THERMAL PROPERTIES OF TILE AND MARBLE properties of tile and marble.pdf · THERMAL PROPERTIES OF...

THERMAL PROPERTIES OF TILE AND MARBLE

NOOR ZANIZAWATI ZAINOL

This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours

(Mechanical Engineering and Manufacturing Systems)

Faculty of Engineering

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

2005

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To my loving family, Mak, Papa, Poyi

and all my friends.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this golden opportunity to express my sincere thanks to

individuals and parties that gave me a lot of help and guidance throughout the period

of completing my final year project.

First of all, I would like to convey my appreciation to project supervisor,

Prof. Madya Dr. Sinin Bin Hamdan, who helped me in the experiment and gave me

countless guidance, encouragement and opinion in conducting experiment and report

writing. I would like to extend this thanks to individuals who helped in giving

opinion provision, valuable comments, and supports; Brenda, Suraya, Arul, Sarkawi,

and Saperi. Their help had been invaluable.

Last but not least, special thank goes to Muhammad Nur Hisham, whose

thoughtfulness, motivation and gave me an enthusiastic effort to inclusive my final

year project.

Finally yet importantly, my gratitude goes to Faculty of Engineering,

UNIMAS, lecturers, supporting staffs and friends who helped me either directly or

indirectly.

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ABSTRAK

Kajian tentang ciri-ciri haba di dalam sains bahan adalah penting kerana ciri-

ciri tersebut dapat dieksploitasikan sebagai tujuan untuk memperbaiki kehidupan

manusia. Oleh itu, pemindahan haba memainkan peranan yang amat penting di

dalam pengaplikasian jubin dan marmar sebagai lantai, dinding dan perhiasan. la

boleh ditentukan menerusi ujikaji kehilangan haba dan penyerapan haba oleh bahan

tersebut. Dua spesimen telah dipilih untuk menjalani ujikaji ini dan empat spesimen

lain digunakan sebagai perbandingan. Dua spesimen tersebut ialah jubin porcelain

dan marmar, manakala empat spesimen lain ialah kaca tingkap, perspex, besi dan

aluminium. Semua spesimen ini mempunyai dimensi yang sama kecuali marmar.

Spesimen-spesimen ini dipanaskan menggunakan pinggan pemanas hingga suhunya

mencecah 100°C dan ais hancur digunakan untuk menyejukkan spesimen sehingga

mencapai suhu 0°C. Keputusan telah menunjukkan bahawa bentuk graf adalah

hampir sama kecuali aluminium kerana ia mempunyai nilai kadar pemindahan haba

paling tinggi. Dari aspek masa pula, marmar mengambil masa yang paling lama

untuk kembali ke suhu bilik setelah dipanaskan jika dibandingkan dengan jubin. Ini

berpunca daripada beberapa faktor, sebagai contoh haba penyebaran dan faktor yang

tidak dapat dielakkan seperti angin dan kelembapan. Semasa ujikaji, penyukat suhu

digunakan untuk mengira suhu spesimen sela lima minit.

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ABSTRACT

The research of thermal properties in materials science is important because

we can exploit the features or characteristics of that material as purpose to enhance

human life. Therefore, heat transfer plays an utmost role in application of tile and

marble such as floor, wall or any decoration. It can be determined through an

experiment of heat lost and heat gain of that materials. Two samples were chosen to

undergo this experiment and four other materials as a comparison. These two

samples are porcelain tile and marble and other four are window glass, perspex, mild

steel and aluminium. These samples are in the same dimension except for the marble.

Samples are heated by using a hot plate until 100°C and flake ice was used to cool

the samples until 0°C. The results had shown the profile of the graph almost identical

for all samples except for the aluminium that has the highest value of rate of heat

transfer. From an aspect of time, marble had the longest time to return at room's

temperature after heated compare with the tile. This is due to a several factors, for

example thermal diffusivity and unavoidable factors such as wind and humidity.

During the experiment, thermocouples are used to measure the temperature of the

sample and time was taken for every five minutes interval.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO. CONTENTS

