ?andir touch each other.
Iorld famous ?uslim cleric and author of books on
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eight degree colleges in the city. "he educational resources of
?uzaffarnagar are very good. "he city is rapidly developing its
educational system.
D.A.Q. %PB College, ?uzaffarnagar is a well known 7cience
college in this region.
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school, 7.D. inter college, B.C. public school, ?.B. Public school,
Lala 9agdish Prasad saraswati vidya mandir inter college etc.
phulat is 4 km far from khatauli tehsil this place is well
known by lot waliRs and this village also participate in '64)
revolution for freedom of
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;AP O ;DMAA'AGA' %(S:'(C:
63
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P(A
Krom rural area we have selected a small village Pinna!
which is 6 km away from district head 2uarter.
?ale Literate >5=4 ?ale illiteratepopulation
'>54
Kemale Literate *='> Kemale illiteratepopulation
*'66
Source Tehsil, u!affarna"ar.
Pinna is one of the village in 1aghra ?andal in ?uzaffarnagar
district in Mttar Pradesh 7tate. Pinna is located 4.6 km distance
64
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from its ?andal ?ain town 1aghra. 5 km. far from its 7tate
?ain City Lucknow.
Eearby villages of this village with distance are inauni %'.;
km, 7alempur %*.) km, 9agaheri %*.6 km, Earottampur %*.(
km, heri Dudhadhari %>.' km, Eearest towns are 1aghra %4.6
km, ?uzaffarnagar %6 km, Charthawal %).5 km, 7hahpur %';.4
km.
Pinna pincode is *4'=='. 7chools located nearby are Banga
&am ?emorial Academy and Arya Qaidik anya Qidyalaya. College
located nearby are 7hri rishna College of ?anagement and
"echnology, K.D.
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Sampling
66
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"he samples have been drawn out of population using the
purposive sampling techni2ue >*= units were selected for study.
%ata Colletion
Primary and secondary data have been used for the research
work. -bservations, interview and 2uestionnaire techni2ue have
been used for the collection of primary data. Additionally
secondary data have also been used to explain some facts where
necessary.
Classi"iation an# Analysis o" %ata
Classification, tabulation and analysis of primary and
secondary data collected by the various sources have been done
according to necessity of our study.
Statistial :ehniHues
After collecting the primary and secondary data for the
classification tabulation and analysis some statistical and
mathematical techni2ues have been used by specially percentage
techni2ue.
Statistial Analysis
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and the personal opinion of the person is not taken into the
primary consideration of assignment of gender and in position of
gender roles as per the assigned gender!.
"he characteristics of males and females or the ways in which
males differ from girls, have implications for the approaches the
use when we thoroughly study them.
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:able 3,18 What is your opinion about oalition
go!ernment?
Gen#er ully
satis"ie#
Partially
satis"ie#
Partially
#issatis"ie#
ully
#issatis"ie#
ot yet
#ei#e#
:otal
; ;=
*4T
>>
*=.5*T
*>
';.>)T
>)
*>.'*T
*)
'5.6)T
160
0,00J
;;
*).4T
>(
*;.>)T
'(
''.6)T
*'
'>.'*T
>)
*>.'*T
160
0,00J
:otal F3
76,7J
27
77,J
37
1B,17J
F
1F,17J
63
70J
B70
100,00
J
)T are partially dissatisfied.
Ihereas *).4T females are fully satisfied with coalition
government, *;.>)T are partially satisfied, *>.'*T had not
decided yet, '>.'*T are fully dissatisfied and only ''.6)T are
partially dissatisfied.
"herefore we can say by seeing the above table that females
are more satisfied than males in coalition govt.
:able 3,78 :o =hih party you belong?
Gen#er
SP )SP Congress
)NP '*% (n#epen#ent
Others
:otal
71
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; ')'=.5*T
*6').4T
;>*5.6)T
;>*5.6)T
'>6.'*T
);.>)T
(4.5*T
1600,00J
*5'5.*4T
*='*.4
T
>5**.4T
;(>=.5*T
''5.6)
T
'=5.*4T
64T
1600,00J
:otal 3B1B,3B
J
3F1J
2973,6FJ
977F,2
J
732,J
12,B1J
12,B1J
B70100,00
J
"able ;.* shows that *5.6)T males belongs to Congress and
19P, ').4T belongs to 17P, '=.5*T belongs to 7P, 6.'*T belongs
to &LD, 4.5*T belongs to others and only ;.>)T belongs to
=.5*T females belongs to 19P, **.4T belongs to
congress, '5.*4T belongs to 7P, '*.4T belongs to 17P, 5.6)T
belongs to &LD, 5.*4T belong to independent and only 4T
belongs to others.
