Theory of Absolutism

• Rulers wanted to be absolute monarchs, kings or queens who held all the power within their boundaries

• Their goal was to control every aspect of society

• They believed in divine right, the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God’s representative on Earth

Absolutism in SpainChapter 21 Section 1

Philip II• The son of Charles V inherited

Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American Colonies from his father

• Very hard working and deeply religious (Catholic)

• He was deeply suspicious and trusted no one

• “His smile and his dagger were very close.” –Court Historian

Philip Controls Portugal

• More than anything, Phillip was very aggressive

• In 1580, Philip seized Portugal’s throne after the King, his uncle, died without an heir

• With Portugal came its strongholds in Africa, India, and the East Indies

Philip’s Empire Provides Wealth• By 1600, American mines had provided him with an

estimated 339,000 pounds of gold• From 1550 to 1650 nearly 16,000 tons of silver were

unloaded from Spanish ships• The King claimed between a fourth and a fifth of

every shipload as his royal share• Spain was able to support

an army of over 50,000 men

Religious War in Europe

• Philip believed it was his duty to defend Catholicism against the Muslims of the Ottoman Empire and the Protestants of Europe

• In 1571, Philip sent a fleet of 200 Spanish and Venetian ships into battle

• They defeated a large Ottoman Army nearLepanto (Greece)

Religious War in Europe

• In 1588, Philip launched the Spanish Armada in attempt to punish Protestant England and its queen, Queen Elizabeth I

• However, the Spanish Armada was defeated by the English Monarch

English Defeat Spanish Armada

Golden Age of Spanish Art and Literature

Spain’s great wealth during this time helped spark the Golden Age of Spanish Art and Literature…

El Greco “The Greek”

• Real name was Domenikos Theotokopoulos

• He chose brilliant sometimes clashing colors in his paintings

• He also distorted the human figure and expressed emotion symbolically

El Greco’s Holy Trinity

• His pieces showed the deep Catholic faith of Spain (painted saints and martyrs)

Diego Velazquez

• Paintings reflected the pride of Spanish monarchy

• He was the court painter for Philip IV of Spain

• He is best known for his portraits of the royal family and scenes of court life

Diego Velazquez’s Las Meninas

• Depicts King Philip IV’s daughter and her attendants

Miguel de Cervantes

• Published Don Quixote in 1605

• This publication is often called the birth of the modern European novel

• This novel is about a poor Spanish noble boy, Don Quixote, who reads too many books about heroic knights

Excerpt from Don Quixote

“He rushed with [his horse’s] utmost speed upon the first windmill he could come at, and, running, his lance into the sail, the wind whirled about with such swiftness, that the rapidity of the motion presently broke the lance into shivers, and hurled away both knight and horse along with it, till down he fell, rolling a good way of in the field.”

Don Quixote• Some antics believe he

was mocking chivalry, the knightly code of the middle ages

• Some antics believe this novel is about an idealistic person, frustrated with the materialistic world he is living in, longing for the romantic past

Empire Weakens

• Wealth in Spain also contributed to the cause of some long-term economic problems

• Inflation- decline in the value of money, accompanied by the rise in the prices of goods and services

• Inflation in Spain had two main causes:1. Spain’s population had been growing. More demand =

Higher Prices2. As silver flooded the market, its value dropped. More

silver needed to buy things

Other Causes of Weakening Empire:

• Spain expelled Jews and Moors (Muslims) around 1500; therefore, Spain lost many valuable artisans and businessmen

• Spain’s nobles did not have to pay taxes; therefore, tax burden fell upon the lower classes

• Spain’s population bought its needs from other countries due to higher prices in Spain set up by guilds

• To finance its wars, Spain borrowed from German and Italian bankers so much of the silver and gold were sent overseas to pay off debts

Dutch Break Away from Spanish Control

• In 1579, the seven northern provinces of the Netherlands, which were Protestant, united and declared independence from Spain (The United Provinces of the Netherlands)

