There Are Numerous Statistics Related to Propane

8/16/2019 There Are Numerous Statistics Related to Propane

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There are numerous statistics related to propane. There are probably too many to keep track of but the most relevant are

provided here for informational purposes only. These statistics come from external sources as reported.

US Propane Usage Statistics

Residential Propane Customers

Commercial Propane Customers

Industrial Propane Customers

Propane Forklift Customers

Agricultural Propane Customers

Fleet Propane Customers

P! "tandby !enerator Customers

#ouseholds #eating $ith Propane

Propane !rill %sers

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Propane Fire Statistics

0ne of the most common misperceptions about propane is that it causes and is responsible for the bulk of fires in the %nited

"tates. "tatistics presented by the 1ational Fire Protection Association 21FPA3 do not list propane as a leading cause of fires.

In fact( propane is not even listed as a source of residential structure fires in the %.". "ome of the factors that are listed as

ma4or causes include cooking e5uipment( heating e5uipment( intentionally set fires( candles and smoking materials. The

cooking and heating e5uipment listed could be supplied by propane and in some cases it probably 6as but the point is this7

The 1ational Fire Protection Association does not list propane as a leading cause of fires nor as a leading contributor in fires

because propane is not as unsafe as it is perceived to be. "ee for yourself 8 1FPA Fire "tatistics9:a4or Causes of Fire

It;s also important to note that the leading cause of residential propane related fires involve a a grill( hibachi or barbe5ue. "ee

#ome 1atural !as and P8!as "tructure Fires. If propane 6ere truly as unsafe as the public often believes it to be( it 6ould be

listed as a severe ha<ard by the authority on fire safety( the 1FPA.

Realistic Propane Safety Statistics

Accidents do occur 6ith and around propane but 6hat many 6ill have consumers believe is that propane is an unsafe fuel. =ut

in reality( P !as usage statistics combined 6ith accident statistics tell a much different story that is more accurate than 6hat

skeptic 6ould have you believe. The statistics provided belo6 are based on information collected and provided by the 1FPA

bet6een +*** and +**' listing P !as as the first material ignited in home structure fires. In other 6ords( propane 2P !as3

6as the fuel that >started> the fire. In +**&( ?.' million homes used P !as. 1umbers don;t lie and neither do facts. :ake your

o6n decision.

2000-2004 LP Gas Home Structure Fires Statistics Average Annual #ome "tructure Fires

Average Annual Civilian Fire @eaths

Average Annual Civilian Fire In4uries

&()?*

+)

&?)

=ased on these numbers provided by the 1FPA( let;s calculate the real value in statements such as >propane is a very

dangerous fuel> or >propane burns houses do6n all the time>.

.***&' residential structures burned every time P !as 6as the first material ignited

.*****+, people died in every incident of P !as being the first material ignited

.****+& people 6ere in4ured in every incident 6here P !as 6as the first material

ignited

The numbers and statements above seem kind of silly because the occurances of propane fires( in4uries and deaths 6ere so

very rare for the total number of residential structures using propane. %sing these same statistics( look at propane safety from

another perspective9

& in -(/-+ homes experienced a fire

& in '(/*' people 6ere in4ured

http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/FireOverview.pdf



http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/GasHomesFactSheet.pdf






& in '*(-?, people 6ere killed

"keptics 6ill tell you that propane is so terribly unsafe( that it fre5uently burns or kills people and blo6s houses up all the time

but did you kno6 that9

Around &** people die annually as a result of being struck by lightning

About /(*** people die annually resulting from prescription drug filling errors

?* to &** people die each year from bee or 6asp stings

Around +** people die each year in floods

Propane Prices - Factors Infuencing The Price o LPGasThe 5uestion( >6hat;s the price of propane> is the most common in5uiry that any propane dealer ever ans6ers. The ans6er

6ill al6ays simply be a dollar figure. #o6ever( propane prices are a bit more complex than 4ust a dollar figure measured per

gallon. =ecause propane is a commodity that is refined from other commodities and is traded on a 6orld6ide market( propane

prices can fluctuate greatly depending on unforeseen economic( political( climate and other factors too many to name orexplain on this 6ebsite. Bust keep in mind that propane prices are much more complex than anybody reali<es and 6hile

propane companies are for profit businesses( they are not al6ays profitable.

Propane Demand

0ne of the main factors influencing the price of propane is demand. $hether or not demand in your area is at a peak level is

insignificant. $hat is significant is 6hether or not there is demand any6here. For instance( if temperatures in the northeast

%nited "tates are extremely cold( demand for propane goes up. ven if 6arm 6eather is prevalent around the rest of the

country( there is still a higher demand for propane and propane is transported to the northeast 6here it is needed from other

parts of the country. Texas refines and processes a huge amount of propane from natural gas 6hich is then shipped via pipeline

or other mode of transportation to 6here it is needed. ven if the 6eather in Texas is unseasonably 6arm compared to the rest

of the country( the price of propane in Texas 6ill rise. To be very elementary in the explanation... it doesn;t matter 6ho is using

the propane( it only matters that it is being used.

our Propane Price

Dour price for propane is primarily a function of the market and demand but dealers have variable costs and fixed costs they

have to cover to continue to operate their business. :any propane users don;t understand the re5uirements imposed on propane

companies by local( state( and federal government. These re5uirements include but are not limited to9

&. #a<ardous materials reporting and compliance training

+. Company licensing fees administered by state propane regulatory agencies

). mployee background checks 8 Dou probably didn;t kno6 that propane delivery drivers are re5uired to have a

background check performed by the F=I. These background checks are not cheap.

'. @river 5ualification re5uirements filing and reporting for the %" @epartment of Transportation

,. @epartment of #omeland "ecurity re5uires security and emergency plans submitted routinely

-. 0"#A compliance measures for 6orkplace safety

/. :any states collect fees for commercial and other types of installations

. Fire safety audits and disaster response plans submitted to state and Federal agencies



?. Terrorism training and anti8terror compliance measures for propane tank installations meeting Federally mandated

thresholds

0ne of the largest expenses a propane company has is insurance. In order to be insured( a propane dealer must provide

evidence of compliance for the above in addition to many other re5uirements imposed by the under6riter. $ithout insurance( a

propane company 6ill lose its license and cease operation. And 4ust like any other business( propane dealers have fleet

maintenance expenses( payroll( taxes( fuel costs( and numerous other operational costs so contrary to popular belief( the

market price for propane subtracted from the dealer price is not purely profit. That;s 4ust 6hat;s left over for the dealer tooperate the business 6ith. The profit( if any during some years( is 6hat;s left over after operational expenses are paid.

Propane companies are regulated and sub4ect to the 4urisdiction of the %" @epartment of Transportation( @epartment of

#omeland "ecurity( 0"#A( 1ational Fire Protection Association( %" @epartment of nergy( Federal =ureau of Investigation

2F=I3( state @epartments of Transportation( state propane regulators( local fire departments and fire marshals( municipal

building codes and city ordinances. Compliance 6ith these agencies on the Federal( state and local levels is not an inexpensive

undertaking.

!"e #ost of S"opping $round

"hopping for a bargain is one of Americas favorite pastimes. ooking for the best propane price is also common among

consumers but bargain hunting 6ith regard to propane has pitfalls and potential conse5uences. It may sound odd that shopping

around for the cheapest gas price could be potentially dangerous( but the fact is it is a reality. It;s also a matter of comfort and

family 6armth during unseasonably cold 6eather. Price shopping isn;t bad by any stretch of the imagination but because propane companies are able to track customer usage through computer programs tailored to the propane industry( they can

more accurately forecast 6hen users 6ill need a delivery of propane. If a user gets propane from another company because

they save a fe6 bucks( that particular customers usage history 6ill be thro6n off completely and forecasting 6ill be useless.

1ot to mention( the cheapest price does not al6ays imply the safest or best service. An ongoing relationship 6ith an

established propane company is an essential link in the overall picture of safety and service.

In conclusion( check the safety records of propane companies before you buy. Ask your propane company for information

about their safety practices( not 4ust their price. "aving a fe6 bucks is a good thing but are you 6illing to place the comfort of

your family at risk 4ust because you found a cheaper propane price

Propane Liquid and Propane Vapor=efore propane is used( it exists in one of t6o forms( li5uid or vapor. =oth li5uid propane and vapor are usable but cannot be

used interchangeably. In other 6ords( a propane system designed to use vapor can;t utili<e propane in its li5uid form and vice8versa. Additionally( the characteristics of propane li5uid and propane vapor are so different that the primary properties 6e are

concerned 6ith are as different as night and day. $ith propane li5uid( temperature is the primary factor 6hereas 6eight is the

main concern regarding propane vapor. Think of it this 6ay( 6ater is li5uid and steam is 6ater vapor. The same holds true for

propane and is explained in detail belo6.