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstrak

Abstract

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Figures

Nomenclature

1.0 Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Background

1.2 Modes of Heat Transfer

1.3 Properties of Tile and Marble

1.4 Project Objectives

2.0 Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Porosity

2.2 Heat Transfer Through Building Wall

2.3 Designs for Efficient Building

2.4 Steady Conduction Without Generation:

Thermal Resistance Concept

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X1

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3.0 Chapter 3: Methodology

3.1 Sample's Material for this experiment 15

3.2 Instrument involved in measuring the obtained results 16

3.3 Method involved 17

4.0 Chapter 4: Results and Discussions

4.1 Results Part 1

4.2 Results Part 2

4.3 Discussion

5.0 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations

5.1 Conclusion

5.2 Recommendation

6.0 References

7.0 Appendices

Appendix A- Results Part I

Appendix B- Results Part 2

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

1.1 List of K for Some Common Materials 3

1.2 Thermal Diffusivity of Typical Materials 6

3.1 Parts in Experiment 17

4.1 Results of Sample I (Part 1) 20

4.2 Results of Sample 2 (Part 1) 21











4.13 Results of All Samples in Part 1 33

4.14 Results of All Samples in Part 2 37

4.15 List of Porosity and Water Absorption in Marble 40

and Porcelain Tile

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

1.1 Separated Wall 2

1.2 Transport of Heat by Conduction through a Plane Wall 3

2.1 Coarse Structure of a Fracture of Autoclaved 10

2.2 Coordinates for One Dimensional Steady Heat 13

Conduction Problem

3.1 Sample's Dimension 16

3.2 Thermocouple 16

3.3 Heating the Sample by Using Hot Plate 18

3.4 Temperature of Marble is measured during Heat Gain 18

4.1 Heat Loss of Tile 20

4.2 Heat Loss of Marble 21

4.3 Heat Loss of Window Glass 22

4.4 Heat Loss of Mild Steel 23

4.5 Heat Loss of Aluminium 24

4.6 Heat Loss of Perspex 25

4.7 Heat Gain of Tile 27

4.8 Heat Gain of Marble 28

4.9 Heat Gain of Window Glass 29

4.10 Heat Gain of Mild Steel 30

4.11 Heat Gain of Aluminium 31

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4.12 Heat Gain of Perspex

4.13 Heat Loss for All Samples

4.14 Heat Loss of Porcelain Tile and Marble

4.15 Heat Gain for All Samples

4.16 Heat Gain of Porcelain Tile and Marble

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NOMENCLATURE

A Area, m2

CP Constant pressure at specific heat, J/ (K. kg)

d Density, kg/m3

dl Expansion, in

dt Temperature differences, °C or K

h Heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2. K)

h; Heat transfer coefficient from inside

h° Heat transfer coefficient from outside

K Coefficient of thermal conductivity W/ (m. K)

L° Length, m

Q Total heat transfer, Watt

q Heat flux, W/m2

R,, Thermal resistance

T Temperature, °C or K

Tf Builk fluid temperature, °C or K

T, Surface temperature, °C or K

U Thermal transmittance

Vm Total volume of material

VP Non-solid volume

x Wall's thickness

X1

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Greek Letters

a Thermal diffusivity, m2/s

a Linear expansion coefficient. m/(m. K)

P Coefficient of volume expansion

Superscript

n rectangular coordinate

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Generally, thermal properties of materials consist of thermal conductivity, K,

thermal diffusivity and thermal expansion. These will be discussed later in this

chapter. Heat loss or gain can occur in three modes; conduction, convection and

radiation. All modes in heat transfer are from high temperature to a lower

temperature and require an existence of a temperature difference. Nowadays, marble

and tile are widely use in floors, walls and other surfaces. Marble in general is a

metamorphosed limestone composed of calcite [ CaCo3 I, dolomite

[CaMg(CO3 )] or combination of both minerals for example serpentine. While

porcelain tiles are made from kaolin clays, feldspar, and silica and coloring oxides

for example ceramic tiles.

1.2 Modes of Heat Transfer

Conduction can be best defined as transfer of heat within an object or

between two object in contact from the energetic particles of a substance to the

adjacent less energetic by atoms transmitting their vibration to their neighbors.

Conduction can happen in solids, liquids or gases. "In gases and liquid, conduction is

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due to the collision of the molecules during their random motion. In solids, it is due

to the combination of the molecules in a lattice and the energy transport by free

electrons" (Cengel & Boles, 1998).

Consider the situation represented by the wall separating a warm room from a cold

room,

Figure 1.1: Separated wall

with Q denoting a quantity of heat (Watt), Fourier's law for unidirectional flow of

heat in the x-direction is

TZ-T Q=-KA

Ax (Watt) (1.1)

where (T2 - T, ) = temperature difference between two sides of the wall (K)

A= area of the wall

x= wall's thickness

(m2)

(m)

K= coefficient of thermal conductivity (W/m, K)

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The negative sign in Equation (1.1) arises from the fact that for the flow of heat in

the +x direction, the temperature gradient ýTZAx

in the x direction must be

negative.

