Theories of Architecture 09102

8/8/2019 Theories of Architecture 09102

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Theories of Architecture 2009/2010 Syllabus

i. Modern ism 1920's-1960'sii. Post Modern ism 1980's

a. High t ec hb. Bru talismc. Decon st ruc tion d. Func tion alism

I.M odernismOne of th e do minan t expre ssion s of de sign . Practice, produc tion a nd th eory in th e 20 th cen tury cha ra cter ized visually by th e use of m odern

mat er ials s uc h as t ubu lar st ee l and glass. Th e ma n ipu lati on of abst ra ct

for ms , spa ce a nd light.CIAM Con gre s In tern ati on al d 'Arc hit ec tureModerne

The a rbit er a nd d isse minat or of th e th eory and do gma of In tern ati on al

Modern ism (1928 1959)

It pro m o ted Func tion alism , sta nd a rd izati on and rati on alizati on . It em p hasiz ed th e m odern ism m ove m en ts , by pu tti n g th e mai n fund am en tals for citie s t o bu ild upon .

Alvar Aalto (Finnish Architect)

He ne ver used for ms that w ere m ere ly ae sth e tic or cond itioned by

tec hn ical f a ct or bu t looked to th e m ore per ma nen t m ode ls of nat ure and nat ur al for ms.

Be lieved that t ec hno logy cou ld be huma n ized to beco m e th e ser van t of huma n be ings.

His goal was t o huma n ize m ec ha n ical for ms a nd this is still st ud ied to this day. ( )

Opera Berlin (Music

produced the shape of

the construction)

Opera Aalto 1959


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Un like Le Cor busier and Grop iu s, th ey fo llowed th e concep t of

cen tralizing on th e a rc hit ec ture its e lf with ou t con sider ing th e huma n

living in th e space . Stati ng that th ey a re uneduc at ed or don 't kno w

what's b e st for th e m.

Modern ism ba cked do wn bec ause it cou ldn 't connec t t o th e huma n

living in th e spa ce, so it cou ldn 't f a ce th e t e st of tim e . It d ied by th e end

of th e 60's-

Byker house,

Newcastle, England,

UK

By Ralph Erkine inthe mid 1970's

Wh y d id Modern ism Fail?

In th e US th e apa r tm en t b u ild ings that w ere bu ilt like "Marsille ia"cre at ed un sa fe Ne ighb or hood s. Peop le sta r ted dy ing with ou t a nyone no ticing excep t wh en th e ir st enc h was ou t.

The concep t of Ma rse illia t o connec t f amili e s t oge th er sta rted t o de ter ior at e .

In th e end, e veryone living th ere alon g with th e a rc hit ec ts v o ted to blow up th e p lace and it was docu m en ted as a n off icial

stat e m en t of th e de ath of MODERNISM .

-Modernism was like fashion, and it just died-


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What is Ma rse illa?

Kno wn t o th e Ma rse illais as le CitRadieuse (The Rad ian t Cit y), or sim p ly

Le Corbusier , th e

Un it d 'Habitati on was erec ted

be tw een 1947 a nd 1952 t o hou se th e f amili e s of

con st ruc tion worker s re bu ild ing

Ma rse ille 's wa r-damag ed por t.

Its de sign was s o rad ical for th e

day that th e

in tended

inhabita n ts refu sed t o m ove in . Inst e ad, th e city's

educ at ed e lite, its doc tor s, a rc hit ec ts , soc ial w orker s a nd

teacher s f locked to what was th en a n East ern subur b , t o snap up th e owner -occup ied f lats , ca pabl e of hou sing

1,600 peop le .

II.P ost- M odernismSince th e e a r ly 80's end of 70's

Postm odern ism i nf luenced all t ype s of

f ie lds (lit er at ure, pho t ography, a rt , e tc..)It

sta rted to beco m e in sp ired by hist ory to

inf luence th e psycho logy of th e peop le

living inside th e space .

It is deeper tha n th e ou tsi de cru st.

AT&T Shoebox

Post-Modernist Philip Johnson

M ichael Graves .

M icha e l Grav e s is cred ited with m oving Am er ica n a rc hit ec t ur al th ou ght

fro m abst ra ct m odern ism t o po st-m odern ism.


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Borr ing he avily fro m th e past , Grave s u se s co lum ns , ped imen ts , a rche s,

and o th er hist or ical de tails. His b u ild ings of ten co mbi ne whims y a nd

sop histi cati on .

The aims of po st-m odern ism , inc lud ing so lving th e pro ble ms of

m odern ism , co mm un icati ng m e a n ings with ambig u ity and sen sitivit y for th e bu ild ing's con tex t a re surpr isingly un if ied for a per iod of bu ild ings

de signed by a rc hit ec ts wh o la rge ly ne ver co llab or at ed with ea ch o th er .

The aims do, howe ver, le av e roo m for va riou s im p le m en tati on s as ca n

be illust rat ed by th e d iver se bu ild ings cre at ed dur ing th e m ove m en t.