:ence we can say that the maximum percentage of males
and females are of congress and 19P party where as minimum
percentage is of
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6*
4'.*4T
>)
*>.'*T
;'
*4.5*T
160
0,00J
:otal 12B3,06J
6979,6J
2F73,B2J
B70100,00J
"able ;.> clearly shows that 45.6)T males participate in
politics by their own wish, *>.'*T by family$s wish and *=T by
their parents wish.
-n the other hand 4'.*4T females participate in politics by
their own wish, *4.5*T by family$s wish and *>.'*T by their
parents wish.
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Ie come to know from table ;.; that 5'.';T males are in
favor of women reservations in politics and >6.'*T are not in
favor.
Ihereas it is clearly evident that )(.>)T females are in
favor of women reservation in politics and only *=.5*T are not in
favor.
"hus we can say that maximum no. of females are agree and
in favor of women reservation in politics rather than males.
:able 3,8 %o you thinI that "or #oing your o=n =orI any
politial help is?
Gen#er ;ust Sometimes "eelit must
Can5t say %o itoursel!es
:otal
; >6*>.)4T
5(;>.'*T
*4'4.5T
*6').4T
1600,00J
*('6.'*T
6'4=.5*T
')'=.5*T
>>*=.5*T
1600,00J
:otal 6270,9BJ
1036,F2J
371B,17J
6119,06J
B70100,00J
"able ;.4 shows that ;>.'* males think that for doing own
work political help is sometimes must, *>.)4 feel that taking
political help is must, ').4T do their work themselves and only
'4.5T said that they can$t say.
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:able 3,28 :o =hih types o" marriage you are agree?
Gen#er (n aste (nteraste an#(nter-religion
:otal
; (=45.*4T
)=;>.)4T
1600,00J
('45.6)T
5(;>.'*T
1600,00J
:otal 1F1
6,6J
1B9
3B,3BJ
B70
100,00J
"able ;.) clearly depicts that 45.*4T males think that
marriage should be done in caste only and ;>.)4T agree that
marriage can be done inter/caste and inter religion.
Ihereas 45.6)T females agree by this fact that marriages
should be done in caste only and ;>.'*T females are agree to do
marriages inter/caste and inter religion.
:ence we can conclude that both the genders have same
view point regarding marriage.
:able 3,F8 Your opinion about marriage?
Gen#er ;arriage
settle# byparents
*o!e
;arriage
eutral
Aor#ing toparentsKby o=n
=ish4
:otal
; 5>>(.>)T
>6*>.)4T
4(>5.6)T
1600,00J
76
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)6
;6.)4T
*6
').4T
4;
>>.)4T
160
0,00J
:otal 131
33,06J
66
70,67J
11B
B,B1J
B70
100,00J
"able ;.6 reveals that >(.>)T males are in opinion of doing
marriages settled by their parents, >5.6)T feels that they like to
do marriage settled by their parents or by themselves, only
*>.)4T feel they like to do love marriages.
Ihile ;6.)4T females think that they will also do marriage
settled by their parents, >>.)4T feels that they like to do
marriage either settled by their parents or by themselves, only
').4T like to do love marriage.
:ence we can conclude that both the genders like to do
marriage settled by their parents and both have less opinion about
love marriage.
:able 3,98 Age o" marriage 8
Gen#er ;ore than 871 "or boy
1F "or girl
;ore than81F "or boy
16 "or girl
*ess than 81F "or boy
*ess than 16"or girl
:otal
; ';> '* 4 160
77
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6(.>)T ).4T >.'*T 0,00J
';>6(.>)T
(4.5*T
64T
1600,00J
:otal 7F6
F9,B2J
71
6,6J
1B
3,06J
B70
100,00J
)T males agree
that the age of marriage should be more than *' years for boy
and more than '6 for girl. ).4T that the age of marriage should
be more than '6 for boy and more than '5 for girls and only
>.'*T feels that the age of marriage of boy should be less than
'6 for boy and less than '5 years for girls.
