INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR JILDIZ NICHARAPOVA

INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE

Why do international organizations exist? What role do they play in solving global problems? Traditional international relations theories characterize the international system as anarchic and focus on interactions between nation-states. Since WWII, international organizations have become more prominent players in the international system. Debate continues in academic and policy communities over why international organizations exist, whether they matter in global politics, and when they can help alleviate global problems. Both in their practical and theoretical aspects, international organizations (IOs) are a dynamic and increasingly important element in the functioning of modern world politics.

Goal of the courseThe goal of this course is that students develop a theoretical as well as practical understanding of international organizations (IOs) and the global problems they attempt to address. Upon completion of the course, students should be able to articulate the leading explanations within political science for why IOs exist, controversies surrounding IOs in the context of international relations theory, why they are thought to help solve global problems, and the major challenges IOs face in meeting their objectives. Students should also be able to apply theoretical arguments from the IR literature to several specific cases.

COURSE ASSESSMENT & REQUIREMENTS

A. Attendance & Participation – 10% (Participation in discussions, presentations)

B. Discussions on Seminar Readings/presentations – 30% (1. Readings and presenting texts; 2. Presentation of one IGO)

C. Mid-Term Exam – 20% (Questions will be communicated)

D. Term Paper – 20%

E. Final Exam– 20% (Questions and cases will be communicated)

Term paperEach Student is required to write one term paper for this course.

Students should pick up one subject/case on international organizations (one case/problem on IO. The main question is how to raise effectiveness of IO?) or consult about their term paper with the instructor. Paper should include theories of IOs, missions, history, geography, actions, and efficiency/inefficiency of the IOs and ways of solving the problems of one IO.

Evaluation of the paper will be based on: Structure of the paper will be evaluated as 5% of the total paper grade (title/abstract/keywords/introduction/methods/results/discussion/acknowledgments/literature cited/appendices). Format of the paper will be evaluated as 5% of the total paper grade. Paper should be between 2-4 Pages in length with Times New Roman, 12 font and Double spaces. Students are encouraged to use MLA style. Bibliography also will be counted. There should be more than 2-4 resources at least (indicated in LITERATURE section of the syllabus). Content of the paper which reflects ability of writing and thinking skills will be count as 10%. Moreover, there will be presentations by the students in seminars. Each student will present his/her term paper topic (after mid term) in 20-30 minutes with Questions/Answers.

TENTATIVE CLASS SCHEDULE Week 1. Introduction to the International Organizations02.09.2016 - Introduction to the Course and Syllabus

07.09.2016 –What are international organizations? Definition. Classification and reasons of existence of International Organizations (organizations of cooperation and organizations of integration)1.Beth Simmons and Lisa Martin, IOs and Institutions.

A.HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONSWeek 2. The History of International Organizations09.09.2016 – International Organizations up to the First World War14.09.2016 – International Organizations after Second World War

B. THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION?

 Week 3. The Analysis of International Organizations16.09.2016 – Approaches to the study of International Organizations1.Robert Jordan, Clive Archer, Gregory Granger, K.Ordes, International Organizations. A comparative Approach to the Management of Cooperation, London, Westport, Connecticut, 2001, 280p. Chapter 1.  21.09.2016 – Workshop “Research Strategy” by AUCA library staff

Week 4. International Organizations in Theory

23.09.2016– Theories of International Organizations: Neo-realist, realist and neo-liberalist perspectives of IOs• 1.Lisa L.Martin, Beth.A.Simmons, “Theories and Empirical Studies of International Institutions, International Organization 52, 4, Autumn 1998, pp: 729-757.2.Keohane and Martin, “The Promise of Institutionalist Theory” International Security. 20.1. 1995. pages 39-51.3.Robert Axelrod, Robert Keohane, “Achieving cooperation under Anarchy: Strategies and Institutions”World Politics, Vol.38, #1 (Oct.1985), pp: 226-254. 4.John J. Mearsheimer. “The False Promise of International Institutions.” International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3. (Winter, 1994-1995), pp. 5-49. 28.09.2016 – Marxist and Feminist Views on International Organizations 1.Kelly-Kate S.Pease, International Organizations: Perspectives on Governance in the Twenty-First Century, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008, 345 p. (Book) chapter 4: Marxism and feminism