• The ten southern provinces (present day Belgium) were Catholic and remained under Spanish control

1658 Map of Republic of Seven United Netherlands

The Dutch Prosper

• The United Provinces were not a kingdom but a republic (each province had an elected governor)

• During the 1600’s the Netherlands thrived like Italy had during the 1400’s (Renaissance)

• Rembrandt and Jan Vermeer

The Dutch Prosper

• The stability in Dutch government allowed them to focus on economic growth

• The Dutch East India Company dominated the Asian and Indian Ocean trade

Absolutism in FranceChapter 21 Section 2

Religious Tension in France

Between 1562 and 1598 Huguenots (Protestants) and Catholics fought eight religious wars in France...

Henry IV

• In 1589, Prince Henry IV became the first king of the Bourbon Dynasty in France

• He was a Protestant but converted to Catholicism

• He declared, “Paris is well worth a mass.”

Edict of Nantes

• Edict of Nantes- In 1598 he declared that the Huguenots (Protestants) could live in peace in France and worship as they wished

• Henry was devoted to rebuilding France and its prosperity

Louis XIII

• Louis XIII, Henry’s son, ruled after his death

• He was a weak King but in 1624 he appointed a strong minister, Cardinal Richelieu

• Cardinal Richelieu was in effect the ruler of France

Cardinal Richelieu

1. He moved against the Huguenots

-allowed Protestantism-did not allow walls to be built in their cities

2. He weakened the power of the nobles

Cardinal Richelieu

• He wanted to make France the most powerful state in Europe

• He believed the greatest obstacle was the Hapsburg rulers whose lands surrounded France (Spain, Austria, the Netherlands, and parts of the Holy Roman Empire)

Hapsburg Lands

The Hapsburgs lands were in areas that surrounded France…

Cardinal Mazarin

• Louis XIV came to power in 1643 as a young boy

• Cardinal Mazarin controlled France until his death in 1661 when Louis was 22

• Mazarin had increased taxes and strengthened the government like Richelieu had done

Louis XIV

• At times, the nobles threatened the young kings life

• Louis never forgot this fear for his life and was determined to become so strong that they could not threaten him again

Louis XIV

• Continued to weaken power of the nobles

• Thus increased power of central government

• He appointed intendants who collected taxes and administered justice

• He made sure these people communicated regularly with him

Louis XIV

Louis XIV was known as the Sun King and made his power and prestige known throughout

France.

How did he display his power and prestige?(“The Sun Kings Grand Style” Page 599)

Palace at Versailles

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Versailles_Palace.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Versaillespanoraama2.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Orangerie.jpg

Jean Baptiste Colbert

• Louis wanted to help France attain economic, political, and cultural brilliance

• He appointed Jean Baptiste Colbert as his minister of finance

We must always take heed that we buy no more from strangers than we sell them, for so should we impoverish ourselves and enrich them.“

-Queen Elizabeth (England)

France: Self Sufficient• Colbert believed in the

theory of mercantilism• Making France self-

sufficient and keeping wealth in the country

• Government funds and tax benefits were given to French companies

• High tariffs were placed on goods from other countries

French Colonization

• Colbert also recognized the importance of colonies

• Provided raw materials and a market for manufactured goods

• The French government encouraged people to migrate to France’s colony in Canada

Huguenot’s Lose Religious Freedoms

• After Colbert’s death in 1685, Louis canceled the Edict of Nantes which protected religious freedom of Huguenots

• In response, Huguenot artisans and businessmen fled the country robbing France of many skilled workers

In 1660, France had about 20 million people (Four times England and Ten times Dutch Republic)

The French Monarch wanted to continue to expand throughout Europe…

France Invades Spanish Netherlands

• In 1667, Louis invaded the Spanish Netherlands

• The Dutch opened up its dikes

• The war ended in 1678 with the Treaty of Nijmegen

• France gained several towns and a region called Franche-Comte

European-Wide Alliance vs. France• Louis decided to fight

additional wars to gain lands

• By the 1680’s a European-wide alliance had formed to stop France

• By banding together, these weaker, smaller countries could match France’s strength