Ihereas 6(.>)T females also feel that the age of marriage
should be more than *' for boys and more than '6 for girls,
4.5*T feels that the age of marriage should be more than '6 for
boys and more than '5 for girls while only 4T feels that less than
'6 for boys and less than '5 for girls.
:ence it is clearly revealed that both the gender strongly feel
that the age of marriage should be more than *' years for boys
and more than '6 for girls and only >.'*T males and 4T females
are agree with less age limit.
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:able 3,108 Choie o" stay a"ter marriage?
Gen#er Withparents
Separately ot yet #ei#e#Kan5t say
:otal
; (65'.;T
>**=.'T
>='6.)4T
1600,00J
6*
4'.*4T
>4
*'.6)T
;>
*5.6)T
160
0,00J
:otal 1F0
6,7J
62
70,9BJ
2B
77,F1J
B70
100,00J
"able ;.'= clearly shows that 5'.;T males want to stay with
parents after marriage, *=T feels that they want to stay
separately and only '6.)4T are not sure of their stay.
Ihereas 4'.*4T females want to stay with parents after
marriage, *5.6)T think that they are not yet sure of their stay
after marriage and only *'.6)T females want to stay separately.
"herefore we can say that most of the males and females
want to stay with their parents after marriage.
:able 3,118 Your o=n #eision perspeti!es?
Gen#er :aIe the
#eision our
sel"
*ea!e on
parents
:aIe the
#eision by
asIing parents
:otal
; 55;'.*4T
>='6.)4T
5;;=T
1600,00J
5'>6.'*T
;(>=.5*T
4=>'.*4T
1600,00J
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:otal 172
B9,6FJ
29
73,6FJ
113
B,67J
B70
100,00J
"able ;.'' reveals that ;'.*4T males take the decision
themselves, ;=T take the decision by asking to the parents and
'6.)4T leave on parents.
-n the other hand >6.'*T females take the decision
themselves, >'.*4T take the decision by asking to their parents
and >=.5*T leave the decision on their parents.
:ence we can conclude that the ratio of males of taking
decision themselves is higher than females.
:able 3,178 Parents #o partiality bet=een boys an# girls?
Gen#er Yes o Partially :otal
; ;;*).4T
(55=T
*='*.4T
1600,00J
>)
*>.'*T
(*
4).4T
>'
'(.>)T
160
0,00J
:otal F1
7,B1J
1FF
F,2J
1
1,9BJ
B70
100,00J
"able ;.'* clearly emphasizes on the fact that 5=T males
feel that parents are not partial for their kids, either he is boy orgirl. *).4T feel that yes they do, whereas only '*.4T feel that
partially they do.
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Ihile 4).4T females feel that parents are not partial for any
gender, *>.'*T feels yes they do whereas only '(.>)T feel that
some parents do partiality between their sons and daughters."hus, we can conclude that maximum respondents of male/
female think that parents do not do partiality between boys and
girls.
:able 3,1B8 'elation o" parents =ith youth?
Gen#er&ery
or#ialCor#ial ormal $ar#
&erygoo#
:otal
;;=
*4T;(
>=.5*T4*
>*.4T(
4.5*T'=
5.*4T160
0,00J
>*
*=T4'
>'.6)T5*
>6.)4T)
;T6
4T160
0,00J
:otal27
77,J100
B1,7J113
B,16J16
,00J1F
,67JB70
100,00J
"able ;.'> throws light that >*.4T males feel that the
relations of youth with their parents are normal, >=.5*T feel that
relations are cordial, *4T feel that relations are very cordial,
whereas 5.*4T feel that relations are very hard and only 4.5*T
feel that relations are hard.
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Ihereas >6.)4T females feel that the relations are normal,
>'.6)T feel that relations are cordial, *=T feel that relations are
very cordial and only 4T feel that relations are very hard and ;T
feel that relations are hard.
Krom the above description we can say that the relations of
parents with youth either they are male or female have normal
relations whereas very least percentage %4.5*;T of respondents
feel that relation of parents with youth are hard and very hard.
:able 3,138 Aor#ing to you ho= mo#ern hil#ren
un#erstan# things?