Week 5Week 5. Theories of Integration and Regionalism30.09.2016 – Theories of integration and regionalism (Federalism, Functionalism and Neofunctionalism)1.Karl Deutsch, The Analysis of IR, New Jersey, Prentice hall, 1978, 320 p. Chapter 15: Integration: international and Supranational.2.Louise Fawcett, Andrew Hurrell, Regionalism in World Politics. Regional Organization and International Order, Oxford University Press, 1995, 342 p. (Book)05.10.2016 – Nature, types, tasks and conditions of integration/ Regional Integration: regionalism, sub regionalism (EU, ASEAN, EEU)

1. Karl Deutsch, The Analysis of IR, New Jersey, Prentice hall, 1978, 320 p. Chapter 17. Attaining and maintaining integration.

2. Regionalism and Global Politics, p: 480-5063. Robert Jordan, Clive Archer, Gregory Granger, K.Ordes, International

Organizations. A comparative Approach to the Management of Cooperation, London, Westport, Connecticut, 2001, 280p. Chapter 8: “International Organizational Interactions”.

Week 6Week 6. International Organizations and Administration07.10.2016 – Organizational Ideology/Management Efficiency and leadership effectiveness

1. Robert Jordan, Clive Archer, Gregory Granger, K.Ordes, International Organizations. A comparative Approach to the Management of Cooperation, London, Westport, Connecticut, 2001, 280p. Chapter 4.

 

12.10.2016 – Organizational Structure of institutions1. Robert Jordan, Clive Archer, Gregory Granger, K.Ordes, International

Organizations. A comparative Approach to the Management of Cooperation, London, Westport, Connecticut, 2001, 280p. Chapter 4.

C. UNITED NATIONSWeek 7. The United Nations System: Structures, Processes, Functions14.10.2016 – Historical Origins 19.10.2016 – Organizational Issues Week 8. Midterm Week 21.10.2016 – Mid-Term Exam 26.10.2016 – Review of the MT  Week 9: UN and international security 28.10.2016 – Conflict Management, Nuclear Nonproliferation, Human Rights and Humanitarian Activities02.11.2016 - UN Peacekeeping Operations

D. GLOBAL AND REGIONAL PROBLEMS

 Week 10: Regional Security Organizations04.11.2016 – Post-World War 2 Security Alliances

1. Kelly-Kate S.Pease, International Organizations: Perspectives on Governance in the Twenty-First Century, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008, 345 p. (Book) chapter 6.

09.11.2016 – EU, NATO, OSCE, OTSC, the Arab League, SCO Week 11: Political and Social Issues11.11.2016 – Social and Humanitarian Issues1.Kelly-Kate S.Pease, International Organizations: Perspectives on Governance in the Twenty-First Century, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008, 345 p. (Book) chapter 10. 16.11.2016 – Strengthening Democracy and Human Rights

Week 12 and 13Week 12. International Economic Issues and Regional Economic Organizations18.11.2016 – International organizations of economic issues: WTO, IMF, GATT23.11.2016 – Regional organizations:Week 13. Organizations for Environmental issues 25.11.2016 – Environmental Problems (Protect Biodiversity, global warming, protection of the Ozone)30.11.2016 – International Efforts to solve environmental problems (Conferences, Protocols, Conventions, etc.)1.Kelly-Kate S.Pease, International Organizations: Perspectives on Governance in the Twenty-First Century, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008, 345 p. (Book) Chapter 9.

