There are so many career opportunities in the field of

Biology. Anatomy & Physiology

will help you get there!

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Introduction to Introduction to

Anatomy & PhysiologyAnatomy & Physiology

I.I. IntroductionIntroduction

A. Early ancestors were concerned about

injuries and illnesses – treated them with superstitions, magic, &

potions

B. Later, cadavers (dissected human bodies) were

examined for cause of death and

studied

C. Greek & Latin terms were coined to name body

parts, describe locations, and explain functions

and interactions

Pg. 2

II.II. Anatomy and Physiology (A & P)Anatomy and Physiology (A & P)

Anatomy – branch of science that deals with the structure of body parts, their forms and organization

Physiology – branch of science that is concerned with the functions of body parts, what they do and how they do it

III.III. Levels of Organization Levels of Organization – all materials of the body are made of chemicals, which consist of:

A. Atoms – microscopic particlesB. Molecules – atoms joined togetherC. Macromolecules – molecules that

join together to make larger moleculesD. Organelles – small parts of a cell &

made of macromoleculesE. Cell

1. made up of organelles2. are the basic unit of structure

and function (the what & why)3. vary in size, shape, & function4. are microscopic

F. Tissue – cells organized into layers

G. Organ – group of interacting tissues

H. Organ System – group of organs that function closely together

I. Organism – group of organ systems working together

Pg. 4

IV.IV. Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life

* These are known as METABOLISM: all the chemical reactions in the body that break substances down and build them up

Pg. 5

V.V. Maintaining LifeMaintaining LifeA. Requirements

1. Water – for metabolism; transports substances, regulates body temp

2. Food – provides chemical energy & materials to build new matter

3. Oxygen – releases energy from food

4. Heat – product of metabolic reactions (more heat = faster reactions)

5. Pressure

a. air pressure to get O2 to lungs & CO2 out

b. blood pressure to pump blood through blood vessels

B. Homeostasis –

tendency to maintain a stable internal environment with narrow limits, like a thermostat

(negative feedback)

1. Shivering – muscular

contractions produce heat when

cold

2. Sweating – blood vessels in skin dilate, heat moves to surface & evaporates

Only a few positive feedback mechanisms exist:

blood clotting – chemicals in a clot promote more clotting

milk production – with more force/duration during nursing, more milk is produced

Childbirth – contractions to expel baby produce more contractions until the baby is out

VI.VI. Organization of the Human Body Organization of the Human Body (pgs 9-10)

A. Body Cavities – spaces for organs

B. Thoracic & Abdominopelvic Membranes

* Parietal membranes line a cavity

* Visceral membranes cover organs

1. Parietal Pleura – lines thoracic cavity

2. Visceral Pleura – covers lungs

3. Pleural Cavity – fluid-filled space b/t parietal & visceral pleura

Pg. 10

4. Parietal Pericardium – outer covering of heart

5. Visceral Pericardium – inner covering of heart

6. Pericardial Cavity – fluid-filled space b/t parietal & visceral pericardium

Pg. 10

7. Parietal Peritoneum – lines abdominopelvic cavity

8. Visceral Peritoneum – covers each organ of abdominopelvic cavity

9. Peritoneal Cavity – fluid-filled space b/t parietal & visceral peritoneum

Pg. 11

VII.VII. Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology (see Lab 2)

* Anatomical Position – body is standing erect, face forward, upper limbs at sides, palms facing forward

* Right & Left refer to the body in the anatomical position (as if it were your body)

A. Relative Positions – one part is compared with another (book pg. 14)

1. Superior (cranial) Inferior (caudal)

toward the head away from the head

2. Anterior (ventral) Posterior (dorsal)

toward the front away from the front

3. Lateral – side Medial – midline

4. Superficial Deep

toward the surface away from the surface

5. Proximal Distal

toward the trunk away from the trunk

B. Body Planes & Sections (pg. 15)

1. Cuts made on the sagittal / median plane OR coronal / frontal plane result in a longitudinal section (c)

2. Cuts made on the transverse / horizontal plane result in a cross section (a) or oblique section (b)

C. Body Regions (Pg. 17)

D. Abdominal Quadrants (Pg. 16)

Review your Anatomical Terminology!

http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP15405

http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP15305

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP14904

Now, try your luck at organ placement!

http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/index_interactivebody.shtml