Propane Li%uid

Propane exists in its li5uid form at or belo6 its boiling point 28''EF3 as 6ell as 6hen it stored under pressure. To further

explain( if the temperature outside is 8',EF( propane 6ill be a li5uid and you 6ould be able to pour it out of a bucket. =ut as

soon as the temperature rises to 8''EF( the propane begins to boil and thus give off vapor. If the temperature outside is colder

than 8''EF( propane exists as a li5uid. It;s still propane but it looks a lot like 6ater 6hile at this cold temperature. It;s colorless(

odorless and tasteless...but 6ho 6ould take a drink of a any li5uid that is ', degrees belo6 <ero $ho 6ould stick their finger

in a glass of anything that is ', degrees belo6 <ero #olding a handful of ice can be 5uite uncomfortable 2or painful3 after

some time but think ho6 painful it 6ould be if that handful of ice 6as almost /, degrees colder.

=ecause propane boils at a temperature that is over /* degrees lo6er than the free<ing point of 6ater( it has the ability to

free<e skin tissue in a very short period of time 2severe frostbite3. The temperature properties of li5uid propane are such that

being a6are of possible danger 6hen dealing 6ith propane in its li5uid state is extremely important.

Propane &apor

Propane becomes a vapor at temperatures above 8''EF. "imilar to 6ater 6hen it boils and gives off steam( propane gives off

vapor 6hen it boils. 0ne may refer to propane vapor as >flammable steam> for simplicity. #o6ever( for the propane vapor to

be ignited( there must be the right mix of air and vapor. Propane vapor is heavier than air and 6ill sink to and collect in the



during operation. #o6ever( #@ &* spec propane 6orks 4ust fine in domestic and commercial propane po6ered appliances.

The only problem that may be encountered in using #@8&* propane involves its use as an engine fuel 2vehicles( forklifts( etc.3.

Commercial grade propane and #@&* grade propane are sometimes used interchangeably due to the fact that both grades are

sub8#@, spec product and do not meet the standards of engine grade propane. Refineries use commercial propane in their

processes and fractionation of chemicals for end use in numerous industries. Although commercial grade propane can be used

in a manner similar to that of #@&* propane( it is not used in vehicle applications.

n!ironmentally Friendly Propane Gas

Refined fuels and petroleum products are perceived as pollutants and environmentally unfriendly. Propane is not only clean

and environmentally friendly in its unused state( it produces exhaust emissions that exceed the re5uirements for clean fuel

vehicles and surpass eco8friendly expectations in all aspects.

Propane !oicity #ontamination and Spills

Propane is non8toxic( non8caustic and 6ill not create an environmental ha<ard if released as a li5uid or vapor into 6ater or

soil. If spilled in large 5uantity( the only environmental damage that may occur is free<ing any organism or plant life in the

immediate area. There are no long term effects follo6ing a propane spill even if the 5uantities are excessively large. The only

damage and potential danger exists if the vapor is ignited follo6ing a spill. And even then( there are no long term effects of

ignited propane that can be damaging to the environment. Propane li5uid and vapor are environmentally sound and friendly intheir unused states 2prior to combustion3 if released.

Propane is not considered a greenhouse gas.

Propane is not damaging to fresh6ater or salt6ater ecosystems( under6ater plant or marine life.

Propane is not harmful to soil if spilled on the ground. Propane 6ill not cause harm to drinking 6ater supplies.

Propane vapor 6ill not cause air pollution. Propane vapor is not considered air pollution.

Propane vapor is not harmful if accidentally inhaled by birds( animals or people.

Propane 6ill only cause bodily harm if li5uid propane comes in contact 6ith skin 2boiling point 8''EF3.

Although the physical characteristics of propane may cause harm to living things( the chemical makeup of propane 6ill not

harm anything. Then again( drinking 6ater is harmless but 6ho 6ould attempt to che6 on an ice cube that is ', degrees belo6

<ero or take a ',* degree steam bath. The point is propane 6ill not harm people or the environment and 6hile its harmless

attributes are eco8friendly( its temperature characteristics can and 6ill cause harm 6hen handled 6ith carelessness.

Propane Gas 3missions

Combustion is the process of a fuel being burned in a chemical reaction that produces energy. The energy produced during

combustion is in the form of heat( light or both. xamples of fuel are 6ood( paper( coal( gas( oil and of course( propane.

Follo6ing combustion 2after the fuel has burned3( byproducts are produced that move into the atmosphere. These byproducts

are called greenhouse gases and although emissions from propane combustion are greenhouse gases( the level of damaging

emissions follo6ing P !as combustion is far belo6 that of any readily available carbon based fuel used in vehicles and

engines today. Propane is clean burning and environmentally friendly.

In fact( propane is listed as an approved clean fuel by %.". !overnment energy policy makers and energy administrative

bodies. The "outh6est Research Institute in "an Antonio( T has conducted numerous studies on propane emissions and

determined that using propane cuts smog producing exhaust by as much as /* percent. Propane engine exhaust is so clean and

friendly to the environment that propane po6ered forklifts operate inside 6arehouses throughout the 6orld. Think about the

last time you sa6 a diesel po6ered forklift inside a 6arehouse. Additionally( many propane fueled vehicles are certified by the

nvironmental Protection Agency 2PA3 as meeting the %ltra o6 mission Jehicle standard. Propane is a very clean burning

fuel( 6ithout a doubt.



Propane Vs" #ther nergy $ourcesPropane compared to other fuel sources encompasses much more than price alone. In today;s 6orld( the push for green energy

is fast becoming the standard consumers use 6hen comparing one fuel versus another. As propane compares to other fuels( its

characteristics 5ualify it as an environmentally friendly fuel. =ut the factors outlined here should help fuel consumers better

understand the differences of propane vs. other energy sources. An extremely important fact to understand is that to properly

compare propane to other fuels and energy sources( the energy values of individual fuels must be compared. Comparing

specific fuel volumes 2like gallons to gallons3 6ill not produce reliable results. The energy content of the fuels must becompared 6hen understanding propane vs. any other energy source.

Propane &s( t"er Fuels - !rue #ost #omparisons

=efore trying to understand and analy<e the cost difference bet6een propane and other fuels( it;s vital to kno6 that the true

comparison of propane vs any other fuel is centered around the result of 6hat is paid for( not 6hat is paid for on the front end.

In other 6ords( ho6 does K&** 6orth of propane compare to K&** 6orth of another fuel( such as electricity( natural gas or oil.

The cost of 6hat you 6ant to get is different than 6hat volume you have to buy. And because there are so many conversion

factors to try and understand( kno6 that our explanations of propane cost comparisons 6ill examine 6hat consumers expect as

a result of their propane energy purchase( dollar for dollar.

Propane &s( 3lectricity

Comparing propane to electricity is the most common of fuel comparison sub4ects. Propane vs. electricity is mostly discussed

in the residential construction market due to limited rural energy choices for home o6ners and homebuilders. The importantdifferences 6hen comparing these fuels is to kno6 ho6 each fuel is produced( measured and delivered. lectricity might not

be exactly 6hat you thought it 6ould be.

Propane &s( 5atural Gas

In reality( the propane 8 natural gas examination is difficult to accurately depict in many forms of comparison because much of

the propane made in the %.". comes from the natural gas stream. Also( many la6s prevent the use of propane 6hen a home or

structure is 6ithin a certain distance of a natural gas pipeline. Therefore( homeo6ners need to check 6ith local authorities

6hen investigating the use of propane. In comparing propane and natural gas( the biggest difference is pressure. Propane is a

much higher pressure gas than that of natural gas.

Energy content and specific gravity of propane air mixturesSponsored Links

The diagrams below indicates the energy content and specific gravity of propane airmixtures:

Energy Content - Btu/cu ft

http://www.propane101.com/propanegreenenergyfuel.htm



http://www.propane101.com/propanevselectricity.htm

http://www.propane101.com/propanevsnaturalgas.htm


http://www.propane101.com/propanevselectricity.htm

http://www.propane101.com/propanevsnaturalgas.htm



Energy Content - kJ/Nm3



LPG-%ir $ystemsAn P!H Air mixer 2Propane8Air or PA3 system is a backup or alternate fuel system for large users of natural gas( such asmanufacturers 6ho use gas for the production of their product by heating( melting( drying( etc. 0ther uses 6ould be forschools( hospitals( hotels( dry cleaners( foundries( paper mills( food processors( and many more.

These systems restore gas supply in instances of natural gas supply fails 2or cuts3. These cessations could be for reasons suchas earth5uakes( terrorist attacks( accidental8diggingHdrilling( maintenance 6orks or even in the event of supplies being cut off

by another country.The PA "ystem takes P! 2propane3 and mixes it 6ith air in a preset ratio 2usually ,/G propane H ')G air3. This produces asynthetic gas 2"1!3 at the outlet 6ith the e5uivalent burning properties and $obbe Index as 1atural !as. The onlyrestrictions are those processes using natural gas that are intolerant of any nitrogen such as hydrogen atmosphere generators.