Week 14, 15 and 16Week 14. Organizations for Development02.12.2016 – What is development?1.Kelly-Kate S.Pease, International Organizations: Perspectives on Governance in the Twenty-First Century, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008, 345 p. (Book) Chapter 8.07.12.2016 – Three categories of development organizations: WB (development lending), UNDP (development assistance), UNCTAD (development discourse)1.Samuel Barkin, International Organizations: Theories and Institutions, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, 185 p. (Book) Chapter 9.Week 15. The Future of International Organizations 09.12.2016 – What role for IOs in 21st Century: Realist, Liberal, Marxist, Feminist Cuts1.Kelly-Kate S.Pease, International Organizations: Perspectives on Governance in the Twenty-First Century, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008, 345 p. (Book) Chapter: 11.14.12.2016 –  Week 16. Review of the Course 16.12.2016 - Review of the Course.21.12.2016 - Review of the Course.

 LITERATURE

1. Robert Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, Princeton University Press, 1984, 290 p. (Book)

2. Samuel Barkin, International Organizations: Theories and Institutions, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, 185 p. (Book)3. Kelly-Kate S.Pease, International Organizations: Perspectives on Governance in the Twenty-First Century, Pearson Prentice Hall,

2008, 345 p. (Book)4. Louise Fawcett, Andrew Hurrell, Regionalism in World Politics. Regional Organization and International Order, Oxford University

Press, 1995, 342 p. (Book)5. Clive Archer, International Organizations, Routledge, 1992, 205 p. (Book)6. Robert Keohane, International Institutions: Can Interdependence work? Foreign Policy, Spring 1998, 110, p:82. (Article)7. Robert Keohane and Martin, “The Promise of Institutionalist Theory” International Security. 20.1. 1995. pages 39-51. (Article)8. John J. Mearsheimer. “The False Promise of International Institutions.” International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3. (Winter, 1994-1995),

pp. 5-49. (Article)9. Robert Axelrod, Robert Keohane, “Achieving cooperation under Anarchy: Strategies and Institutions”World Politics, Vol.38, #1

(Oct.1985), pp: 226-254. (Article)10. Lisa L.Martin, Beth.A.Simmons, “Theories and Empirical Studies of International Institutions, International Organization 52, 4,

Autumn 1998, pp: 729-757. (Article)11. Chris Braun and Christopher F. Chyba, “Proliferation Rings: New Challenges to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime,”

International Security, vol. 29, no. 2 (Fall 2004), pp. 5-49.12. Stanley Hoffmann, “The Politics and Ethics of Military Intervention,” Survival, vol. 37, no. 4 (Winter 1995-96), pp. 29-51.13. Ernst B. Haas, “Why Collaborate? Issue-Linkage and International Regimes,” World Politics, vol. 32, no. 3 (April 1980), pp. 357-

405.14. Michael N. Barnett and Martha Finnemore, “The Politics, Power, and Pathologies of International Organizations,” International

Organization, vol. 53, no. 4 (Autumn 1999), pp. 699-732.15. Anne-Marie Slaughter, “The Real New World Order,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 76, no. 5 (September/October 1997), pp. 183-97.16. Karl Deutsch, The Analysis of IR, New Jersey, Prentice hall, 1978, 320 p. (Book)17. Ernst Haas,18. Guillaume Devin,

Definition of the international organization What is international organization? Why do they exist? What achievements?

