Theory of ChromatographyAndrzej Przyjazny

Kettering University, Flint, MI

Graduate SchoolGdańsk University of Technology

Fall 2006

Lecture Outline

• A brief history• Classification of chromatographic methods• Theory of chromatography• Efficiency of separation• Gas chromatography• Evaluation and optimization of separations

Lecture Outline (cont.)

• Two-dimensional chromatography• High-speed gas chromatography• Developing separation in HPLC• Computer-assisted method development• Ultra-high pressure HPLC• Monolithic columns• Molecularly imprinted polymer columns

IUPAC Definition:

Chromatography is a physical method of separation in which the components to be separated are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary while the other moves in a definite direction.

A Brief History…Chronology• column chromatography• paper chromatography• gas-liquid chromatography• thin layer chromatography (TLC)• high-pressure liquid chromatography

(HPLC)

First Attempts:Friedlieb Runge (1794-1867)

Used unglazed paper and pieces of cloths for spot testing dye mixtures and plant extracts

First Attempts:Friedrich Goppelsröder (1837-1919)

Introduced paper strip analysis of dyes, milk, beer, colloids, plant and animal pigments

Thin Layer: 1889

Mikhail Tsvett (1872-1919)

“Like light rays in the spectrum, the different components of a pigment mixture, obeying a law, are resolved on the calcium carbonate column and then can be qualitatively and quantitatively determined. I call such a preparation a chromatogram and the corresponding method the chromatographic method.”

Early Developments

Richard Kuhn Edgar Lederer

“Up to now, we have learned with much effort to distill, crystallize, and recrystallize, and now they come along and just pour the stuff through a little tube!”

Heinrich Wieland, Nobel laureate

Ion-Exchange: 1938

Adsorption Column Separations (1947)

Pellicular versus Surface-SulfonatedResin

Martin and SyngeThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952

Archer John Porter Martin Richard Laurence Millington Synge

“for their invention of partition chromatography”

Capillary Gas Chromatography: Marcel JE Golay –1958

Rapid Separation of the Components of a Hydrocarbon Mixture on a Nylon

Capillary Column

Separation of the Isomeric Heptanes on a Glass Capillary Column

Gel Permeation: 1958

Gel Permeation: 1958

Separation of Proteins by Molecular Exclusion Chromatography

HPLC: 1963

Affinity Chromatography: 1967