This system has been a key lifeline throughout recent disasters all over the 6orld( but the PA is not 4ust for disaster relief.These systems allo6 normal life to continue during emergencies or maintenance procedures 6hilst also restoring a lifeline todisaster areas.

Furthermore( companies in most industries re5uire a back8up system for their primary energy source 6hen there is a risk ofenergy interruption or 6hen there is a significant economic benefit.As many industrial processes operate continuously( fuel shortages not only result in production losses but reduced returns oncapital investment. Covering this risk 6ith a back8up fuel system is a re5uirement.

As P! air is a >synthetic natural gas>( it can be used as a direct substitute for natural gas. %nlike diesel( fuel oil or propane("1! does not re5uire additional gas trains( piping( regulators( or special fuel delivery systems inside the factory. The propaneair mixture is simply connected to the natural gas piping 4ust after the metering station 2and pressure reducing station3 but

before entering the building2s3. These systems can be placed in live back8up so that they take over upon falling pressure( orthey can be turned on manually.

PA systems are also used by natural gas distributors to handle the constraints of high 6inter demand as a peak shavingtechni5ue. Although 1! is an option 6hen it comes to peak shaving( P!8Air systems are an excellent choice. A typical P!8air peak shaving plant consists of P! storage facilities( truck unloading station( transfer pumps( P!vapori<ers( air compressors( P!8air mixer( gas flo6 rate and calorific value measurement device( and system controls.



@isruption to family life( 6ork environments( hospitals and schools can all be kept to a minimum 6ith the temporaryreplacement of supply of P!8Air systems.

FeaturesThe system has three basic components. The first is an P! storage tank 6hich comes in si<es ranging from single &(***gallon capacity tanks( up to multiple ?*(*** gallon capacity tanks.

The second component of the system is a vaporiser. P! has a boiling point of 8'' oC. 0n extremely cold days the naturalvapori<ation rate of li5uid propane is insufficient to cover the needs of most users( so a vapori<er is necessary. The vaporiserindirectly heats the li5uid P! at a very fast rate to transform it to a vapour stateL6hich is needed for proper combustion.These vapori<ers are si<ed by the gallon per hour of li5uid propane it can vapori<e. They range from as lo6 as forty gallons

per hour to ten thousand gallons per hour and can be manifolded together to accommodate an unlimited amount of vapor foreven the largest users.

The third component of the system is the propane H air mixer. Propane has a vapor =T% content of approximately t6othousand five hundred =T%Ms per cubic foot( and natural gas has a =T% content of approximately one thousand =T%Ms percubic foot. "ince propaneMs =T% content is so much higher( it has to be diluted. To do this( the vapori<ed propane is runthrough a propane H air mixer that mixes approximately forty8seven percent air and fifty8three percent vapor propane( to derivea mixture that is compatible 6ith natural gas. These propane air mixers are si<ed by the total =T%Ms per hour of mixed gas itcan produce. They range in si<e from single units of three million =T%Ms per hour to in excess of five hundred million =T%Ms

per hour( and can also be manifolded together to produce an unlimited amount of mixed gas.

The P!HAir :ixer system uses the P! from a cylinder( bank of cylinders or tank and through a process of regulation entersa venture tube 6here it dra6s in air though the air intake at exactly the precise level( this air mixes 6ith the P! and is passedon to a cushion tank 8 from this tank the mixed gas is dra6n out to the appliances via a second stage regulator.

After the process of storing( vapori<ing and mixing the propane( the mixed gas is then in4ected into the existing natural gasline do6nstream of the meter.

The complete process is meticulously controlled by a number of components 6hich give safety and control to the system － over pressure shut off( open8close valve controller ensuring a smooth( safe and consistent supply.It can be used in all of the e5uipment that natural gas is used in 26ithout changing any burner tips3 except for endothermicunits 6ith ceramic parts( thus makingit the perfect alternate fuel.

&ene'ts

• They enable utility company to insure supply to homes( hospitals( schools( etc.

and avoid costly shutdo6ns.

• These systems do not re5uire any external po6er source N such as electricity.

• They are convenient to carry and move because they are small and light. They are

easily portable H transportable.

• There is no need to change 4ets in appliances e.g. in cookers( heaters. This makes

operating the e5uipment easy( avoids lengthy and costly change8over times( andguarantees uninterrupted energy supply.

• PA systems are safe because they automatically stops the resource gas supply if

any problems should occur.

• The fuel resource is P! 6hich is easy to obtain.



• $ithout any complicated ad4ustments it produces a stable calorific value.

• The "ystems are available in a range of si<es for different pro4ects

• $hen used for peak shaving P!8air systems offer a significantly lo6er capital

investment( ease of fuel storage and lo6er maintenance costs than 1! systems.

• They afford users the ability to monitor the cost of t6o fuels. @ue to gas marketfluctuations( the cost8effectiveness of natural gas and P! can interchangethroughout the year. The systems may be utili<ed to produce some potentiallylarge savings.

• 0ne of the largest benefits to the user of an P! H air standby system is the ability

to receive an interruptible natural gas rate from their natural gas utility company.All natural gas companies offer t6o basic rates( a firm and an interruptible rate.The firm rate is the highest rate for the user. An interruptible rate is the rate

offered to the user 6ith a standby system. This rate ranges from t6enty to asmuch as fifty percent lo6er than the firm rate( and is offered to the user yearround. :ost P!Hair standby systems have a pay back( or return on investment ofless than three years and some as lo6 as five or six months.

CONVENTIONS Return to Top of Pag

Throughout this article the terms

• Propane !utane LP" and LP are used interchangeably#

• $atural "as is abbreviated as $" or $at"as#

• LP%&ir LP"%&ir Propane%&ir mixed gas and Synthetic $at"as are used interchangeably#

• S$" is the abbreviation for Synthetic $at"as#

• 'ixer and !lender are used interchangeably(

INTRODUCTION Return to Top of Pag

&lternate Energy Systems )nc( manufactures LP" *apori+ers LP" *apor % &ir 'ixers ,!lenders- andcomplete Systems for use as standby plant for peak shaving and as primary gas supply( Since thecompany was founded in ./01 we have manufactured a wide variety of individual components andpackaged systems( These components and packages complete with interconnecting piping wiring and

http://www.altenergy.com/technology/Tech.htm#AAATOPOFPAGE






control and monitoring e2uipment are thoroughly factory tested and are ready for connection to li2uid LPsupply properly si+ed electrical supply and mixed gas outlet(

)n addition to LP and LP%&ir Systems &ES also manufactures gas%gas blenders for applications such as$at"as Stabili+ation# Landfill "as Replacement%!ackup# 3igester "as Replacement and Enrichment# 4o

"as Replacement%!ackup# &ir%$itrogen !lending# etc(

&lternate Energy Systems ,&ES- is a company operated by dedicated people( People with a vastknowledge of the industry( People who are aware of energy problems 5 and know how to solve them( Evemember of &ES has been closely involved with the energy industry in the past and continues to offer amore valid and precise solution for your energy needs now and in the future(

&ll e2uipment manufactured by &lternate Energy Systems is available in various si+es and configurationsand with various options( Please consult with your area distributor or the factory for your specificre2uirements(

WHAT IS A LPG STANDBY PLANT? Return to Top of Pag

& 6standby plant6 5 as the term implies is something standing by to do a 7ob( & Propane standby plantoffered to industrial and utility users of $at"as is a system that is an alternate source of energy in theevent the $at"as source becomes unavailable ,because of curtailment maintenance shutdown orcatastrophic failure-(

8hile some facilities use oil as a standby fuel oil is not a direct replacement for $at"as and will not burn $at"as burners or e2uipment( Thus oil re2uires a separate set of burners controls and piping ,whichincreases the e2uipment cost-(

Propane or LP" is an ideal standby fuel for $at"as( Propane when mixed with air will duplicate theburning characteristics of $at"as and allows the user to utili+e existing $at"as burners piping andcontrols( There is generally no need to change the setup of the combustion e2uipment when the fuelsupply changes from $at"as to LP%air or from LP%air to $at"as(

& standby system generally consists of:

• LP" ST9R&"E T&$,s-#

• & P;'P to transfer LP" to the *apori+er#

• & *&P9R)<ER to convert the li2uid LP" to a gas#

• & ')=ER or !LE$3ER to mix the vapori+ed LP" with air(

WHY USE A STANDBY SYSTEM? Return to Top of Pag







8hile there are many reasons a standby system is used the principal reason is insurance againstinterruption of normal $at"as supply( &nother incentive is that many utility companies offer what is knownas an 6interruptible rate6 to industrial customers(

>irst 5 interruption of $at"as?