French Bourbons Control Spain

• In 1700, Charles II, King of Spain, died

• He had promised his throne to Louis XIV’s grandson, Philip of Anjou

• The two greatest powers in Europe, who were enemies for so long, were now both ruled by the French Bourbons

War of Spanish Succession

• Countries throughout Europe were not happy with this union (France and Spain) and in 1701 came together

• This struggle became known as the War of the Spanish Succession

Treaty of Utrecht

• 1714-The Treaty of Utrecht was signed

• Allowed Philip to remain King of Spain as long as the two thrones were not united

Treaty of Utrecht

1. Received the Strait of Gibraltar2. British company was granted permission by

Spain to send slaves to Spain’s American colonies

3. France gave Britain the colonies of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland as well as abandoned claims to the Hudson Bay region

Louis left a mix legacy in France after his death in 1715

Positives• France had become a

force to be reckoned with: a strong military, the leader in arts, literature, and business

• France had also developed a strong empire of colonies

Negatives• Constant war and the

construction of the Palace at Versailles plunged France into a great deal of debt

• Resentment over taxes would also plague his heirs

Absolutism30 Years War, Austria, and Prussia

Chapter 21 Section 3

Peace of Augsburg

• For a short period of time Germany had appeared to have settled its religious differences with the Peace of Augsburg (1555)

• Each Prince could determine the religion of his subjects

• Rejected Calvinism

Protestants and Catholics

• Both sides continue to gain followers• Both sides also felt threatened by Calvinism• In 1608, the Lutherans joined together

creating the Protestant Union• In 1609, the Catholics joined together creating

the Catholic League• It would now take only a spark to set off war…

Leading up to War

• The spark came in 1618• Ferdinand II (Hapsburg)

who was the future Holy Roman Emperor, for the time ruled the Czech kingdom of Bohemia

• The Protestants in Bohemia did not trust Ferdinand who was a Catholic and a foreigner

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

• Ferdinand closed some Protestant churches

• The peasants revolted in Bohemia

• Several Protestant German Princes joined the effort to challenge the Catholic emperor

• War broke out

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)The War can be divided into 2 Phases:

1. Hapsburg Victories2. Hapsburg Defeats

Hapsburg Victories (First 12 Years)• Hapsburg armies from

Austria and Spain crushed troops hired by Protestant Princes

• Ferdinand II paid his army by allowing them to plunder or rob the German villages

Hapsburg Defeats (Last 18 Years)

• The Protestants, led by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden shifted the tide of war in 1630

• Though he was killed in 1632, Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin of France continued the Protestant dominance Battle of Breitenfeld 1631

Richelieu and Mazarin

• Though Catholic themselves, these Cardinals feared the Hapsburgs more than the Protestants

• They did not want other European rulers to have as much power as the French King

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

• Weakened the Hapsburgs

• Strengthened France by awarding it German territory

• Made German Princes independent of the Holy roman emperor

• Ended religious war in Europe

Legacy of Thirty Years War

**The war did great damage to Germany, its population, and its economy

***Marked the beginning of the modern state system in Europe…each independent

Western Europe vs. Central Europe

Western Europe is going to develop economically and politically much quicker that central and eastern Europe.