T1

I'*-- -, Q--l

--º I

I

T2

ý-- Ax -º

Figure 1.2: Transport of heat by conduction through a plane wall

Table 1.1: List of K for some common materials (Stulz, R& Mukerji, K, 1988)

Material

Silver

Copper

Aluminium

Tungsten

Iron

Marble

Brick

Water

Asbestos

Glass

Glass-window

Air

Wood (pine)

Perspex

Porcelain Tile

Mild Steel

K(W/m. K)

427

398

237

178

80.3

3

0.4-0.8

0.61

0.083

0.72-0.86

0.78

0.026

0.11-0.14

0.17-0.19

1.05

26.98

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The thermal conductivity of a substance as defined as a heat flow per unit area per

unit time when the temperature decreases by one degree in unit distance. The SI unit

of thermal conductivity is W/(mK). Other units are:

I Kw/(m. K) = 1000 W/(m. K)

The heat flow rate per unit area is called the heat flux, q. Therefore, Q divided by

area, A

9_Q (W/m2) (1.2)

Convection is described by Newton's law of cooling, which states that

convective heat transfer occurs when a liquid or gas (fluids) comes in contact with a

material of a different temperature. Natural convection occurs when the flow of a

liquid or gas is primarily due to density differences within the fluid due to heating of

cooling of that fluid. Forced convection occurs when the flow of liquid (liquid or

gas) is primarily due to pressure differences. It involves the combined effects of

conduction and fluid motion.

Q= hA(T, - Tf) (Watt) (1.3)

where h= heat transfer coefficient (W/M2 -K)

A= surface area (m2)

TS = surface temperature (K)

Tf = bulk fluid temperature (K)

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In general, the determination of the heat transfer coefficient for convection problems

is a very complicated matter because h is affected by:

1. The type of flow (laminar, turbulent or transitional)

2. The geometry of the body

3. The physical properties of the fluid

4. The temperature difference

5. The position along the surface of the body

6. Whether the mechanism is forced of free convection

Heat can be lost from building through fabric loss as well as depending on the

thermal resistance of various elements making up the walls, roof floor and building.

Thermal resistances of the inside and outside surfaces on the building is due to

convection through the fluid films of the surface and thermal radiation from the

surface to the surroundings. Overall heat transfer coefficient or thermal

transmittance, U

1_1+1+ U h, k

where h, = heat transfer coefficient from inside

ho = heat transfer coefficient from outside

R., = thermal resistance

Heat transfer coefficient, h; and ho include both convection and radiation effects.

Summation term is the sum of the thermal resistance of the elements making up the

wall or roof.

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1.3 Properties of Tile and Marble

The differences of tile and marble in term of thermal diffusivity, porosity,

thermal expansion and water absorption will be explained briefly.

(a) Thermal diffusivity,

Thermal diffusivity, a is a measure of the rate at which temperature disturbance at

one point in a body travels to another point. It is expressed by the relationship:

a= K/d *Cp (m2/s) (l. s)

where Cp = specific heat at constant pressure (J/K. kg)

d= density (kg/m3)

K= coefficient of thermal conductivity (W/m. K)

Table 1.2: Thermal diffusivity of typical materials

Materials a, m2/s

Aluminium 85.9 x 106

Steel, mild 12.4 x 106

Quartz, sand 0.206 x 106

Glass, pyrex 0.594 x 106

Marble 0.139 x 10-5

Tile 1.28 x 107

Brick 0.258 x 106

(b) Porosity

In geology, the porosity of a rock or sediment is the proportion of the non-solid

volume to the total volume of material and is defined by ratio:

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Vp/V�, (1.6)

where VL = non-solid volume (pores and liquid)

V. = total volume of material, including the solid and non-solid parts.

It is common to express porosity as a percentage, by multiplying the above

ratio by 100. Porosity in rock originates as primary porosity during sedimentation or

organogenesis and as a secondary porosity at later stages of geological development.

In sedimentary rocks, the porosity is further classified as intergranular porosity

between grains, fracture porosity caused by mechanical or chemical processes and

cavernous porosity caused by organisms or chemical processes. Sedimentary rocks

like sandstones and limestones are formed by the consolidation and cementation of

sand or calcareous grains in slow geochemical processes. The original particles are

joined at points of contact but part of the original porosity remains.

(c) Thermal expansion

Most solids expand when heated. The reason for this is that this gives atoms more

room to bounce about with the large amount of kinetic energy they have at high

temperatures. Thermal expansion is a relatively small effect which is approximately

linear in the absolute temperature:

d1= aL,, dt (m) (1.7)

where dl = expansion (m)

dt = temperature difference (K)

La = length (m)

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a= linear expansion coefficient (K)

If the solid is isotropic such as is the case for cubic polycrystalline or amorphous

solids then their is a simple relation between the coefficient of thermal expansion, a

and the coefficient of volume expansion, ß:

ß=3a (1.8)

Typical numbers for a range from 10"7 for hard solids to 10-3organic liquids.