Gen#er )y beating )y teahing )y sol#ing :otal
; >''(.>)T
'=*5>.)4T
*)'5.6)T
1600,00J
;=*4T
((5'.6)T
*''>.'*T
1600,00J
:otal 21
77,1FJ
701
67,F1J
3F
1,00J
B70
100,00J
"able ;.'; throws light on the fact that 5>.)4T males feel
that modern children understand things by teaching, '(.>)T
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46.'*
>6*>.)4T
*('6.'*T
1600,00J
'==
5*.4T
*5
'5.*4T
>;
*'.*4T
160
0,00J
:otal 19B
60,B1J
63
70,00J
6B
19,6FJ
B70
100,00J
"able ;.'5 clearly shows that 46.'*T males are agree with
women education, *>.)4T are not agree with women education
and '6.'*T have partial views on women education.
5*.4T females are agree with women education, *'.*4T
females are not agree with women education and only '5.*4T
have partial views about women education.
"hus the above description shows that maximum percentage
of females is more agree with women education than males.
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:able 3,128 (n =hih type o" e#uation you are in "a!or o"?Gen#e
r
Pro"essional
(:( >Others4
:ra#itional
+#uation
$igher
:ehnial+#uation
;)A ;CAet,4
:otal
; ;>*5.6)T
>)*>.'*T
6=4=T
1600,00J
'*=)4T
'4(.>)T
*4'4.5*T
1600,00J
:otal 16B0,9BJ
716,7J
10B7,F1J
B70100,00J
"able ;.') clearly shows that 4=T males are in favor of
higher technical education, *5.6)T are in favor of professional
education and *>.'*T are in favor of traditional education.
)4T female are in favor of professional education, '4.5*T
are in favor of higher technical education and only (.>)T are in
favor of traditional education.
"hus it is clearly revealed from above table that 4=T of
males are in favor of higher technical education and )4T females
are in favor of professional education. "he minimum percentage of
males and females are in favor of traditional education.
:able 3,1F8 Your priority?Gen#e
r:o
earn
money
:o li!e=ith
materialist
:o #osoial
ser!ies
:o #opoliti
s
:oearn
"ame
:otal
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i om"ort
; ;**5.*4T
;5*6.)4T
*('6.'*T
';6.)4T
*('6.'*T
1600,00J
>*
*=T
4>
>>.'*T
;>
*5.6)T
5
;T
*5
'5.*4T
160
0,00J:otal 23
7B,17J
99
B0,9BJ
27
77,J
70
6,7J
12,1FJ
B70
100,00J
"able ;.'6 clearly reveals that *6.)4T males give priority in
life to live with materialistic comfort, *5.*4T to earn money,
'6.'*T give priority to do social services and to earn fame and
6.)4T to do politics.
Ihile >>.'*T females also give priority to live with
materialistic comfort, *5.6)T to do social services, *=T to earn
money, '5.*4T to earn fame and only ;T to do politics.
Ie can conclude that maximum respondents give priority in
life to live with materialistic comfort and the minimum respondents
give priority to do politics.
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Table 4.17
+,+-+.+/+
0++0,+
Table 4.17: In which type of education you are in favor of?
M
Table 4.18
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+
0+
,+
1+
-+
2+
+
Table 4.18 : Your priority:
M
:able 3,198 Whom #o you onsi#er your i#eal?
Gen#er
*ea#erAtorKAtress
:eaher ;other ather Others :otal
;>>
*=.5*T
'>
6.'*T
*(
'6.'*T
*4
'4.5*T
;5
*6.)4T
';
6.)4T
160
0,00J
'=
5.*4T
4
>.'*T
>6
*>.)4T
5*
>6.)4T
>5
**.4T
(
4.5*T
160
0,00J
:otal3B
1B,3BJ
1F
,67J
62
70,9BJ
F2
72,1FJ
F7
7,67J
7B
2,1FJ
B70
100,00J
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:ence we can conclude that the maximum percentage of
males give priority to the country and minimum to state, village
and caste whereas maximum percentage of females give priority
to family and minimum to state.
:able 3,718 What shoul# be the base o" reser!ation?
