1. HISTORICAL PARTICULARISM SCHOOL OF THOUGHT Presentation Topic Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.)

2. GROUP MEMBERS Nabeel Naz Adil Khan Chandio Saman Ijaz (Group Leader) Aynul Nasab Izza Asif Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.) 3. INTRODUCTION Critique on Unilineal theory of evolutionism. Unlineal Anthropologists were armchair anthropologists. They divided culture into three development stages: Savagery Barbarism Civilization Franz Boas criticized the paradigms of Unilineal evolution. Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.) 4. This school of Thought valued Field Work and History. Boas saw each individual as a basic component of society. Boas gathered information from individuals informants and considered such data valuable enough for cultural analysis. It was Dominant school of thought during first half of 20th century. It excluded racism from anthropology. Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.) 5. FRANZ BOAS By; Adil Khan Chandio Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.) 6. FRANZ BOAS (1858 1942) He was a major Anthropologist. Culture is a unique product of all the influences to which it was subjected in its past, making cross-cultural generalization questionable. Before taking interest in Anthropology, he studied Physics, Mathematics, and Geography. He lived among Eskimo consequently. It was a solid reason which turned him into Anthropology. Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.) 7. Franz Boas is considered as one of the founder of Anthropology. He is also credited with the theory of Historicular Particularism. He is also recognized as the Father of American Anthropology. He emphasized cultural history to find out dynamics of cultural change. He strongly believed in Field work over office work. Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.) 8. He introduced cultural relativism. He said every culture perform some function but not everywhere as Eid-ul- Azha. Every society can be understood only in life of its unique past. He said, The art and characteristic style of a people can be understood only by studying its production as a whole. He also presented Historical Particularism. Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.) 9. Many anthropologists believed that society is developed according to one universal order of cultural evolution. This believe is called as Unilineal Evolution. It explains similarities and differences among societies in three stages, Savagery, Barbarism, and Civilization. He included the expansion of sociocultural anthropology, linguistics, physical anthropology and archaeology into his work. Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.) 10. FRANZ BOAS CRITICISM ON UNILINEAL EVOLUTIONISM. He criticized that this believe based on insufficient evidence. For example: Unilineal evolution claims that matrilineal kin system preceded patrilineal kin system. Religion based on animism. Boas argued this ordering is merely an assumption. There is no any historical evidence or way to demonstrate its validity. Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.) 11. He also criticized unilineal evolution and its method for gathering and organizing data is based on racism. Many anthropologists relied on missionaries or traders collecting data themselves. Boas strongly advocate fieldwork. He developed the method of participant observation as a basic strategy of ethnographic fieldwork. According to Boas, field workers should adopt an attitude of cultural relativism. Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.) 12. He argued that a society is understandble only in its own specific cultural context, especially in its own historical processes. Boas become deriving cultural laws. He also realized that cultural phenomena are too complex. He views that every culture has its own past. Each culture is one of a kind that is different from all others. He said that Unilineal Evolutionist did not study each culture on its own terms. Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.) 13. CRITIQUES ON FRANZ BOAS : His biggest critique was that he defined the role of culture in the development of societies. He did not have a good source of evidence to support the importance and properties of that culture. They were not convinced that he used enough evidence to justify that conclusion. Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.) 14. ALFRED LOUIS KROEBER By: Saman Ijaz Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.) 15. ALFRED KROEBER (11 JUNE, 1876 5 OCT, 1960) Alfred Kroeber was an American cultural anthropologist. The first doctorate in anthropology awarded by Columbia University. Influenced by Franz Boas. Family Back ground: Had three siblings. Bilingual family. No Religious upbringing. Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.) 16. Educational Background: Studied Latin and Greek languages. Did M.A. in Romantic Drama in 1897. Basic interest was in Linguistic. Inspired by Franz Boas. Did PhD in Anthropology in 1901. Similarities/differences between Franz Boas and Alfred Kroeber: Bilingual Favored Historical background. Culture Ravitilism. Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.) 17. Similarities/differences between Boas and Kroeber. Kroeber disagree with boas on the question of German state. Differ in explaining the concept of evolution of culture. Boas had a scientific educational background while Alfred was interested in linguistics. Kroeber work: Culture - Civilization/history. Culture must be free from any connection or dependence upon biology. (The Super Organic-1917) Universality of Morality: Morality is inherit element of human mind, it is psychologically unexplainable Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.) 18. Disapprove the concept of biological and racial explanation of human differences. Individual is not important in understanding cultural change. Super organic in Alfred view is distinct and untouched by biologically and also separate from individual. But still Alfred give importance to inheritance and biology. Mental Activity as such as little to do with civilization. Civilization only begins where individuals ends More Interested in geographical cultural traits while Boas major interest was in history. studied fashion magazines and claim that he can predict what would be next fashion. Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.) 19. CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON ALFRED KROEBER: Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.) 20. CLARK WISSLER & ROBERT H. LOWIE By: Aynul Nasab Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.) 21. CLARK WISSLER: An important American Anthropologist. constructed the concept of culture area. Culture Area: an area of similar cultures as cultural area. Universals of culture He suggested that the following categories were common to all cultures; Language, material culture, culture, art, mythology and science, religion, family and social organization, property, government and war. Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.) 22. ROBERT H. LOWIE: Student of Boaz. Made major contribution to the ethnography of American Indians, especially Indians of Plains. Cultural elements are interrelated due to historical events. Objective scientific approach of Anthropology. Criticized the evolutionists thought. Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.) 23. CONCLUSION/CRITICAL ANALYSIS By: Izza Asif Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.) 24. CRITICAL ANALYSIS: This school of thought Neglects the importance of globalization. No generalization approach as such used. It is an important school of thought to understand a culture. However no culture is unique but some characterizes are unique like people may adopt new culture but practiced them in their own particular cultural prospective which has roots in the unique history of this culture. Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.) 25. Major contribution of this school of thought is to highlight the importance of ethnography and culture uniqueness. Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.) 26. THANK YOU. . . . Made By Saman Ijaz ( Q.A.U.)