1) How t o de sign?

There a re pu blicati on s b y de signer s on how t o de sign that dat e ba ck to

th e Roma n Emp ire . (Vir tuo so 1 st Cen t ury )

HARMONY SYMM ETRY PROPORTIONS

2) What is de sign?

To exp lore th e th eor ie s of de sign syn th e sis.y Simp licity y Clarity y Gra ce y Beau ty

Architecture as Engineering

British "High tech"

The new

headquarters

buildings for Lloyds

of London (1986)


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So ewhe e betwee ar t dec o and blad e Runn e r, the Lloyd' s of Lond onhe adquar te rs is a ri sky de sign fo r an in suran ce co pan y sh imm e ring

stee l, glitte ring gla ss

Se rvice po ds and AC du ct s

"T h bu d ng n gh h a h u a o n d ou ho ng o

h h p

o

a o pu ."

T h H ong- ong and Shangha Ban

h adqua ! " ! # b $ No ! % an F o # " !

The ma st stru ct ur e allow s push ing

the se rvice core s t o the pe rim ete r so

as t o cre a te dee p plan f loo rs ar ound

a 10 st orey a t rium.

Serv i& e ce nt er s

Hi h-t ec h Archit ec tu re (7 0's

The e ' po nen t s of h igh -tech be lie ve th a t the re is such a th ing a s the "sp irit of the ag e " and th a t ar ch itect ur e has a m oral du ty to

e ' pre ss th a t sp irit . Th is sp irit re side s in ADVANCED

TECHN( L( GY. Arch itect ur e the re fo re mu st use th a t tech nology

the tech nology of indu st ry, t ran spo rt , communi ca t ion, f light ,and sp ace t ra ve l.

W hy the n d o we con t inu e to ma ke building s of cumb e rso m e ,m e ss y, im prec ise ma te rial s, such as bri cks , m ortar, concrete , and

t imb e r?W he n we could b e ma king the m ou t of light , prec ision


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co m ponen ts of m e tal a nd glass f ab r icat ed in f actor ie s a nd

qu ickly bo lted toge th er on sit e!

The high t ec h a rc hit ec t s ee s a rchit ec ture as a b ranc h of indu st rial t ec hno lo gy. He claims no soc ial or a rtisti c pr ivile ge s.

He wish e s his b u ild ings b e ing jud ged by th e sam e cr iter ia of perfor ma nce as a ny of th e o th er t oo ls of e veryd ay life he wa n ts

th e m t o be Func tion al and eff icien t rath er tha n a r tisti c or

symb o lic.

Howe ver, a rchit ec t ure, it s ee ms , can ne ver pure ly be on ly

func tion al , no matt er how ha rd it t rie s.

The typ ical High-t ec h b u ild ing symb o lize s a nd repre sen ts

tec hno logy rath er tha n sim p ly using in th e m ost eff icien t wa y

po ssibl e .It ma y be che aper a nd qu icker to bu ild a loa d -be a ring b r ick

wall , bu t th e high t ec h Arc hit ec t will alwa ys prefer th e st ee l fram e

and th e light w e ight m e tal pane l bec a use this is a t ec hn ique m ore in

tune with th e sp irit of th e ag e .

The m o ti f s of high t ec h expo sed st ee l st ruc t ure visible air

cond ition ing duc ts , p lug-in ser vice pads a nd so on - a re alm ost ne ver

th e m o st econo mical s o lu tion s. Bu t this is a rc hit ec ture NOT

en gineer ing.

B rutalism (1960 s)

"Sh or t on th eory and lon g on dr a u ghtma nshi p" Arc hit ec tur al cr itic

Reyner Banham.

Bru talist b u ild in gs usually a re for m ed with st riking repe titiv e angu lar geo m e tr ie s a nd wh ere concre te is used of ten re ve aling

th e tex ture of th e wooden for ms used for th e in -sit e casti ng. A

bu ild ing ma y a chie ve its B ru talism q ualit y th ou gh a rou gh , blocky

appe a rance, and th e expre ssion of its st ruc tur al mat er ials , for ms

and in som e cas e s s er vice s on its ex ter ior . As a concep t it ha d been a n ticipat ed som e ye a rs ea rlier in th e work of th e British A rchig ram g roup Arc hit ec ture m ee ts

te le gram (1961-1974)


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The bru tal expre ssion of tec hno logy a nd t ru th t o mat er ials a nd th e

m e t ropo lita n scale infr ast ruc t ure s a nd syst ems of m ove m en t w ere t o

beco m e fund am en tal pr inc ip le s for m uc h of th e a rc hit ec t ure whi ch

fo llowed .

TEAM X (te am 10)

Jam e s Sti r ling (British A rc hit ec t) Lou is Kah n (Amer ica n Arc hit ec t)

Leicester University of

Engineering Building )

Also see:

-Richards Laboratories University of P ennsylvania

-Functional and structure form of theArchigram work


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:

Systematic Layout P lanning 1961

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3.