Gen#e
rCaste
'eligio
n
+onomia
l Con#itionGen#er
Orpha
n:otal
;>>
*=.5*T*;
'4T)*
;4T'5
'=T'4
(.>)T160
0,00J
;'
*4.5*T
*)
'5.6)T
55
;'.*4T
'5
'=T
'=
5.*4T
160
0,00J
:otal23
7B,17
J
11,9B
J
1BF3B,17J
B710,00
J
72,F1J
B70100,00
J
"able ;.*' clearly reveals that ;4T males think that the base
of reservation should be economical condition, *=.5*T to caste,
'4T to religion, '=T to gender and (.>)T to orphan.
Ihereas ;'.*4T female respondents think that the base of
reservation should be economical condition, *4.5*T to caste,
'5.6)T to religion, '=T to gender and only 5.*4T to orphan.
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6
*=T
*;
'4T
66
44T
'=
5.*4T
160
0,00J
'='5>.'*T
*4'4.5*T
*5'5.*4T
64T
1600,00J
:otal 1B9
3B,3BJ
39
1,B1J
113
B,67J
1F
,67J
B70
100,00J
"able ;.** depicted that 4'.;T males do prayers only on
festivals, *=T regularly, '4T once in a week and 5.*4T never.
Ihile the 5>.'*T females do prayer regularly, '5.*4T on
festivals, '4.5*T once in a week and 4T never.
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:able 3,7B8 $o= #o you spen# your "ree time?
Gen#er
(n rea#ingmaga shows that >(.>)T males spend their free time in
listening or watching radio"Q, *'.*4T in reading magazines, '4T
in prayers or in temples, '=T in gardening, ;.4T in social
functions %marriage, birthday etc and 5.6)T in other activities.
Ihereas >*.4T females want to spend their free time in
listening or watching "Q radio, *4.5*T in reading magazines,
'>.)4T in prayers or in temples and in social functions
%marriages, birthday etc, (.>)T in gardening and only 4T in
other activities.
-n the basis of above description we can conclude that
maximum respondents either male or female wants to spend their
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free time in watching listening radio "Q and minimum
respondents want to spend their free time in other activities.
:able 3,738 Whih type o" programmes #o you liIe to =ath
on :&?
Gen#er
+#uational Come#y Cartooninanial
reporte=s Soial :otal
;
>(
*;.>)T
>)
*>.'*T
';
6.)4T
'5
'=T
>(
*;.>)T
'4
(.>)T
160
0,00J
;>
*5.6)T*6
').4T(
4.5*T(
4.5*T>=
'6.)4T;'
*4.5*T160
0,00J
:otalF7
7,67J6
70,B1J7B
2,1FJ7
2,F1J69
71,6J6
12,JB70
100,00J
Above "able ;.*; clearly shows that *;.>)T males want to
watch programmes on "Q that are based on education and news,
*>.'*T want to watch comedy based programmes, '=T wants to
watch financial report and only (.>)T males want to watch
cartoon and social based programmes.
Ihereas *5.6)T females want to watch educational
programs, *4.5*T females want to watch social programmes,
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'6.)4T wants to watch news, ').4T want to watch comedy
based programmes, 4.5*T want to watch financial report and
cartoon programmes.
Krom the above data it is clearly revealed that maximum
male and female want to watch education based programmes.
Ihereas the least male respondents want to watch financial and
social programmes and the least female respondents like to watch
cartoon based programmes.
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follow fashion because it brings a sense of novelty in them. "he
least no of malefemale respondents follow fashion because they
feel that traditional patterns are more suitable.
:able 3,728 $o= #o you "eel about boys an# girls #o =ear
#resses opposite to tra#ition?
Gen#er )oys shoul#=ear boy5s
lothes
Girls shoul#=ear Girl5s
lothes
)othmanner o"
#ressing
shoul# be#i""erent
:otal
; ;;
*).4T
;=
*4T
)5
;).4T
160
0,00J
*5'5.*4T
4*>*.4T
6*4'.*4T
1600,00J
:otal 20
71,F2J
97
7F,2J
1F
39,B2J
B70
100,00J
"able ;.*) clearly depicted that ;).4T male respondents feel
that the dressing manner of both male and female should be
different, *).4T feel that boys should wear boy$s clothes and *4T
feel that girls should wear girl$s clothes.
Ihile 4'.*4T female respondents feel that the dressing
manner of both male and female should be different, >*.4TT feel
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that girls should wear girl$s clothes, '5.*4T feel that boys should
wear boys clothes.
"he above description clearly shows that both male and
female respondents feel that the dressing manner of both genders
should be different.