Authors1. Karl Deutsch2. Guillaume Devin3. Clive Archer4. Marie-Claude Smouts5. Robert Keohane6. Kelly-Kate S.Pease7. Samuel Barkin8. Louise Fawcett9. Andrew Hurrell10. John J. Mearsheimer11. Robert Axelrod12. Lisa L.Martin 13. Beth.A.Simmons14. Stanley Hoffmann15. Ernst B. Haas16. Michael N. Barnett17. Martha Finnemore

Definition of IOsAn international organization is “a body that promotes voluntary cooperation and coordination between or among its members.” There are many types of international organizations, but one way of categorizing them is to distinguish between intergovernmental organizations (IGO) and international non-governmental organizations (INGO).The term international organization denotes an association of States established by and based upon a treaty, which pursues common aims and which has its own special organs to fulfill particular functions within the organization”. French scholars make following classification or categorization: 1.According to their objectives: General (UN, SCO, OSCE) and specific organizations (NATO, EEU)2.According to composition: Universal and regional3.According to their competence: organization of cooperation and organization of integrationThe possession of at least one organ, such as a secretariat or a panel to settle disputes among its members, for the fulfillment of its function, is the minimum prerequisite for an IGO qualification. Nevertheless, the typical structure of an IGO consists of three organs.

Predisposition toward IOsWhat motivates states to establish Ios? A variety of motivations a government will first seek national means to meet its security, economic, developmental or scientific and technological needs. To join Ios, autonomy and freedom of state will be circumscribed to some degree, even if the management authority conferred on the IGO is very low. The relations with other member-states of the IGOs impose differing restraints on the actions and behavior of all the participating governments.

Classification of IOsRegionally oriented organizations predominate, comprising 71,5% of the IGOs and 71,9% of the INGOs. In addition to the global and regional categories, several new categories have been added in recent years. An intercontinental IGO is one whose membership and preoccupations exceed that of a particular continental region (OECD – US, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Europe), WTO, OSCE, NATO, etc. The universal classification is applied to IGOs that have minimum 60 members (UN, WTO), other IGOs may be considered universal if the distribution of at least 30 members is balanced among various continents (UNESCO, IAEA, UN FAO, OSCE, etc). Federation of IOs (UN) (Robert Jordan, Clive Archer 2001)

Function or functions provide additional criteria for categorization. 1). Providing collective military strength; 2). Advancing economic performance; 3). Improving scientific and technological capabilities. In some cases IGOs are assigned more than one function. Other possible categories are scope of an IGO’s competence and its degree of integration. The competence may be general and limited. In terms of degree of integration IGOs may be judged as being either very loosely integrated, with a minimal institutional structure and a minimum of powers conferred upon them by their members. The highest level of integration exists when an IGO approaches supranational status. The term supranational means that the members have transferred to it some of the powers of decision making and implementation exercised by the national state. (EU)

Categories of IGOs Universal (global are designed to be open to all States on a worldwide basis) and

regional organizations (regional IGOs extend their activities in a specific geographical region).

Peace keeping and technical organizations are primarily concerned with the maintenance of peace, the latter deal with administrative matters, such as postal and telecommunication, air transport, trade, health, economic aid to developing countries, etc. A strict distinction can, however, not be made because technical organizations have also a peace keeping function.

General and special organizations Traditional and supranational organizations A traditional international organization is a union of States established by a

multilateral agreement under international law, which has its own autonomous organs to pursue the common interests of the community of its members. The following four elements can therefore be identified: (a) a treaty between (b) States; (c) common interests; and (d) autonomous organs. These four elements are also the framework of a supranational organization, which, however, possesses a number of additional elements and peculiarities, which are alien to its traditional ancestor.

Political and non-political organizations (technical matters)

Categories of membership in IGOs One has to distinguish between Full members which possess all rights in IGOs, and Associate members, which possess only limited rights in IGOs; their rights and obligations are less than those of full members. Associate members may have the right to sit in the various meetings of the different organs and have a right to speak, but are barred to vote.

Decision-making and voting procedures The rule of unanimity equality and sovereignty of States. No State can be bound

by a decision without its consent. In the UN Charter the principle of modified unanimity is adopted in the Security Council. This means that unanimity only among certain States is required.

Majority voting Majority voting became the general rule both in universal organizations and in the EU. Here we have to distinguish between

simple majority: more than 50% of members present and voting; absolute majority: more than 50% of the members represented in a particular organ

or institution; and qualified majority: two third, three quarter etc. majority; Equal and weighted votes In IGOs the principle of “one State, one vote” prevails. However, some

organizations allocate to its members different voting powers, according to size, population, amount of shares in those organizations, etc.