-This was due to legacy of feudalism-Serfs were able to move to towns and be apart

of the middle class in the West-Not the case in Central Europe. Serfs were

limited by land owning nobles

Hapsburgs in Austria• This ruling family took

power, created an absolute monarchy in Austria– Re-conquered Bohemia in

30 Years War– Wiped out Protestantism

there and created new Czech nobility

– Centralized government and created an army

– Recaptured Hungary by 1699 from the Ottomans

Charles VI

• Became the Hapsburg ruler in in 1711

• Ruling this empire was difficult as it was very diverse

• Only the fact that he wore the Austrian, Hungarian, and Bohemian crowns kept the empire together

Keeping Lands…

• Tried to figure out a way to insure that the Hapsburgs would continue to rule all of these lands…

• Solution: He persuaded other European leaders to sign an agreement recognizing his daughter, Maria Theresa as his heir to these lands

Maria Theresa

• In theory this meant she would reign peacefully

• However, she would face years of war

• Her main enemy was Prussia to the north

Prussia

• Its ruling family were the Hohenzollerns

• In 1640, Fredrick William inherited the title elector of Brandenburg

• Became known as the “Great Elector”

Fredrick William• Believed it necessary for

Prussia to built up an army• To protect their lands, he

and his decedents moved toward an absolute monarchy

• Every descendent after Fredrick William would be titled “King” or “Queen”

• Built a strong army and introduced taxation

King Fredrick William I

• The Junkers, land owning nobility, did not approve of the King’s growing power

• King Fredrick William I bought their cooperation

• Appointed them as officers in the army

• Prussia became a highly militaristic society

Fredrick the Great

• He followed his father’s militaristic policies when it came to power

• He did soften some of his father’s laws

• He encouraged religious toleration and legal reform

• He believed a ruler should be like a father to his people

“A prince…is only the first servant of the state, who is obliged to act with probity [honesty] and prudence…As the sovereign is properly the head of the family of citizens, the father of his people, he out on all occasions to be the last refuge of the unfortunate.”

Page 607

Explain the Austrian Succession. Who was it between? What were the results?

Explain the Seven Years’ War. Who was it between? What were the results?

Seven Years War (1756-1763)

• Both Prussia and Austria emerged as absolute monarchs after the 30 Years War

• Austria would eventually ally with France and Russia while Prussia would ally with Britain

• This would spark the Seven Years War• The war did not change anything in Europe but

is significant because it gave over France’s land in North America and India to Great Britain

Absolutism-RussiaChapter 21 Section 4

Ivan IV or “Ivan the Terrible”

• Struggled for power with the boyars, land-owning nobles in Russia

• At age 16 seized power for himself

• First ruler in Russia to be crowned czar

Ivan’s Good Years (1547-1560)

• Added lands to Russia• Gave Russia a code of

laws• Ruled justly

Ivan’s “Bad Period”

• After his wife died…• He accused boyars of

poisoning her• He came down hard on

them• He organized a police

force that murdered “traitors”

Peter the Great

• 1696 became the leader of Russia

• He was a Romanov (Family that ruled Russia from 1613-1917)

• One of Russia’s greatest reformers

• Goal was to Westernize Russia

English MonarchyChapter 21 Section 5

James I

• King of Scotland• Inherits English thrown

from cousin, Elizabeth• Inherits England’s debts

as well

Charles I

• Son of James I• Needed money to fund

wars with France and Spain

• Dissolved Parliament when they did not obey

• Forced to sign Petition of Right in 1628

Charles I

• He did not obey Petition of Right and dissolved Parliament once again

• To get money he imposed fees and fines on English people

• His popularity plummeted

English Civil War (1642-1649)

Royalists or Cavaliers• Those that supported

CharlesRoundheads

• Puritan supporters of Parliament

1649

• Charles is decapitated• Cromwell, the Puritan

general comes to power• He establishes a

commonwealth or a republic

• Cromwell, though, would become a military dictator

1660

• Charles II was voted in by Parliament to be the leader of England

• “Restoration”• England becomes a

monarchy once again

1688

• Glorious Revolution• The bloodless overflow

of James II• William, a prince of

Netherlands and Mary, the daughter of James II

• James was Catholic and that did not sit well with Protestant England

1689

• William and Mary vowed to recognize Parliament as its partner in governing

• England became a Constitutional Monarchy

• Parliament drafted a Bill of Rights