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Table 4.26
+
0+
,+
1+
-+
2+
+
3+
Table 4.26 : In which for do you ta!e fa"hion?
M
Table 4.27
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condition, ').4T feel that we should spend money by looking to
others and '>.)4T feel that we should spend too much money for
following fashion.
Ihereas 6>.'*T female respondents feel that we should
spend money according to our economical condition, (.>)T feel
that we should spend money by looking at others and only ).4T
feels that we should spend too much money for fashion.
:ence, from the above data it is clear that maximum
respondents feel that we should spend money on fashion
according to our economical condition. Ihereas the least
respondents feel that we should not spend too much money on
fashion.
:able 3,798 ashion?
Gen#er
We shoul##o it
aor#ing to
our taste
)y looIingothers
reations
Aor#ing totime =hih
is in tren#
:otal
;
'=>
5;.5T
'*
).4T
;4
*6.'*T
160
0,00J
6=
4=T*=
'*.4T5=
>).4T160
0,00J
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:otal1FB
2,1FJ
B7
10,00J
10
B7,F1J
B70
100,00J
"able ;.*( throws light on this fact that 5;.5T male
respondents feel that we should do fashion according to our taste,
*6.'*T feel that fashion should have according to time which is in
trend and only ).4T feel that fashion should be done by looking
others reaction.
Ihile 4=T females feel that fashion should be done
according to our taste, >).4T feel that it should be done according
to trend and only '*.4T feel that fashion should be done by
looking at others.
"hus above description tells that maximum males think that
we should do fashion according to our taste and maximum female
think fashion should be done according to our taste and least
respondents feel that it should be done by looking others reaction.
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:able 3,B08 Women Shoul#?
Gen#e
r
*i!e liIe
house =i"e
Shoul#
partiipate asa house =i"e
an# =orIing
(" they are
=orIingthey
shoul# taIehelp o"male
(" they are
=orIing theyshoul# taIe
help o" "amilyan# malemembers
:otal
; ;6>=T
44>;.>)T
>;*'.*4T
*>';.>)T
1600,00J
*=
'*.4T
)5
;).4T
>*
*=T
>*
*=T
160
0,00J
:otal 6F
71,7J
1B1
30,9BJ
66
70,67J
12,1FJ
B70
100,00J
"able ;.>= emphasizes on the fact that >;.>)T male respondents
feel that women should participate as a house wife and working, >=T
feel that they should live like house wife, *'.*4T feel that if the women
are working they should take help of male members and only ';.>)T
feel that if women are working they should take help of family and male
members.
-n the other hand ;).4T female respondent feel that they should
participate as a house wife and working, *=T feel that if they are
working they should take help of male members and family members
and only '*.4T women feel that they should live like a house wife.
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"hus the above data reveals that maximum no. of male and
female respondents are in favor that women should participate as a
housewife and working. "he least male respondents feel that if the
female are working they should take help of male members while on
the other hand least female respondents are in favor that they should
live like a house wife.
:able 3,B18 Partiipation o" =omen in politis?
Gen#erAppropriat
e in politis
Dn
appropriat
e in politis
Shoul#be
limite#
only till!oting
Shoul#!ote
aor#ingto men
:otal
;45
>4T4*
>*.4T*;
'4T*6
').4T160
0,00J
(4
4(.>)T
>5
**.4T
'(
''.6)T
'=
5.*4T
160
0,00J
:otal11
32,1FJ
FF
72,0J
3B
1B,3BJ
BF
11,F2J
B70100,00
J
"able ;.>' clearly reveals that >4T male feel that the
participation of women in politics is appropriate, >*.4T feel that it
is not appropriate, ').4T feel that women should do voting
according to men and '4T feel that participation should be limited
only till voting.
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Ihile the 4(.>)T female respondents feel that participation
in politics of women is appropriate, **.4T feel that women
participation is un/appropriate, ''.6)T feel that the participation
should be limited only till voting and 5.*4T female respondents
feel that they should vote according to men.
"hus above description clearly throws light on this fact that
maximum percentage of males and females think that
participation of women in politics is appropriate.
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:able 3,B78 Women shoul#?