'any are not aware that $at"as utilities ,local distribution companies @L34A- purchase or contract from apipeline a certain amount of $at"as transportation capacity for a certain period( The contracted capacityhas to be sufficient to supply all 6firm gas6 customers ,both residential and industrial- on the coldest day ofthe year( !y definition this means that the contracted transportation capacity is under5utili+ed during theother BC1 days in a year(

To better utili+e the contracted transportation capacity L34s like to add large gas users as 6interruptible6load( )f the pipeline capacity that is normally occupied by the interruptible customers is needed to supplygas to 6firm6 customers the L34s ask their interruptible customers to stop using $at"as and to switch totheir LP%&ir standby system(

&s an incentive for these interruptible customers to install a standby system the L34s offer steepdiscounts on the price of $at"as( The savings are available year5round regardless whether or not the$at"as is ever curtailed(

Since the 6interruptible rate6 is en7oyed every day of the year not 7ust during cold months when gas is mocritical it is possible to amorti+e the cost of a standby facility including the installation over a very shortperiod of time usually in less than two years in some cases in as little as C months((

8ith a useful life of a standby system of .D5DF years this means that significant energy cost savings arebeing reali+ed by the owner of the standby system year5after5year with only upkeep and maintenance asrecurring expenses(

WHAT IS A PEAKLOAD SHAVING PLANT? Return to Top of Pag

Peakload Shaving is a term used by utility companies( &s stated before L34s purchase a certain amountof gas over a fixed period of time( The best laid plans cannot take into consideration unexpected coldspells a burst pipeline or other events that could happen to disrupt the planned 2uota(

)f the L34 should need more gas than it has contracted they pay a premium price 55 if the gas is availableto begin with( So to insure extra gas and avoid premium price for gas above the contracted amount manyutility companies use LP blended with air to duplicate the properties of $at"as( This blended gas is thenused to supplement the L34Gs gas supply allowing a more consistent fuel flow rate from their supplier andhelp meet peak demand loads( ,PeakShaving System 8eb Page-

WHO USES A STANDBY PLANT? Return to Top of Pag

;tilities and municipalities# ceramics product manufacturers# glass plants# bakeries# metal processing firmtextile industries# chemical companies# or any industrial company that uses large amounts of $at"as inany of its processes(


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WHAT IS LP-GAS? Return to Top of Pag

LP5"as or LP" is the abbreviation for li2uefied petroleum gas with the most commonly known beingPropane and !utane( &t normal atmospheric pressure and temperatures LP5"as is in the gaseous state(However it is converted to the li2uid state with moderate pressure( This is why LP" is transported andstored in tanks or containers having at least DI psi working pressure(

The main source of LP" is $at"as and crude oil mixtures as they come from active oil and $at"as wells(Though Propane is similar to $at"as ,'ethane- Propane has D.C !T; per cubic foot ,B/I kcal%mJ-compared to .II !T; per cubic foot ,/IID kcal%mJ- for $at"as( That is why Propane when mixed inproper proportion with air is an excellent supplement or replacement to $at"as(

Properties of

Natural

Gas Propane Butane

Chemical ormula C() C*(+ C)(

&oiling point o liquid at atmosphericpressure

.F

.C-/01-,2/

-))-)/

*

$peci'c Gra!ity o !apor 3%ir 4 ,5 "2 ,"0* /"

$peci'c Gra!ity o liquid 36ater 4 ,5 "0, "0

Calori'c !alue 7 2 .F 3,0.C5

&T89cut:cal9m*

,,/10

/0,2//;*1

*/+/1;,1

&T89gal

:cal9liter

1,;21

2;,

,/;*

2;<1

&T89l=:cal9:g

/,;01,,,;110

/,;//,,;<1

Latent heat o !apori>ation

&T89gal <+0 +





:cal9:g ,* 1

Liquid ?eightl=s9gal

:g9liter

)"/)

"0+

)"+

"0<

Vapor !olume rom , gallon o liquid at2 .FVapor !olume rom , liter o liquid at ,0.C

cutm*

*2"*1"/</

*,"/"/*

Vapor !olume rom , l=" o liquid at 2.FVapor !olume rom , :g o liquid at ,0.C

cutm*

+"0)<"0*)

2"0")

Com=usti=le limits @ o gas in air 0 - ,0 /") - 1"2 ,"1 - +

%mount o air required to =urn , cut" o gas%mount o air required to =urn , m* ogas

cutm* 1"0* /*"+2 *,"

Ignition temperature in air.F.C

,/20

1/ - ,/)1 - 00

1 - ,)+ - 0)

AaBimum fame temperature in air.F.C

*02+,12)

*010,1+

*2,,11

#ctane um=er , #!er , 1

%ll data is approBimate" For actual properties o any particular =atch; contact your uelsupplier"

Approximate Vapor Pressure in psigApproximate Vapor Pressure in bar

Temperature Propane ----D To ----D &utane



. F . C ,@ 1090E +9/ 29) 090 )92 /9+ ,@

-) -)"*"2

"/)+

,"*

"1

-* -*)")+

"00/0"0

"*<1)"0

"*,

-/ -/+"1,)

"120,,

"<0+1"/

"2*))"1

"**+,"1

",*,

-, -/*"* /,"*+

,<,",<

,2,",

1"2/,

2"),)

*"0"/),

-,<"+/+

,"1*/)

,"22//

,"0/,0

,"*,,

"<0+<"*

"0*

, -,/"/*<

/"00*/

/"/,/1

/"/

,"*+,<

,",<,*

"+12*")

"/*)

/ -2"<)<

*"/)),

/"+**2

/")+/+

,"1*/*

,"01,+

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"+12

) )")</

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*"**<

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"/<

0 ,"+2

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/"<2/)

,"222"1

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+0"0/

20)")+

02*"+2

)1*"*+

*/"<

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< /,",

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+"<2

,1

<"0/

10

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<+

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2+

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01

)"<

*+

/"2/

,<

,",<

+ /2"<,)1"20

,/++"+*

,/0+"2/

12"/,

+0"0/

<)"+*

)2*",<

/*,"01

1 */"/,20,,")

,)1,"*

,)1"20

,,/<"</

102"00

+/0"20

02*"+2

/1/"

, *<"+,12,*"0

,</,,"1

,2+,,"2

,*<1")0

,/*+")+

,2"1

21)"<2

*2/")+

,, )*"*//,0"/

,1<,*"2

,+0,/"+

,20,,")

,)+,"/

,*+"12

+0"0/

)0*",

E (0; Commercial Grade Propane%ll data is approBimate"

For actual properties o any particular =atch; contact your uel

supplier"

WHAT IS A LPG VAPORIER? Return to Top of Pag

&s shown above LP" ,Propane !utane or Propane%!utane 'ixture- at ambient pressure ,above itsboiling point temperature- is a gas that is stored in pressuri+ed containers ,tanks- in li2uid form( The spacein the tank that is not filled with li2uid is occupied by vapor( &s this vapor is being used as fuel forconnected e2uipment ,burners heaters etc(- li2uid LP" must vapori+e ,change its state from li2uid togas- to occupy the space above the li2uid(

&ny time a change of state occurs energy is re2uired( )f the ambient temperature is above the boiling poinof the LP" ,Propane 511K> % 51K4# !utane BK> % IK4 at ambient pressure# see chart above for the boilingtemperature of LP" at various pressures- this energy is transferred in the form of heat from the ambientair through the steel walls of the storage tank into the LP"( &s the heat is transferred from the ambient aito the vapori+ation process the ambient air 6looses6 this energy and cools down(

The amount of heat that is transferred into the LP" determines the rate of vapori+ation( &s the ambient aicools down the rate of vapori+ation slows down and stops completely when the ambient air is at the sam





temperature as the boiling point of the LP"( Therefore naturally occurring vapori+ation cannot be used folarge gas loads or in low ambient temperatures(

& vapori+er is designed to receive the li2uid LP" and raise its temperature ,heat the li2uid- well above theboiling point at the delivery pressure( )n other words a vapori+er generates the ,heat-energy that is

re2uired to maintain the gaseous state of the LP"(

The heat re2uired to change the state of the LP from li2uid to gaseous is also called the latent heat ofvapori+ation( Typical LP" re2uires a heat input of approximately II !T; to vapori+e . gallon of li2uid,approximately .II kcal per kg of li2uid-( &ES vapori+ers are designed to generate approximately .(D timethe latent heat of vapori+ation( The excess heat is carried by the LP vapor as superheat( Superheat isre2uired to maintain the gaseous state of the LP downstream of the vapori+er(

There are two ma7or types of LP" vapori+ers: *apori+ers that supply a small portion of the vapori+ed LP"as fuel for the burner that supplies the heat for the vapori+ation process ,i(e( 8ater !ath *apori+ers-# andvapori+ers that use an outside source of heat such as steam or hot water to vapori+e the LP"(