Theories of international organizations

Neo-realist perspective: International Organizations and institutions are expected to inform, direct and constrain the behavior of their members through the development of institutional rules, standards, and common interests

Realist expectation: that members of international organizations use them exclusively to pursue their national interests

Neo-liberalism expects IOs foster cooperation beyond simply providing an opportunity for member-states to pursue their interests and that IOs develop their own identities.

How many IOs are there?The number of IGOs increased dramatically form about 30 in 1910, 70 in 1940, more than 1000 in 1981, 5,000 in 2013.The Union of International Associations maintains information and statistics on over 68,000 international organizations (both active and inactive) that meet its criteria (25,000 international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), excluding for-profit enterprises, about 5,000 IGOs, and lists dormant and dead organizations as well as those in operation)

Theories of International Organizations

Realism: Realism’s central focus is the acquisition, maintenance and exercise of power by states. Power can be hard (military capabilities), power can be soft (political, economic innovation). Realists are pessimistic about the independent role of IOs, arguing that IOs can neither constrain nor prevent war. IOs, for all intents and purposes, tools that powerful states use to control weaker countries. And if Ios are extensions of great powers, they respond only to great powers interests and direction. When the security interests of the great powers conflict, Ios are either discarded, ignored or are marginalized by the states that created them.

Assumptions of realism1. The state is the most important actor in IR.2. The state is a unitary and rational actor.3. International relations are essentially

conflictual. Anarchy compels states to arm themselves for self-defense. IR is characterized by anarchy and the balance of power. States must adjust their policies to account for changes in the balance of power.

4. Security and geostrategic issues or high politics, dominate the international agenda. Neorealists modify the traditional realist position by ascribing greater importance to economic issues.

Realism and IORealists argue that no hierarchy of authority exists in IR. The IR is characterized by anarchy, where authority resides with each individual state. The international system is quite orderly because a power hierarchy does exist among states. Realists tend to classify states in terms of this hierarchy as super-, great-, middle-, lesser powers. Hegemonic theory is an explanation for the creation and behavior of IO. One type of power distribution is a unipolar, hegemonic system in which a single powerful state controls and dominates lesser states in the system. The dominant state or hegemon creates Ios and regimes to further its own interests and values in the IR. The hegemon also provides incentives, such as security guarantees or economic assistance in order to get other states to join. The effectiveness of IO is directly related to the hegemon’s power. (UN-US-USSR-NATO) If great powers wish to use force, no IO is going to stop them. (Soviet-Afghanistan; British/French/Israeli-Egypt (56), US-Grenada (84).

Realism and roles of IOIO play little or no role in maintaining international peace and security. Balance of power realities dictate or not, war will break out. States will bypass or ignore IO if their immediate security or important national interests are at stake. IO have several important functions: 1. IO provide a mechanism for great power collusion. 2. IO are useful for making minor adjustments within the existing order while the basic underlying principles and norms remain uncompromised.

LiberalismLiberals see IR as a mixture of cooperation and conflict and argue that IO can play a positive role in promoting international stability and global welfare. For liberals, the nature of IR has fundamentally changed during the latter half of the 20th century for three reasons. 1. The importance of military force in IR has waned. 2. Spread of democracy has instilled values of compromise and the rule of law in governments – values that inhibit decision-makers from resorting to war to settle disputes. 3. Societies are not isolated from each other as they were in the past.