Gen#er
%itto;en
Shoul#not
"ollo=man in
all
matters
:hey
shoul#ha!e their
o=n logi
%o =orI by
mutualun#erstan#in
g
:otal
;>)
*>.'*T
*(
'6.'*T
;'
*4.5*T
4>
>>.'*T
160
0,00J
*=
'*.4T>(
*;.>)T;'
*4.5*T5=
>).4T160
0,00J
:otal2
12,F1J6F
71,7JF7
7,67J11B
B,B1JB70
100,00J
"able ;.>* throws light on the fact that >>.'*T male
respondents feel that women should do work by mutual
understanding, *4.5*T feel that women should put their own
logic, *>.'*T feel that they should ditto men and only '6.'*T
male think that women should not follow men in all matters.
Ihile >).4T females feel that women should work by mutual
understanding, *4.5*T feel that women should have their own
logic, *;.>)T feel that they should not follow men in all matters,
only '*.4T female think that they should ditto men.
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"hus we can conclude that maximum male and female
respondents are in favor of women doing working by mutual
understanding whereas the least male respondents feel that
women should not follow men in all matters and very low
percentage of female respondent think that they should ditto men.
:able 3,BB8 'ituals are?
Gen#er Appropriate Dn
appropriate
or soial
prestige
:otal
; ((5'.6)T
>)*>.'*T
*;'4T
1600,00J
'=555.*4T
*;'4T
>='6.)4T
1600,00J
:otal 70
63,06J
61
19,06J
3
16,F2J
B70
100,00J
"able ;.>> emphasizes on this fact that 5'.6)T males think
that rituals are appropriate, *>.'*T think these as un/appropriate
and only '4T feel that rituals are performed for social prestige.
-n the other hand 55.*4T, female consider ritual
appropriate, '6.)4 females performed rituals for social prestige
and only '4T feel that rituals are un/appropriate.
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"hus the fact that comes before us from the above data is
that both genders consider rituals as appropriate but the least
answers about rituals are that males perform rituals for social
prestige and female consider rituals as un/appropriate.
:able 3,B38 'ituals shoul# be?
Gen#er :ra#itionally
aepte#
e=er
patternsshoul# be
aepte#
Aepte# by
Ieepinga#justment
bet=een tra#itionan#
mo#erni>
*=.5*T
4(
>5.6)T
160
0,00J
4*
>*.4T
>4
*'.6)T
)>
;4.5*T
160
0,00J
:otal 170
B2,0J
6F
71,7J
1B7
31,7J
B70
100,00J
"able ;.>; clearly shows that ;*.4T male feel that rituals
should be accepted traditionally, >5.6)T feel that rituals should be
accepted by keeping ad0ustment between tradition and
modernization and only *=.5*T feel that new pattern should be
accepted.
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Ihile ;4.5*T females feel those rituals should be accepted
by keeping ad0ustments between traditions and modernization,
>*.4T females feel that rituals should be accepted traditionally
and only *'.6)T females feel those new patterns should be
accepted by keeping ad0ustment between tradition and
modernization. Ihereas the least male female respondents feel
that new patterns should be accepted.
"hus it is clearly revealed that maximum male respondent
feel that rituals should be accepted traditionally and maximum
female respondents feel that rituals should be accepted
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:able 3,B8 (n using 'ituals?
Gen#er :hereshoul#
beeHuality
in men
an#=omen
Dn eHualityo" men an#
=omen isappropriate
;enshoul#
get morepri!ilege
Womenshoul#
get morepri!ilege
:otal
; 6>4'.6)T
*)'5.6)T
>5**.4T
';6.)4T
1600,00J
'='5>.'*T
*='*.4T
;*.4T
>4*'.6)T
1600,00J
:otal 1F32,0J
3213,6FJ
3017,0J
391,B1J
B70100,00J
"able ;.>4 reveals that 4'.6)T male feel that in using rituals
there should be e2uality in men and women, **.4T male feel that
men should get more privilege, '5.6)T feel that un e2uality of
men and women is appropriate and only 6.)4T male feel women
should get more privilege in using rituals.
-n the other hand 5>.'*T female feel that there should be
e2uality in men and women in using rituals, *'.6)T feel that
women should get more privilege, '*.4T feel that un/e2uality of
men J women in appropriate and only *.4T female feel that men
should get more privilege.