WHAT ARE MI!ERS AND BLENDERS? Return to Top of Pag

&fter the li2uid Propane has been vapori+ed it needs to be blended in proper proportion with air toduplicate the characteristics of $at"as( This is where mixers and blenders come in(

There are several methods to mix air and LP" vapor( Probably the most simple method is to use a venturtube and a no++le( This method as well as other methods holds very accurate air5to5fuel ratios through anarrow range( This type mixer does not generally re2uire compressed air for operation( However themaximum achievable system pressure is somewhat limited( The mixture of air and vapor is fed into a surgtank where it is maintained at a set pressure and then drawn from the surge tank for use( This type

system is usually recommended for intermittent periods of use and is very simple to operate(

!lenders and modulating proportioning mixers are usually more complex but are usually also moreaccurate than *enturi5type mixers( They are also capable of blending LP vapor with air in much largervolumes at much higher pressure( These systems are recommended for continuous or long periods ofusage and are ideally suited for PeakShaving and larger installations(

Regardless of the type vapori+er and blender a standby system can be designed for the re2uirements ofsmall users or the re2uirements of large industrial and utility users( )n times of uncertain oil prices andsupplies a standby system should be considered by all $atural "as users( Must like we keep a spare tirefor our automobile in the event of a flat a standby system is a spare fuel supply in the event $atural "as iinterrupted or demand cannot be met(

ALTERNATE ENERGY SYSTEMS" VAPORIERS Return to Top of Pag

&lternate Energy Systems manufactures LP" vapori+ers with capacities from .C gallons per hour ,Bkg%h- to .1III gph ,III kg%h-( To meet the re2uirements of customers and particular applications arounthe world we are employing a variety of design concepts and configurations( Their heat source can be ho







water ,8ater !ath *apori+ers# 4irculating Hot58ater *apori+er- or steam ,Steam *apori+ers-( &ll vapori+eare manufactured to the rigid codes of the &merican Society of 'echanical Engineers ,&S'E- the latestedition of $>P& ND and%or ND/ and most are approved for >actory 'utual ,>'- or )ndustrial Risk )nsurer,)R)- installations in addition to approvals by 4anadian Standards &ssociation ,4S&- &merican "as &ssociation ,&"&- and 4anadian "as &ssociation ,4"&-( 'ost vapori+ers are also available with the

European 4E 'ark(

&s a manufacturer we go far beyond the re2uirements and codes and are continually working to producee2uipment with the most modern engineering techni2ues available(

WATER BATH VAPORIERS WB-#### $er%e$ Return to Top of Pag

&ES manufactures two lines of 8ater !ath *apori+ers the I5Series for capacities from .C gph to DIgph ,B kg%h to /0D kg%h- and the ID5Series for capacities from 1DD gph to .IIID gph ,0B kg%h to I

metric tons per hour-(

&ll &ES water bath vapori+ers are of 6hori+ontal6 design( Top and sides are insulated to hold thetemperature of the water bath( The vapori+ing tube bundle and all LP" piping conform to the standards ofthe &S'E !oiler and Pressure *essel 4ode and the latest edition of $>P& Pamphlet ND( The design isapproved by >actory 'utual ,>'- and 4anadian Standards &ssociation ,4S&- and is accepted for)ndustrial Risk )nsurers ,)R)- installations( The vapori+ers are also available with European 4E &pproval,third5party inspection by TO* Rheinland and TO* Sd-(

& mixture of water and antifree+e is the heat transfer medium( & pump constantly circulates the solution toreduce heat stratification( The vapori+ers are skid mounted factory tested primed painted and ready forinstallation( They are ready for connection to properly si+ed electrical supply li2uid propane inlet and vapooutlet(

The vapori+ers come with sets of 9perating 'anuals and Test Reports are designed for outdoorinstallation and re2uire only nominal preventive maintenance(

The model number ,8!5xxxx- designates the vapori+ation capacity in gallons per hour Propanevapori+ation at IK> ,5.K4- inlet temperature(

&ll 8! vapori+ers are manufactured with a protective enclosure for the burner and the control component'odels 8!5.ID and above are e2uipped with an extended control room ,maintenance house- which isavailable as an option for the smaller models 8!51DD to 8!5.DID(

'odel numbers ending in 66 utili+e a European5style compact power burner# model numbers ending in 6Dutili+e 'axon T9T burners ,or similar types-( !oth series are e2uipped with an &gency5approved Safety4ontroller and and with an electronic flame safe guard ,Honeywell 0II series-( This combination elevatethe safety of the vapori+ers to 6Performance Level 16 ,formerly known as S)L B-( !oth series of vapori+ersare e2uipped with 6Smart6 Li2uid 4arryover Protection function by a Rosemount pressure transmitter and Rosemount temperature transmitter in the vapor outlet(

08-Series: MODEL WB-168 THRU WB-508

These models are manufactured with a European5style high5efficiency compact power burner( &ll vapori+





These models are usually configured for specific customer applications for example for use by utilitycompanies in PeakShaving systems( Since PeakShaving systems often operate at elevated pressures thheat exchangers of these vapori+ers are enlarged to increase the dwell time of the LP" in the vapori+erthereby increasing the amount of superheat that is transferred to the LP vapor ,see above-(

9ther modifications can include high5capacity water circulating pumps ,to further reduce heat stratificationin the water bath-# $at"as fired burners ,instead of LP fired burners-# non5standard PL4 configurations ,i(for integration of the vapori+er controls into an existing S4&3& system-# etc(

STEAM VAPORIERS VSV-$er%e$ Return to Top of Pag

&lternate Energy Systems offers a complete line of vertical steam vapori+ers in standard capacities fromII gallons per hour to BIII gallons per hour( Higher capacities are available(

The steam tube is of multi5pass design to transfer the maximum heat to the li2uid( The tube bundle and alpropane piping conform to Section *))) 3ivision ) of the latest edition of the &S'E !oiler and Pressure*essel 4ode( The pressure vessel carries the &S'E 6;6 stamp and is $ational !oard registered(

*S* vapori+ers in standard configuration include an electronic steam temperature regulator with pneumatpositioner ,Spirax Sarco-# dual li2uid carryover protection through ultrasonic li2uid level transmitter in thepressure vessel and 6smart6 li2uid carryover protection with Rosemount pressure transmitter andtemperature transmitter in the vapor outlet# li2uid inlet valve ,solenoid valve-# steam trap# and steam backcheck valve( Temperature gauges in steam inlet and outlet and in pressure vessel shell and vapor outletare standard(

*apori+er design wiring controls and electrical components and their installation comply with the latest

editions of $>P& ND and $>P& N0I( &ll electrical components on the vapori+er comply with 4lass ) 3iv ."roup 3(

&ll safety devices of the vapori+er including the dual li2uid carryover protection are monitored by aprogrammable logic controller ,S)E'E$S or &llen5!radley- which is connected to an electronic operatorinterface with high5resolution color L43 and touch screen( The operator interface provides start%stopcontrol for the vapori+er# it displays the system status and any failure conditions that may occur in plainEnglish ,with date%time stamp-( The electrical enclosure for the PL4 and the operator interface are to beinstalled in a remote non5classified location(

& small explosion5proof enclosure at the vapori+er provides local start%stop and alarm reset functions(

The electronic operator interface also provides graphic TrendLine recording first5out memory ,&larmHistory- and built5in *$4 server for remote monitoring and control of all vapori+er function via the built5inEthernet interface(

$9TE:The steam consumption of *S* Steam *apori+ers is proportional to the actual vapori+ation rate( &s a 6rulof thumb6 . lb( of steam is re2uired for each gallon of li2uid LP" ,. kg of steam for 1 kg of li2uid LP"-(





CIRCULATING HOT WATER BATH VAPORIERS VWB-$er%e$ Return to Top of Pag

8ater !ath *apori+ers for External 8ater Heaters ,our *8! series- are specifically designed forapplications where the owner prefers to use an existing hot water supply for the vapori+ation process(

&nother typical application are installations where local or national codes prohibit the use of any kind ofopen flame in the vapori+ation process of LP"( 4ompared to vapori+ers with local heat sources the *8!series offers an additional layer of safety due the lack of any high5power%high5energy component anywhernear the LP"(

3esign and configuration of the *8!5series is very similar to the steam vapori+ers ,*S*5series- includingthe safety and control components(

ALTERNATE ENERGY SYSTEMS" BLENDERS &n' MI!ERS Return to Top of Pag

&lternate Energy Systems )nc( manufactures a complete line of LP"%&ir blending and mixing systemsranging in capacity from 0 '' !T; to over .III '' !T; per hour(

9ur complete line of venturi mixers and P9' 'ixers utili+e the finest 2uality material and knowledge tomeet the re2uirement of agencies and insurance companies governing the LP" industry(

