These notes go on pages 5 and 7 of your INB!. .
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Transcript of These notes go on pages 5 and 7 of your INB!. .
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MINERALS & THEIR
PROPERTIES
These notes go on pages
5 and 7 of your
INB!
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http://www.mii.org/www.mii.org
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GENERAL FACTS ABOUT MINERALS Between 2 - 3,000 have been identified A few are “native elements” -- made of only
one element, such as sulfur, gold. copper, and graphite (carbon)
Most are compounds, especially the silicate group (Si, O).
Other important groups are oxides, carbonates, and sulfides
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THE 5 CHARACTERISTICS Remember the
acronym ISODA!
1)Inorganic2)Solid3)Occurs Naturally4)Defined chemical
composition5)Arranged in a
crystal
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MINERAL GROUPS grouped by the elements they are made
of
most abundant group are silicates, which
are most of the rock-forming mineralsSilver Ruby
Copper
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Mineral Group
Elements & Characteristics
Examples
Silicates
contain O and Si most abundant group
QuartzMica
Feldspars
MICA QUARTZ
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Mineral Group
Characteristics
Examples
Carbonates C and O make up karst topography, which includes caves
Calcite (SiO3)
Calcite with Duftite inclusions
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Mineral Group Characteristics Examples
Oxides
metallic ion and O
Hematite(Fe2)O3
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Mineral Group
Characteristics Examples
Sulfides S and a metallic ion
Galena (PbS)
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Mineral Group
Characteristics
Examples
Native Elements
single elements from the periodic table
Gold (Au), Diamond (C), Silver (Ag)
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MOST COMMON MINERALS:
Quartz Feldspar (group) Muscovite (white
mica) Biotite (black mica) Calcite Pyroxene
Olivine Amphibole (group) Magnetite,
limonite, and other iron oxides
Pyrite
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MINERALS ARE IDENTIFIED BY THEIR PROPERTIES: hardness crystal shape
(form) luster color streak
cleavage/fracture density or specific
gravity special properties
--reaction to acid --fluorescence --salty taste --magnetism
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COLOR least useful
property for identification:
1. some minerals have more than one color
2. more than one type of mineral can have the same color
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LUSTER describes how
light reflects off the surface
Main categories are metallic and non-metallic
Non-metallic includes: dull, glassy, waxy, pearly, earthy
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HARDNESS ability to scratch another mineral
Mohs hardness scale from 1 (talc) to 10 (diamond)
Quartz (most common mineral and most dust particles) is a 7
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We use a scratch plate to
determine hardness.
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STREAK color of the powder
when rubbed on a streak plate (unglazed porcelain)
“true color” may be same as
hand-specimen or different
mineral must be softer than the streak plate
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CLEAVAGE/FRACTURE Some minerals split along flat surfaces
when struck hard-- cleavage Other minerals break unevenly along
rough or curved surfaces-- fracture few minerals have both cleavage and
fracture
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CLEAVAGE OR FRACTURE?
1.
4.
3.
2.
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DENSITY & SPECIFIC GRAVITY
All minerals have density (mass / volume), but some are very dense
Specific Gravity is the density of the mineral compared with density of water (1 g/ml)
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SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. Acid Test: some minerals react to a dilute acid by fizzing (e.g. Carbonate mineral group)
2. Smell: some have a very distint smell (e.g. Sulfur)
3. Taste: certain taste (e.g. Halite, which tastes salty)
4. Attraction to magnets (e.g. magnetite & other iron minerals)
5. Fluorescence is when minerals glow under UV light