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:ence it is clearly revealed that both genders believe that
there should be e2uality in men and women. Ihereas while male
respondents feel that less privilege should be given to women in
using rituals, the least female respondents feel that man should
get more privilege.
:able 3,B68 %o you onsi#er that the biase# attitu#e on the
groun# o" aste religion gen#er an# eonomi on#ition
is?
Gen#er Appropriate Dn
appropriate
:o some
eLtentonsi#er it
partial
:otal
; 4;
>>.)4T
45
>4T
4=
>'.*4T
160
0,00J
;6>=T
5>>(.>)T
;(>=.5*T
1600,00J
:otal 107B1,F2J
119B2,1FJ
99B0,9BJ
B70100,00J
"able ;.>5 depicts that >4T male feel that the biased
attitude based on the ground of caste, religion, gender and
economical condition is un/appropriate, >>.)4T feel it appropriate
and >'.*4T think that to some extent it is partial.
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Ihereas >(.>)T female also feel it un/appropriate, >=.5*T
feel it that to some extent it is partial and only >=T respondent
think that it is un/appropriate.
"he above description clearly shows that the maximum
percentage of male and female respondents think that the biased
attitude is un/appropriate.
:able 3,B28 (n =hih ultural ati!ity #o you partiipate?
Gen#er
*a#iesSangeet
(nsports
(neLhibitions
(nlub
(nirusK
iians
(nnautanIi
(nIa!i
Sammelan
(n)jajan
an#hya
(nsoial
"untions
:otal
;4
>.'*T;6
>=T*=
'*.4T*;
'4T4
>.'*T(
4.5*T(
4.5*T6
4T>*
*=T
1600,00J
>>
*=.5*T*6
').4T'5
'=T''
5.6)T>
'.6)T'
=.5*T5
;.'*T*=
'*.4T;*
*5.*4T
1600,00J
:otal
BF
11,F2J
26
7B,2J
B6
11,7J
B
10,9BJ
F
7,0J
10
B,17J
1
3,6FJ
7F
F,2J
23
7B,17J
B70
100,00J
"able ;.>) shows that >=T male respondents want to
participate in sports activities, *=T in social functions, '4T in
clubs, '*.4T in exhibitions, 4.5*T in nautanki and kavi
sammelan, 4T in 1ha0an sandhya and >.'*T in ladies sangeet
and in circus and magic shows.
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Ihile above table clearly shows that *5.*4T female want to
participate in social functions, *5.*4T in ladies sangeet, ').4T in
sports, '*.4T in bha0an sandhya, '=T in exhibitions, 5.6)T in
clubs, ;.'*T in kavi sammelan, '.6)T in circus and magic shows
and =.5*T in nautanki.
:ence the above description clearly reveals that maximum
male respondents want to participate in sports activity and
minimum in ladies sangeet, circus and magic shows, whereas
maximum female respondents want to participate in social
functions and minimum in nautankies.
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5eneration Di6erence in Youth "ulture
3ver since anti2uity, the concept of generation has been held
in a biological and conse2uently in a genealogical sense of regular
descent of a group of organisms from a progenitor. 1ut since the
early nineteenth century, there has developed a social and
historical concept of generations! as comprising the structure not
only of societies but also of history itself.
:istorically, August Comtethe founder of modern sociology,
considered the duration of human life a decisive element in
determining the velocity of human evolution and therefore the
passing of one generation to another!.
According to Durganand 7inha %'()* Coming to history,
:indu mythology also has many illustrations of the younger
generation rebelling against the older one. Prahalad against his
father, rishna against his uncle ansa are two instances!. ?ughal
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history has so many sons rebelling against their fathers, is a
?ughal 7yndrome!.
According to "urner %*==5 Parents involvement is very
much necessary for reducing the generation gap. Young people
seek both formal and informal network to use each other more
effectively. 7elf awareness, communication and dialogue are very
necessary. "he parents of the young people are in transition of
experience especially with respect to their problem of generation
gap!.
According to aiser %*==; "he young should listen to the
old but must take their own decisions with discretion and a
balanced perspective.
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Generationully
satis"ie#
Partially
satis"ie#
Partially
#issatis"ie#
ully
#issatis"ie#
Coul#
not#ei#e
:otal
Parents3F4
;4*6.'*T
>5**.4T
*;'4T
*5'5.*4T
*('6.'*T
1600,00J
Parents
youth
1F74