-These two kingdoms were among - Loudoun County Public ... · -These two kingdoms were among the...
Transcript of -These two kingdoms were among - Loudoun County Public ... · -These two kingdoms were among the...
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-These two kingdoms were among the earliest African kingdoms
-Kush (or Nubia) was founded ca 800 B.C.E.
-At its apogee, the rulers of Kush constructed pyramids at Meroe and ruled large parts of Egypt
-Axum, connected with Sheba (Yemen), was a naval and trading power
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- Craftsmen from the Nok culture, e.g., mastered iron (ca 500 B.C.E.) -They also created terra-cotta sculptures of value-The trading center of Jenne, founded in approximately 250 B.C.E., has many buildings fashioned out of mud-brick (adobe)
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-The Bantu migrated from West and central Africa southward from approx. 1000 B.C.E.-1000 C.E.
-The Bantu had learned how to work iron, farm, and herd animals; when they moved into new areas in southern Africa, they shared this knowledge with other peoples
-Along with their economic skills, the Bantu had an influence on languages in these southern areas
- Those that resisted the Bantu, such as the Bushmen (hunter-gatherers), were forced to move to more desolate areas (such as the Kalahari Desert)
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In Africa, kin, clan and tribe play very important roles in organizing society; traditionally, elders rule in villages; little hierarchy otherwise
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-Prior to the Spread of Islam to Northern and Eastern Africa, African religious beliefs were very diverse
-Common single element: a single, male creator god
-Other widespread features: ancestor worship, belief in a spirit world (animism), use of amulets
-Sasa (life) and zamani(afterlife)
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-Muslim armies conquer Egypt, much of N.Africa during the 600s C.E..; they then defeat the Visigoths in Spain
They in turn are defeated by Charles Martel at Tours in 732 C.E.
-Later, the Almohads, one of these Muslim groups, established a dynasty in the Western Mediterranean
-They are ousted from power by a Moroccan Berber dynasty, the Almoravids in the 11th century
-The Almoravids , Muslim reformers who advocated a rigid orthodoxy, built the city of Marrakesh
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-Malay soldiers colonize Madascar ca. 300-500 C.E.; they also introduce bananas yams, and chickens
-Trade with the Middle East already by 9th cent. C.E. (see e.g. the Zanj (slave) revolt in Mesopotamia (869 C.E.))
-Kilwa, founded in 957 C.E., is a major commercial city by the 13th century C.E.
-Pemba and Mombasa become important ports on the Indian Ocean
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-Swahili (coastal) culture blended Arab and African elements
-Its basis was a flourishing Indian Ocean trade
-Wealthy city-states along the East African coast imported silk and porcelain from China, e.g.
-Chinese admiral Zheng He led two expeditions to East Africa (1417-1419, 1421-1422)
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-King Ezana (fl. Ca 350 C.E.) converts to Christianity, conquers Kush
-Coptic Christianity develops in Ethiopia; it holds that Christ is fully divine, and uses Ge’ezas its ecclesiastical language (Amharic stays as the day-to-day language in Ethiopia)
-Battle of the Elephant at Makkah (570 C.E.); Axum invaders led by Abraha are repelled
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-This dynasty was known for its religious and cultural achievements
-The Christian church of St. George, e.g., was hewn out of solid rock at Labilelain 1080-1100 C.E.
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-North of modern state of Ghana-In addition to trading gold, ancient Ghana sold ivory and slaves-Its capital Kumbai was conquered by the Almoravids in 1076 C.E.
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-Important rulers: the founder of the dynasty, Sun-Jara (aka Sundiata I), the “Lion Prince” (r.1230-1255 C.E.) and MansaMusa (r. 1312-1337 C.E.)-Mansa Musa was a fervent Muslim; he made a celebrated hajj in 1324, distributing large amounts of gold in Cairo while en route to Mecca-Jenne (and its famous 14th-century mosque), Timbuktu (university and mosque) flourish, esp. in the 14th century
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-Sunni Ali Bar: r. 1464-1492 C.E.
-Sunni Ali Bar seized Jenne in 1473 C.E.
-Muhammad Toure Askia: r. 1493-1528 C.E.; one of Sunni Ali Bar’s generals, he took over after Sunni Ali Bar’s successor refused to declare himself a Muslim
-Muhammad Toure Askiasponsored scholars at Timbuktu
-Moroccans defeat the Songhai at Tondibi in 1591 C.E. and the empire collapses.
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-Hausa city-states develop ca 1000 C.E. in northern Nigeria
-If, Benin – small kingdoms established ca 1100 C.E.
- The Kongo Kingdom (Wene wa Kongo in Congolese) – developed into centralized state as the result of strong trade networks, Portuguese influence by 16th cent. C.E.
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-In the Kongo kingdom, King Nzinga a Nkuwaconverts to Christianity, rules as Alfonso I (r.1506-1543)
-Royal currency: cowrieshells
-By the 1640s and 1650s, the Kongo King Garcia II is often allied with the Dutch against the Portuguese
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-Practiced already by 9th
century C.E.
--Most slaves were taken in battle
--Debtors, suspected witches, and criminals were also enslaved
--Slaves usually worked in agricultur
-Possession of slaves bestowed status
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1. Zimbabwe
a. Stone complex called “Great Zimbabwe” built early 13th
century C.E.
b. Managed trade between internal and coastal regions
c. Abandoned ca 1450 C.E.
2. Khoisan-speaking peoples (i.e., non-Bantu hunter-gatherers including the San (Bushmen) and Hottentots tend to be found in marginal areas
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-This is a very rich and complex subject. Note at least the following :
--Rock paintings – by the San esp. (5000 B.C.E. and later), incl. the Linton Panel
--Masks (see the influence on Picasso, etc.
-- Stelae (at Axum, e.g.)
--Bards (called griots in West Africa) – play a very important role in transmitting traditional culture (see, for instance, the Sundiata epic)