What is liberalism?Liberalism in economics refers to a belief in capitalism and its emphases on profit, private property, and a free, self-regulating market. In political theory liberalism means a belief in individual equality, individual liberty, participatory democracy and limited government. The liberal theoretical approach to IR is based on 4 assumptions. 1. both state and non state actors are important in IR. Liberals see nonstate actors as important because these actors have independent as well as indirect influences on the domestic and foreign policies of state. 2. State is not a necessarily a unitary and rational actor. Governments are composed of individuals, bureaucratic agencies, judicial and legislative bodies that can have differing and competing interests. 3. the nature of IR is a composite one – a combination of conflict and cooperation. Complex interdependence is a defining characteristics of IR a characteristic that conditions the behavior of state and nonstate actors. 4. a variety of issues can come to dominate the international agenda (not only security or military issues, but others like economic, political, social, etc.)

IOs and liberalismThe increase in transnational ties has led to integration and interdependence which in turn has led many societies to share common problems. Many problems can be managed only through IO, necessitating the creation of specialized international agencies with technical experts. Cooperation in narrow nonpolitical (economic and social) issues areas leads to spillover into large more politicized issue areas such as defense or monetary policy. As cooperative behaviors become institutionalized IGOs can evolve into supranational organizations such as EU or WTO, the authority of nation-state would be displaced incrementally by supranational institutions.

Role of IO and liberalismLiberalism is more optimistic than realism about the contributions and independence of IO in IR. Five interrelated roles can be discerned from the liberal approach. 1. IO help states overcome collective action problems. 2. Promote economic prosperity and global welfare. 3. IO help societies develop shared values and norms. Interdependence may reduce the chances of violent conflict. IO foster certain values and help establish certain norms that are conducive to the peaceful settlement of disputes, such as compromise, reciprocity, multilateralism, and rule of law. IO promote democracy and democratic institutions, protect human rights, promote liberal international economic order. 4. Integrative and performed principally by MNCs common global market. 5. provide assistance to the victims of international politics, poor, refugees, epidemics, disasters, war, economic crises.

Marxism and IOThe Marxist approach to IR makes several important contributions to understanding IR and IO. 1. Marxism provides a critique to the dominant approaches liberalism and realism. 2. M.offers a comprehensive critique of capitalism as a mode of production. Marxist analyses of capitalism have identified issues that lead to conflict within and between societies. 3. M. has articulated significantly different roles for IO – they are tools of capitalism that undermine and exploit subordinate classes.

Contemporary MarxismM. As a theoretical approach rests on several assumptions.1. Global capitalism determines the position and behavior of actors in international affairs. Capitalism (an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state) explains the dynamics of IR. 2. Principal unit in IR is economic class (state, one class-bourgeoisie-dominates the government)3. IR is essentially conflictual. Capitalism fosters violence, inequality. 4. Economic, not political or strategic, factors are most important to understanding IR.

Marxism and role of IOMarxist approach suggests 3 interrelated roles for IO. 1. For IGOs like UN, they are political complements to capitalism. Financed and controlled by capitalist states they promote a capitalist agenda. 2. Related role of IO is that of mechanism of domination. IO are tools that core states use to exploit and control weak states. 3. both private and public IO is as developers of hegemony.

Feminism and IOFeminist approach is relatively new to IR. Its central purpose is to understand how “gender” affects international politics and our understanding of international processes. Gender refers to societal norms and expectations regarding appropriate male and female behavior. Men are expected to engage in war fighting and women are not. Women are expected to care for children and men are expected to work outside the home. The feminist theoretical approach genders IO in several ways. 1. Feminist approach critically examines the role and contributions of women in IO. In terms of employment women are largely excluded from traditional positions of power, making up less than 4% of the decisions making elite in the UN system (ambassadors, top management, senior staff). Women constitutes more than 85% of the UN clerical and support staff. Women who do occupy decision making positions tend to lead agencies that are traditionally concerned with feminine issues (WHO, UNICEF)

Feminism2. Feminist scholars also spotlight the activities and strategies of NGOs. The contributions of NGOs are often ignored and are considered of less importance than the activities of IGOs. 3. feminist theoretical approach examines the effects of patriarchy or male dominance in contemporary IO.