VENTURI MI!ERS HVS-$er%e$ Return to Top of Pag

9ur *enturi5type LP%&ir mixers carry model numbers from H*S50 ,0 '' !T;%h @.(0 '' kcal%hA- to H*S5II ,II '' !T;%h @DI '' kcal%hA-(

&ll H*S Systems are designed to be used with an existing LP" vapor source such as a vapori+er or asthe replacement for less efficient or less reliable LP"5vapor%air mixing systems( They come complete withsteel skid vapor inlet header venturi arrangements surge tank electric%electronic controls and all othere2uipment necessary for safe operation(

&ll H*S systems monitor the gas pressure in the surge tank( Smaller systems up to two venturiarrangements use pressure switches and standard controls( Larger systems with three or more venturiarrangements use a pressure transmitter which is connected to a Siemens or &llen5!radley PL4( The PL46se2uences6 the venturi lines and controls all system safety functions( The PL4 also communicates with a9perator )nterface ,high5resolution color L43 display with touch screen- indicating system pressures andany trouble conditions that may occur( The PL4 may also be used to 6interlock6 the H*S system with anexternal vapori+er(

)nstallations where the mixer system is separated from an open5flame vapori+er and installations withelectric vapori+ers re2uire the option 6Explosion Proof 4ontrol 4omponents6 which includes explosionproof transmitters and solenoid valves( The control panel for these mixers must be installed in a non5ha+ardous location(









!eginning in 'arch II1 all H*S 'ixers are e2uipped with two solenoid valves per venturi train( The6dynamic6 solenoid valve opens and closes each time a venturi train is activated to produce mixed gas(The 6static6 solenoid valves opens when the mixer is started and stays open until the mixer is stopped oruntil a high5pressure alarm occurs( This feature provides an additional level of safety and prevents theunwanted discharge of mixed gas in case of a failure of the 6dynamic6 solenoid valve(

&ll systems are manufactured to the re2uirements of the &S'E code latest edition of $>P& ND andapproved for >actory 'utual ,>'- or )ndustrial Risk )nsurers ,)R)- installations and are also available withEuropean 4E 'ark( The 'odel number ,H*S- of the venturi system designates millions of !T; per hourPropane5air mixture(

Standard models have an output pressure of D psi Propane5air mixture( The output pressure can bead7usted between 15/ psi( High pressure models with output pressure greater than .I psi to a maximum oDI psi LP"%&ir mixture are e2uipped with an &S'E 6;65stamped surge tank and re2uire compressed air foperation( These air5assisted high5pressure models are identified by an 6HP6 suffix ,i(e( H*S5DI5HP-(

PISTON OPERATED MI!ERS POM Return to Top of Pag

&lternate Energy SystemsG piston operated LP"%air mixing systems are designed around the patentedP9' valve( This uni2ue mixing valve is used in several different si+es throughout the range of ourproducts(

The systems described here are intended to be used with existing LP" vapori+ers either as replacementfor less reliable LP"%air mixing systems from other manufacturers or in the conversion from straight LP"applications to LP"%air systems( They are very simple in design easy to integrate with existing e2uipmentand re2uire only &4 ..D * CI H+ or &4 I%BI * DI H+ single phase electrical supply for operation( Thecan be supplied with several options including automatic gas properties control# flow controllers for

PeakShaving applications# Ethernet%)nternet interfaces for remote monitoring and control# etc(

The impressive simplicity of the P9' provides the basis for a mixer design that offers the ultimate inreliability and that can be manufactured of any material compatible with the medium being blended(*irtually maintenance free simple periodic maintenance is limited to the removal of the P9' top coverremoval of the piston cleaning it with a solvent wiping out the piston chamber and replacing the piston antop cover( This can typically be accomplished in .I5.D minutes(

!y using a piston there are no design pressure or temperature restrictions commonly found withdiaphragms which have high temperature restrictions or may stiffen and crack in cold temperatures(

4ompared to systems with proportional mixing valves which typically use differential pressure feedbackP9' systems impress with their simple installation setup operation and maintenance their unsurpassed

operational reliability their 2uick response to load changes and their turn5down ratio of DI:. or better(

4ompared to blending systems that rely on the presence and accuracy of *ortex ,or other types of- flowmeters to pre5set the blending ratio ,6feed5forward6 or 6forward5control6- and then have to wait for a signafrom a gas analy+er ,usually a 4alorimeter- to make ad7ustments to the blending ratio until the actual gasproperties match the desired values ,feed5back- P9' blenders are much faster to respond to loadchanges ,flow changes-(

8hile the flow meter based blenders cannot operate accurately without the presence of a gas analy+er





P9' blenders will maintain their blending ratio regardless of the flow demand( This has been proven timeand5time again in demanding applications( & typical example for this is the fuel supply to float glass plantswhere the periodic 6reversals6 ,.IIQ flow for I minutes# .IIQ to IQ in .I seconds# no5flow for severalseconds# IQ to .IIQ in D5.I seconds- usually upset flow meter based blenders to the point that someusers have decided to use them for 6&sset Protection6 only but not for 6Profit Protection6 ,keep the furnac

warm but donGt produce glass because the gas properties are not good enough-( P9' blenders on theother hand have no problem maintaining the blending ratio even under these conditions and havetherefore become a 2uasi5standard for the glass industry(

9nce set the P9' will blend any two gasses at a constant ratio: the result is an LP" % air mixture which iscompatible with natural gas regardless of the downstream demand( The P9' system is a 6pushthru6system( This means that it is not necessary to reduce the compressed air or the LP" vapor to +eropressure during the mixing process before compressing both air and gas to the desired pressure( TheP9' system utili+es the existing pressure in the LP" to satisfy most industrial and utility peak shavingapplications(

The most common application is the production of a LP"%air mixture ,Synthetic $atural "as# S$"- which compatible with natural gas regardless of the downstream demand( 9ther applications include $at"as%&i

or $at"as%$itrogen blending to create replacement gas for 3igester "as Landfill "as 4oke 9ven "asetc(

ALTERNATE ENERGY SYSTEMS" PACKAGED SYSTEMS Return to Top of Pag

&lternate Energy Systems )nc( manufactures a complete line of packaged standby e2uipment( Thesepackages complete with interconnecting piping and wiring are ready for connection to li2uid LP inletproperly si+ed electrical supply and mixed gas outlet(

These packages are skid mounted and can be factory5e2uipped or field5modified to accept flow controlsystems specific gravity meters non5standard control systems# or a large number of other options to allowthe customi+ation of any system to meet the re2uirements of any specific application(

WATER BATH VAPORIER WITH VENTURI MI!ER PACKAGE Return to Top of Pag

These skid mounted packaged systems utili+e a hori+ontal water bath type vapori+er with venturi typemixing system and are designed for capacities of .1 '' !T; to DI '' !T; per hour( 'anufactured tomeet or exceed re2uirements of the &S'E Pressure *essel 4ode and latest edition of $>P& Pamphlet

ND they are approved for >actory 'utual ,>'- or )ndustrial Risk )nsurers ,)R)- installations and are alsoavailable with European 4E 'ark(

Standard design output pressure between 1 and / psi Propane5air mixture( Higher pressures of .I to DIpsi are also available and re2uire compressed air for operation( The vapori+er model number ,8!-designates gallons per hour Propane vapori+ation at I K> inlet temperature and the mixer model ,H*S-designates millions of !T; per hour Propane5air mixture( Electrical re2uirements vary with vapori+er%mixesi+e( The model number for the capacity re2uirement governs the type of vapori+er burner and safety







various options( Please consult your area distributor or the factory for your specific re2uirements(

&lternate Energy Systems reserves the right to make changes 5or add improvements5 without notice andwithout accruing any obligation to make such changes or add such improvements to Products soldpreviously(

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• 4ontact ;s

Synthetic Natural Gas – Natural Gas Backup System

3enE! Solutions in association with &ether 3bs formerly known as Ely Energy ;S& brings to you

Synthetic $atural "as ,S$"- Systems which provide a fuel with nearly identical combustion

characteristics to natural gas( Ely Energy S$" systems operate daily around the globe in

challenging environments where natural gas supply is either not available or is unreliable(

$atural gas availability and reliability problems create industrial havoc in many parts of the world(

Synthetic $atural "as ,S$"- is a potential solution( S$" is a blend of LP" and air that provides

nearly identical combustion characteristics to natural gas( S$" and $" can be used

interchangeably or blended together with $"( $o burner regulator or orifice ad7ustments are

necessary to the consuming e2uipment( >uel interchange5ability remains seamless( S$" has a

higher specific gravity than natural gas( 4onse2uently less S$" flow through a pipe or orifice

compared to natural gas given the same pressure drops( )t is compensated for reduced

volumetric flow by increasing the calorific value of the S$"( )n other words since less S$" flows

through the pipe than $" 5 the S$" must contain a higher heating value( &ccordingly the S$"

system provides with the same 8obbe *alue ,i(e( energy flow- as the natural gas it is replacing or

imitating( 8e offer design and manufacture both standardi+ed and customi+ed modular S$"

systems( 4apacities range from DI metric ton%h LP" input to DI kg%h( 8e offer systems for