(d) Water absorption

Water absorption is defined as ratio of the weight of water absorbed by a material, to

the weight of the dry materials.. All organic polymeric materials will absorb moisture

to some extent resulting in swelling, dissolving, leaching, plasticizing and/or

hydrolyzing, events which can result in discoloration, embrittlement, loss of

mechanical and electrical properties, lower resistance to heat and weathering and

stress cracking.

1.4 Project Objectives

The purpose of this project is to determine the differences between thermal

properties of tile and marble. The keywords here are thermal properties and tile and

marble. There are many thermal properties in our system but only a few will be

considered. From these, the application of marble and tile can be used appropriate to

their properties to give a best result for example in building materials.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

References had been made through many sources to obtain the information that is

related to this study. The sources are journals, thesis, books and magazines.

Information is also gathered by browsing the websites in the Internet.

2.1 Porosity

In a website, which entitled "An Experimental & Numerical Study on Heat

Transfer Enhancement for Gas Heat Exchangers Fitted with Porous Media", an

experimental and numerical work had been done to investigate the effect of metallic

porous materials, inserted in a pipe on the rate of heat transfer. The pipe is subjected

to a constant and uniform heat flux. The effects of porosity, porous materials

diameter and thermal conductivity as well as Reynolds number on the heat transfer

and pressure drop are investigated by B. I. Pavel et al (2004). One of the results,

which are related to our interest, is higher heat transfer rates can be achieved using

porous inserts at the expense of a reasonable pressure drop.

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According to C. Hall and W. D. Hoff (2002), materials with high porosity are

often made by generating gas bubbles within a paste before curing or during firing.

These aerated or foamed materials have microstructures strikingly different from

those of sintered or cemented materials, with conspicuous large, roughly spherical

aeration voids (figure 2.1).

ýý

Figure 2.1: Coarse structure of a fracture of autoclaved

(C. Hall and W. D. Hoff, 2002)

2.2 Heat Transfer Through Building Wall

In an article, which titled "Harmonic Analysis of Building Thermal Response

Applied to the Optimal Location of Insulation within the Walls" the author has

mentioned that the placement of insulation outside the wall masonry reduces the

amplitude of the internal temperature swing caused by weather conditions and by

internal heat gains. If the inside temperature is left free to oscillate within a few

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degrees, the amplitude of the heating or cooling load is greatly reduced, allowing for

the substantial energy savings.

This result is achieved by R. C. Sonderegger (19) in his analysis of heat

transfer through building walls using Fourier Transform and the matrices method.

The formalism is applied through a simple one-room building.

2.3 Designs for Efficient Building

In a journal, entitled "Design of Low Energy Office Building", E. Gratia and

A. D. Herde (19) stated that there is an increasing demand for higher quality office

buildings. The advent of computers and other office equipment increased the internal

heat gains in most offices. Also, with an extra heat gains from the electric lighting

made necessary by deep floor plans, and the wider use of false ceilings, increased the

risk of overheating.

In order to recover this problem, the selection of walls, floors and ceilings

should be taken into account. Besides, choices of the overall form of the building, the

depth and height of rooms and the size of windows can together double the eventual

energy consumption of the finished building. Hence, knowledge of thermal

diffusivity of a rock body is required for the prediction of its response to a heat gain

or heat loss.

M. J. Drury, V. S. Allen and A. M. Jessop (19) have mentioned that thermal

diffusivity of a rock can be obtained indirectly from measurement of its conductivity,

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density and specific heat; indirectly by modeling, using assumed values of those

parameters for each of its mineral constituents; indirectly by measurement of one or

two parameters and assuming values for the remainder; or by direct measurement.

Specific heat measured for a rock is generally higher than that modeled from the

individual specific heats of the mineral components of the rock. Thus, direct

measurement is preferred. It is desirable to measure conductivity and diffusivity of

the same sample.

According to M. J. Drury et al. the technique used is modification of

Angstrom's method in that a thin sample disk is attached to a long matching rod of

similar material and diffusivity is obtained by measuring the amplitude decrement

and phase lag of a sinusoidal temperature wave that travels through assembly. A

correction is made for the effect of thermal mismatch between disk and rod. Tests

using standard materials suggest that diffusivity can be measured with an accuracy of

+/- 5% and repeatability of 3%.

2.4 Steady Conduction Without Generation: Thermal Resistance Concept

In a book, titled "Elements of Heat Transfer", the determination of steady-

state temperature distribution and heat flow in solids with shape plane wall, example

slab is our interest in this study. The use of conduction shape factor in the

determination of heat flow through bodies having more complicated shapes is

presented.

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