Cyclical Theories

o Wheel of Retailing

o Retail Accordion

Development Theories

o Dialectic Process

o Theory of natural evolution

Wheel of retailing: This was given by McNair and modified by Hollander. It entails

Entry Phase

Trade-up phase

vulnerability phase

According to this theory marketing mix expands and then contracts like an accordion during different time periods; General-Specific-General theory

As per this theory retail institutions evolve into newer forms over a period of time by adopting characteristics of existing formats

Dreesman was the first to apply Darwin Theory of Natural Selection to the evolution of retail organizations. This theory implies that adaptation to changes in environment is a necessary condition for the survival of retail formats.

ON the basis of ownership;

o Independent

o Chain

o Franchise

o Leased stores/Departments

o Consumer cooperatives

On the basis of merchandise ;

o Food retailers- Convenience, supermarkets Hypermarkets,

o Non-Food retailers- Speciality, departmental, off-price, catalogue, factory outlet