these (hardware, software, etc) Computer Graphics •In CS130, we … · 2006. 12. 4. · Light...
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Computer Graphics
•Computer graphics deals with all aspects of creating images with a computer
- Hardware- Software- Applications, products
• In CS130, we will focus on core algorithms that may appear in any of these (hardware, software, etc...)
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•Where did this image come from?
Computer Graphics
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Preliminary Answer
•Software: - Maya for modeling and rendering - Maya is built on top of OpenGL
•Hardware: - PC with graphics cards for modeling and
rendering
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Basic Graphics Hardware
Input devices
Output device
Image formed in FB
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Software: Conceptual Model
Real ObjectHuman Eye
Real Light
Real ObjectHuman Eye
DisplayDevice
Graphics System
SyntheticModel
SyntheticCamera
SyntheticLight Source
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Basic Graphics Software
Graphics Software2D – Photoshop, Illustrator, Powerpoint3D Library – OpenGL, Open Inventor 3D SW – Maya, 3D Studio, SoftimageCAD - Autocad, Pro-Engineer Rendering – Renderman, Blue MoonPost-processing – After Effects, Premiere
Director, Final Cut Pro
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Computer Graphics:1960’s
• Wireframe graphics• Vector display 2-2.5 D• Project Sketchpad• Display Processors
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• Ivan Sutherland - PhD thesis at MIT- Recognized the potential of
man-machine interaction - Sketchpad
• Display something• User moves light pen• Computer generates new display
- Sutherland also created many of the now common algorithms for computer graphics
• Sutherland joins Evans at Utah and "start" CG in CS Utah Teapot
Computer Graphics:1960’s
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Computer Graphics: 1970’s
•Raster Graphics•Flat and smooth “solid” models•Beginning of graphics standards•Microprocessors
- Workstations and PCs
•Siggraph formed (73)•Pong released (72)Star Wars released (76)
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Raster Graphics
• Image produced as an array (or raster) of picture elements (pixels) in the frame buffer
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Raster Graphics
•Allow us to go from lines and wireframes to filled polygons
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Computer Graphics: 1980’s
Realism comes to computer graphics
smooth shading environmentalmapping
bump mapping
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Computer Graphics: 1980’s
Realistic 3D, ray tracing
Vol Libre (1980) Disney’s Tron (1982)
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•Special purpose hardware- Silicon Graphics geometry engine
• Industry-based standards- RenderMan
•Networked graphics: X Window System•Human-Computer Interface (HCI)
Computer Graphics: 1980’s
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Computer Graphics: 1990’s
•OpenGL API•Completely computer-generated feature-length movies are successful
•New hardware for:- Texture mapping- Blending
First 3D FeaturePixar’s Toy Story(1995)
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Computer Graphics: 2000-
•Photorealism•Graphics cards for PCs dominate market
- Nvidia, ATI, 3DLabs
•Game boxes and game players determine direction of market
•Computer graphics routine in movie industry
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Computer Graphics: 2000-
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Display Devices
•CRT•LED•LCD• flat panel displays• projectors
•Printers, film slides, others
Active displays
Passive displays
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What is being displayed?
Usually, a color bitmap
Where?
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Bit depth - defined by device standards
(Humans can perceive ~10,000,000 colors)
(Note alpha)
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•Additive color- Form a color by adding amounts of three
primaries• CRTs, projection systems, positive film
- Primaries are Red (R), Green (G), Blue (B)
•Subtractive color- Form a color by filtering white light with cyan
(C), Magenta (M), and Yellow (Y) filters• Printing• Negative film
Color representation
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Color representation
subtractiveadditive
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Color representation
• Additive color
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The RGB Cube
Color representation
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Color representation
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Color representation
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Color representation
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Three-Color Theory
• Human visual system has two types of sensors- Rods: monochromatic, night vision- Cones
• Color sensitive• Three types of cone• Only three values (the tristimulusvalues) are sent to the brain
• Need only match these three values- Need only three primary colors
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Display Devices
•CRT•LED•LCD• flat panel displays• projectors
•Printers, film slides, others
Active displays
Passive displays
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CRT – dot pitch
~pixel sizestandard is .15mm - .3mm
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LCD flat panel monitors
• Liquid Crystal Displays
• LC emit light based on temperature (very sensitive)
• Electrical pulse excites LC to control display
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LCD flat panel monitors
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• Color representation
LCD flat panel monitors
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LCD projectors
Similar technology asLCD displays
Screen much smaller (~2in)
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LCD flat panel monitors
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