.IIQ propane .IIQ butane as well as all LP" blends(

http://www.denebsolutions.com/contactus




"eneral 'otors 'exico 5 This S$" System operated as The only source of fuel for almost B

years until $" was &vailable in this area

SNG B(en'er$

A)UA-BLEND* AB SERIES

S$" *enturi !lending System

4apacity: 1 5 DI ''!T;%h

Pressures: C 5 . PS)"

Single skid configuration# combines the

&U;&5"&SV 8aterbath *apori+er and

*&P9 R5METV *enturi !lender( Simple

field installation with only two flanged

pipe connections and single M5!ox

connection(

• Single skid configuration

• Simple to install and operate

• 9ptional 'aintenance%4ontrol

'odule

• 'ost popular Standby System in

;(S(&(



A)UA-AIRE+ AA SERIES

!l ower 5&ssisted S$" *enturi5 !lending

System

4apacity: 1 5 D ''!T;%h

Pressures: . 5 .1(D PS)"# .1(D 5 I

PS)" , .1(D PS)" s ystem re 2uires an

&S'E Stampe d Surge Tank-

Provides S$" at a discharge pressure

higher than can be attained with a

venturi( The design combines the &U;&5

"&SV 8aterbath *apori+er and a

blower enhanced *&P9 R5METV *enturi

!lender( ;nlike a standard venturi which

inspirates atmospheric air the &U;&5

&)REW obtains air via a blower(

• Single skid configuration

• &ir blower and surge tank

included

• 9ptional 'aintenance%4ontrol

'odule

• Simple to install and operate

VAPOR -,ET* V, SERIES

S$" *enturi !lending System

4apacity: 1 5 DI ''!T;%h

Pressures: C 5 . PS)"

& complete S$" *enturi !lender

System( 4an be configured with any

vapori+er( System is complete withsurge tank( 4reates an S$" blend for

direct replacement of natural gas( 9ffers

simple and dependable operation with

.IIQ turndown(

• 4ompatible with any brand of



vapori+er

• $oise suppression options

available

• 3esigned for outdoor installation

AC+ SNG B(en'er

Proportional S$" !lender

4apacity: .D 5 DII ''!T;%h

Pressures: .D 5 BBI PS)"

The &>4W !lender is a fully packaged

intelligent "as5&ir mixing systemdesigned to replace all existing mixing

technologies( &>4W stands for &ctive

>low 4ontrol( The &>4W uses a control

system that combines both Xfeed

forwardY and Xfeed backY control for fast

response and unparalleled accuracy(

SNG P&./e' So(0t%on$

Ut%(%-P&/+ U1 Ser%e$

Proportional !lending System

4apacity: BC 5 II ''!T;%h

Pressures: 0 5 .DI PS)"

The ;T)L)5P&W S$" 'odule is a fully

packaged proportional S$" blending

system designed for 4ity"as peak

shaving or large industrial applications(

The ;T)L)5P&W contains discreet

compartments for air compressionpower distribution LP"%&ir blending and

controls(



A)UA-PAK+ SNG Mo'0(e

Proportional !lending System

4apacity: I ''!T;%h to BII

''!T;%h

The &U;&5P&W S$" !lending

'odule is a packaged Zplug and play[

S$" blending system( The packages

combines our &U;&5"&SV LP"

vapori+er and &>4W S$" blender on a

common skid( The design includes all of

the piping and electrical interconnections

between the two main subsystems( &lso

included is first stage pressure

regulation and filtration of the air and the

LP" as well as an air surge tank and the

S$" downstream pressure regulator(

The maintenance%control module is

standard on the &U;&5P&W( )t

contains the control panels for the

vapori+er and S$" blending(

N&t0r&( G&$ L%ne He&ter$

The &U;&5"&S $" Series provides safe heating to natural gas supplies to:

• Prevent the formation of ice during pressure changes ,Moule5Thompson effect-

• 'aintain process temperatures in upstream and downstream distribution systems

• Protect against internal and external free+ing in lines and e2uipment

C&(or%2eter



4alorimeters use a combustion process

to measure the 8obbe )ndex *alue or

4alorific *alue of S$" or other

combustible gases( The 4alorific *alueis expressed as the $et Heating *alue(

8obbe )ndex combines the effects of

calorific value and specific gravity( The

calorimeters are fast reliable and easy

to maintain and operate(

TTU St&t%on

TT; stands for Truck Transport

;nloading( The station includes all the

necessary components and features to

make the transfer of LP" from vehicle to

storage tank fast convenient and safe(

EE) offers the TT; Package in two

capacities\ Standard and High

4apacity( 9ptional features such as

Z!ottle >illing[ ,e(g( for forklift cylinders-

and 'ethanol )n7ection Systems areavailable(

G&$ Tr&1



GAS -TRAP+ D2 Ser%e$ De2%$ter

'odels : 3'DI 5 3'DIII

The vapor 3emister5Separator removes

entrained li2uids and particulate

contaminants commonly found in LP"

vapor( ;se of the "&S5TR&PW reduces

maintenance and downtime of

downstream LP" consuming e2uipment

keeping valves orifices and burners free

from particulate build5up( The coalescing

element provides maximum

impingement area for the vapor flow

ensuring high efficiency(

(&re St&./

SURE-LITE+ Ser%e$ (&re St&./

'odel >.II

The flare stack allows the S$" System to

be operated for test or regularly scheduled

preventive maintenance reasons without

re2uiring the LP"%&ir to be introduced into

the pipeline or industrial facility( The S;RE5L)TEW design incorporates the virtually

windproof RET&)$5&5>L&'EW flare igniter

head( The flare assembly has an electronic

ignition system allowing both local and

remote activation(

R&%( 0n(o&'%ng To3er



R&%(.&r Un(o&'%ng To3er

Railcar towers are used in con7unction

with an LP" 4ompressor for railcar

loading and unloading applications( The

railcar towers are supplied complete with

standard hardware ready for installation(

4ontact EE) for scope of supply details

and optional components(

• 3esigned specifically for railroad

tank cars

• 3rop hoses provide flexibility

• Top 2uality materials

• Home

• &bout ;s

• 9ur 4lients

• Products

o LP"

o L$"

o 4ryogenic

o $on54ryogenic

o Remote 'onitoring

o S$"

o Specialty "ases

• Pro7ects Services

• 4ontact ;s

4opyright ] I. 3eneb Solutions by imcrede solutions( &ll rights

reserved(

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%utonomous synthetical natural gas supply 3$G5WHAT IS PROPANE AIR

Propane-air; also called LPG-%ir or $G; is essentially synthetic natural gas that is

ormed =y miBing !apori>ed propane or LPG ?ith air" #nce miBed it orms a

homogeneous miBture that can =e used as a direct replacement or natural gas in

com=ustion applications" The only restrictions are those processes using natural

gas that are intolerant o any nitrogen such as hydrogen atmosphere generators"

Propane %ir AiBing $ystems - Industrial &ac:-up

Companies in most industries require a =ac:-up system or their primary energy

source ?hen there is a ris: o energy interruption or ?hen there is a signi'cant

economic =ene't" This holds true especially or companies using natural gas that

ha!e loads greater than / million &tu9(our"

Aany industrial processes operate continuously" Fuel interruption halts mass

production and as a result maor economic losses are incurred" In some cases; as

it is in the Glass Industry; uel interruptions are de!astating" Fuel shortage not

only results in production losses; there are also hundreds o thousands o dollars

lost in capital in!estments" Co!ering this ris: ?ith a =ac:-up uel system is a

requirement"

The goal or companies in all industries is to =e in a competiti!e position" $ee:ing

a relia=le and en!ironmentally riendly energy source that ?ill also oHer the

lo?est possi=le manuacturing costs can put them ahead o the game" Propane-

air =ac:-up systems allo? companies to =ene't rom interrupti=le atural Gas

rates ?hile relying on en!ironmentally clean uel sources"

Propane-%ir stand=y systems allo? natural gas users the a=ility to ha!e li!e =ac:-

up ?hen e!er required" &ecause propane air is a synthetic natural gas 3$G5; itcan =e used as a direct su=stitute or natural gas" 8nli:e diesel; uel oil or

propane; $G does not require additional gas trains; piping; regulators; or special

uel deli!ery systems inside the actory" The propane air miBture is simply

connected to the natural gas piping ust ater the metering station 3and pressure

reducing station5 =ut =eore entering the =uilding3s5" These systems can =e



placed in li!e =ac:-up so that they ta:e o!er upon alling pressure; or they can =e

turned on manually" In either the case it is a:in to ha!ing an electrical generator"

