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THEORIES OF TOWN PLANNINGNIMISHA SAMADHIYA

CONCENTRIC ZONE MODELThe Burgess model also known as THE BULLS EYE MODEL was developed by Ernest Burgess in 1920s.The model portrays how citys social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings. The size of the rings may vary, but the order always remains the same.CENTRAL BUSINESS CENTRE(CBD):- This area of the city is a non-residential area &its where businesses are. Also known as the downtown, this area has lot of sky scrapper, government institutions, restaurants, etc.

ZONE OF TRANSITION:- Contains the industry & has poor quality of housing created by subdividing the large houses into apartments.

ZONE OF WORKING CLASS:- This area contains modest older houses occupied by stable working class people.

ZONE OF BETTER RESIDENCE:- This contains newer and more spacious houses owned by the middle class families.

COMMUTERS ZONE/SUBURBS:- Located beyond the build-up area of the city. Mostly upper class residents live in this area.

THE CHICAGO CITY

Burgess studied the history of development & concluded that the city has not grownat the edges.Though Lake Michiganprevented the complete encirclement, he postulated that all major cities would be formed by radial expansion from the center in concentric rings described as zones.Different maps were created such as- - spot maps to demonstrate the location of social problems. - rate maps which divided the city into block of one square mile & showed population by gender, age, etc. - zone maps which marked that the major problems were clustered in the city center.SHORTCOMINGSIt assumes an isotropic plain.It may restrict the growth of certain sectors.The model does not fit polycentric cities.SECTOR MODELThis theory was given by Homer Hoyt in 1939.It is a model of the internal structures of cities.Social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, radiating out from the CBD & centered on major transportation lines.Low income households to be near railroad lines & commercial establishments to be along business thoroughfares.

THE CHICAGO CITYAfter the failure of concentric model, Hoyt took the opportunity to re-plan the Chicago city as sectors.Chicago, a metropolitan city also known as Chicago land, is the third largest in U.S. with an estimated population of 9.5 million people.

SHORTCOMINGSApplicable on few towns.Low cost housing near industry & transportation.Does not take into account cars which make commerce easier & with cars people can live anywhere and further from the city.MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODELThis was created by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in 1945.City grows from several independent points rather than from one CBD.As they grow, these merge into a single urban area.Based on the idea that people have greater movement due to increased car ownership.

NEW DELHINew Delhi is structured around two central promenadescalled THE RAJPATH & THE JANPATH.The Rajpath or the kings way, stretches from the RASTRAPATI BHAVAN to INDIA GATE.The Janpath or the queens way, begins with at CONNAUGHT CIRCUS and cuts Rajpath at right angles.Master plan of Delhi for 2021SHORTCOMINGSEach zone displays a significant amount of internal heterogeneity.Not applicable to oriental cities with different cultural, economic and political backgrounds.Asatellite townorsatellite cityis a concept inurban planningthat refers essentially to smallermetropolitan areaswhich are located somewhat near to, but are mostly independent of larger metropolitan areas.SATTELITE TOWNS

Characteristics:-Satellite cities are small or medium-sized cities near a largemetropolis that:predate the metropolis' suburban expansion are at least partially independent from that metropolis economically and sociallyare physically separated from the metropolis by rural territory or by a major geographic barrier such as a large river; satellite cities should have their own independent urbanized area, or equivalenthave their ownbedroom communitieshave a traditional downtown surrounded by traditional "inner city" neighborhoodsmay or may not be counted as part of the large metropolis areaDELHIRibbon developmentis building houses along the routes of communications radiating from a human settlement. Such development generated great concern in theUnited Kingdomduring the 1920s and the 1930s as well as in numerous other countries. Increasingmotor carownership meant that houses could be sold easily even if they were remote from shops and other services. It was attractive to developers because they did not have to waste money or plot space constructing roads.RIBBON DEVELOPMENT