There is no si>e limitation or these systems =ut generally spea:ing it is not

economically easi=le or loads less than ,-/ million &tu9hr"

8tility Pea: $ha!ing ?ith Propane-%ir

% leading source o energy in the ?orld today is atural Gas" Bpanding

economies and the deployment o gas tur=ine electricity generation acilities

increase the demand or natural gas; resulting in lo?er pipeline and distri=ution

pressures and the need or additional in!estment in pipelines; distri=ution grids;

and operating ?ells" (igh ?inter demands also put a strain on natural gas

distri=ution" atural Gas LCJs ha!e a limited num=er o options a!aila=le to help

=alance and minimi>e the eHects o these constraints - the use o storage =uHers

and pea: sha!ing systems are t?o primary eBamples"

6hen it comes to pea: sha!ing there are t?o choices - LG and Propane-%ir" %

typical propane-air pea: sha!ing plant consists o LPG storage acilities; truc:

unloading station; transer pumps; propane !apori>ers; air compressors; propane-

air miBer; gas fo? rate and calori'c !alue measurement de!ice; and system

controls" The =ene'ts o propane-air pea: sha!ing o!er using LG are

signi'cantly lo?er capital in!estment; ease o uel storage and lo?er

maintenance costs" The dra?=ac: to using propane-air is the higher cost o uel

and the need or compressed air ?hen miBing" In most cases the diHerential in

initial capital in!estment is so eBtreme that propane-air pea: sha!ing systems

are a!ored"

%LgasJs Pac:aged 3propane-air5 $ystems pro!ide a complete solution or =ac:ing

up atural Gas" $imply connect to the uel storage !essel and the natural gas

piping eeding the process load" These systems can also =e used prior to naturalgas a!aila=ility"



!PV Pa"#age$ Propane%air &ixing S'stem

KPV systems are sel-contained units that pro!ide a natural

gas compati=le miBture o propane and air or LPG !apor and

air" These systems are supplied ?ith a dry electric !apori>er

and a !enturi miBer" %n accumulator tan: ena=les the !enturi

to cycle on and oH to meet the required load allo?ing ,@

turndo?n" #peration is quiet; relia=le and sae"

Compact unit incorporates KP electric !apori>er; !enturi

miBer; and surge tan: or ease o installation and operation"

Venturi silencer promotes quiet operation"

Perect or con'ned space applications and those requiring

additional security - schools; =a:eries; general industry -

these systems are eBplosion proo and ta:e up !ery little

space"

eady to operate in , minute rom a cold start"

%!aila=le in most !oltage con'gurations"

!P& Ele"tri" (PG%Air &ixing S'stem

Integrated unit comprised o an KP electric !apori>er and

matching !enturi miBer"

This unit is similar to the KPV system =ut does not include an

integrated surge tan:; thus permitting connection to a locally

supplied surge tan:"

The !apori>ing section transorms incoming liquid LPG to the

!apor phase; ?hile the !enturi assem=ly miBes the !apor LPG

?ith atmospheric air to produce a natural gas compati=le

air9gas miBture"



)*V Pa"#age$ Natural Gas Repla"ement S'stem

FV propane-air miBing systems rom %lgas-$I are sel

contained units pro!iding a miBture o LP-gas !apor and air

?hich can replace natural gas" FV systems use the %lgas-$I

irect Fired !apori>ers and the %lgas-$I atmospheric !enturi

system pac:aged together ?ith an %$A constructed

accumulator tan:" The gas is miBed ?ith air in the !enturi and

stored in the accumulator tan: to pro!ide uninterrupted fo?

o miBed gas rom ull fo? to >ero fo?; automatically"

% liquid pump such as the %lgas-$I $T%&IL%I pump system

may =e required to pro!ide suMcient gas pressure or the

miBing process"

,@ turndo?n means these units are perect or !aria=le or

steady loads"

Gas 'red !apori>er ?ith electric control system"

+& Pa"#age$ Propane%Air Ba"#%,p S'stem

The %lgas-$I QA natural gas replacement system is a

com=ination gas 'red ?ater=ath LPG !apori>er and

atmospheric !enturi LPG9air miBer" %ll QA models eature an

clipse Com=ustion Therm%ir orced drat =urner and %lgas-

$I optimi>ed !enturi miBers" PLC controls ?ith an easy to use

operator interace are pro!ided in a temperature controlled

enclosure to ensure long-term relia=le operation" % $mart-

$tart cold start eature automatically senses and controls the

inlet propane pressure to ma:e sure only !apor is ed to the=urner until the =ath is ?arm enough or ull !apori>ation"

6hen the =ath has reached operating temperature an output

is s?itched =y the PLC that turns on the LPG pump

3$T%&IL%I5" % maintenance program trac:s the hours used;

!enturi cycles; and =urner cycles to allo? the user to schedule



ser!ice accordingly" Flo? totali>ation is also pro!ided or

con!enience"

Compact system comprised o !ertical ?ater=ath !apori>er

and atmospheric !enturi miBer"

% orced drat =urner :eeps the ?ater=ath at optimum

!apori>ing temperature"

Po?der coated gal!ani>ed steel ca=inet"

%ll these pac:aged systems are used or producing o alternati!e uel ?hich can

replace natural gas"

If 'ou -a.e an' /uestions please 0ll out fee$ba"# form an$ 1e ans1er

all 'our /uestions as soon as possible2

PA "#AJI1! T#AT :A" "1"#ome Autogas O "1! PA "#AJI1! T#AT :A""1" '.*.+**? Autogas O "1!( Company( Products If City %tilities of "pringfield( :o.( had useda classified ad to find a solution to its rapidly gro6ing need for natural gas( this could have been it.!as utilities not to mention electrical generation plants and large industrial facilities( across thecountry have been on the lookout for additional supplies of natural gas. #o6ever granted supplies atrate utilities and other buyers are 6illing to and can pay are increasingly harder to contract for becauseof ever8rising gas demand and national infrastructure of pipelines and gas plants that is not keeping up6ith demand. The monumental effort companies must expend to build ne6 1! import terminals is

4ust one example. ItMs not easy. Proposed 1! import terminals are struggling to obtain the necessaryapprovals because of local opposition. In additions( they are very expensive to build and operate. And(they primarily augment coastal natural gas supplies. Inland utilities needing to augment their gassupplies re5uire the cooperation 2at an economical price3 of gas transmission line operators to bring inmore gas to meet not4ust one( but no6 in many regions( t6o peak demand periods N summer for po6er generation( and 6inter for heating. aying ne6 transmission lines or extending those in operationcheap( and operators face almost as much scrutiny as 1! terminals. Q0ne solution for local supplyand deliverability issues Propane peak "having( says :r. 06is :ir Partner ID nergy( %"A.Propane is blended 6ith air. creating "ynthetic 1atural !as 2"1!3( to supplement natural gas. The

process creates a mix of about ',G air and ,,G propane before the gas is in4ected into the gas grid.The goal 6hen creatine "1! is to match the $obbe value of tne natural gas it I" augmenting orreplacing as closely as possible. $hen the matching is done correctly( no ad4ustment of gas8fueled

e5uipment is re5uired. :r. :ir further said that because todayMs highly accurate flo6 meters( PCs(2Programme ogic Controllers3( and precision control valves( a peak shaving plant can provide near

perfect gas 5uality( more so than ever. Advances in controls technology allo6 peak shaving operationto be extremely flexible( more user8friendly and safe at affordable prices. :odular Qplug and play

per8packaged( 6ired(and pipe systems constructed inside I"0 containers are becoming more common6orld6ide because of the reduced construction cost and commissioning time. An conomic @ecisionTo select an "1! system supplier( City %tilities used a bid package designed to measure experience(technical capabilities( organi<ation depth( etc. ly nergy 6as selected to design( manufacture andinstall the peak shaving system( and 6ork began in the summer of +**-. A customer said the utility is



very pleased 6ith its supplier decision and the 6ork done by ly nergy( 6hich 6as recentlycompleted( including capacity testing of the system and the training of the utility employees. Today(ChileMs largest city( "antiago and surrounding suburbs have several "1! systems augmenting thenatural gas grid. Their availability 6as beyond Qhandy this year( providing crucial gas during 6hat6as a demanding 6inter. :ore than )*(*** tonnes of P! 6as supplied as "1! in the metropolitan"antiago area alone this past 6inter. 8 "ee more at9 http9HHdea.com.pkHindex.phpHpeak8shaving8that8

makes8senseHSsthash.i%aFpr-$.dpuf

There Are Numerous Statistics Related to Propane

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Transcript of There Are Numerous Statistics Related to Propane