4.

Le ss is m ore (M ie s Va n de Rohe )

The hou se is a ma chine for living (Le Cor busier )

For m fo llows func tion (Frank Lloyd Wright)

Pru itt Ig oe 1972

Igoe-P ruitt

Pru itt-Ig oe was a la rge ur ba nhou sin g

pro jec t f irst occup ied in 1954 a nd

co m p le ted in 1955 i n th e U.S. city of St.

Lou is, M issour i. Shor tly a f ter its

co m p le tion, living cond ition s in Pru itt-Ig oe

bega n to dec a y; by th e lat e 1960s , th e

ex tre m e po ver ty, cr ime, a nd se gre gati on

brou ght th e co m p lex a g re at de al of inf am y

as it was co vered ex t en sive ly by th e

in tern ati on al pre ss. Th e co m p lex was

de signed by a rc hit ec tM inoru Yamasa ki,

wh o als o de signed th e Wor ld Trade Cen ter

tower s.

At 3 PM on Ma rc h 16 , 1972 l e ss tha n 20

ye a rs a f ter con st ruc tion th e f irst of th e

co m p lex 's 33 bu ild ings was de m o lish ed by

th e feder al g overn m en t. Th e o th er 3 2

bu ild ings w ere de st royed o ver th e nex t tw o ye a rs. Th e high- prof ile

f ailure of Pru itt-Ig oe has b eco m e a n e mbl e mati c icon of ten e voked by all

side s in pu blic hou sing po licy de bat e . The Pru itt-Ig oe hou sing pro jec t

was one of th e f irst de m o lition s of m odern ist a rc hit ec ture and its

de st ruc tion was claim ed by po stm odern a rchit ec tur al hist or ian Cha rle sJenck s t o ma rk "th e day Modern a rc hit ec ture d ied .


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:

y Hist or iu smy High-Tec hy Vern a cu lar ( ) y Decon st ruc tion

Argentine _ moving louvers _ concrete _ ribs

MIT dorm rooms

Con st ruc ted in th e 80's b u t till no w roo ms

a re still on waiti n g lists , e ven th ou gh

th ere a re ne w e m p ty dor mit or ie s.


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C rystal P alace London

Crystal Pala ce is a re siden tial a re a i n Sou thLondon, England nam ed fro m

th e for m er loc al la nd ma rk, The Cry stal Pala ce, whi ch occup ied th e a re a

fro m 1854 t o 19 3 6. Th e are a is l oc at ed approx imat e ly 8 mil e s s ou th east

of Cha ring Cro ss , a nd offer s im pre ssiv e vie ws over th e cap ital. A n

e lec tor al wa rd nam ed

Crystal Pala ce and Crystal

Pala ce Pa rk a re en tire ly

con tai ned withi n th e

London Borou gh of

Bro mley . Howe ver, th e wider a re a has no def ined

bound a rie s a nd st radd le sth e con ver gence of f ive

London borou ghs a nd

th ree po stal d ist ricts. It is con tig uou s with A ner ley, Du lwich W ood, Gipsy

Hill, Pen ge, Sou th N or wood, Syden ham a nd Upper Nor wood .

The Crystal Pala ce was a cast-i ron and glass b u ild ing or iginally erec ted in

Hyde Pa rk t o hou se th e Gre at E xhibiti on of 1851. F o llowing th e succe ss

of th e ex hibiti on, th e pala ce was m oved a nd recon st ruc ted in 1854 i n am od if ied a nd en larged for m i n th e ground s of th e Pen ge Pla ce e stat e at

Syden ham Hill. It att ra cted visit or s for over se ven dec ade s.

Syden ham Hill is one of th e high e st l oc ati on s in London; 109 m e t re s

ab o ve se a leve l (spo t h e ight on Ordn a nce Sur vey Ma p ); and th e size of

th e pala ce a nd pro minence of th e sit e ma de it eas y t o iden ti fy fro m

m uc h of London . This l e ad t o th e re siden tial a re a a round th e bu ild ingbeco ming kno wn as C rystal Pala ce in st e ad of Syden ham Hill. Th e pala ce

was de st royed by f ire on 3 0 N ove mb er 19 3 6 a nd th e sit e of th e bu ild ing

and its g round s is no w kno wn as C rystal Pala ce Pa rk .

, Pref ab ricat ed un ite s in th e 17 th cen tury!


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Arc hit ec tu re in B raz il

O scar Niemeyer (born D ece mb e r 15 , 1907 0 is a Brazilianar ch itect wh o is conside re d one of the m os t im po rtan t nam e s in in te rna t ional m ode rn

ar ch itect ur e . He was a pionee r in e 1 ploring the fo rmal poss ibilit ie s of

re inforce d concrete so le ly for the ir a e sthet ic impact .

His building s ar e of te n ch ara cte rize d b y be ing sp acious and e 1 pos e d,

mixing vo lum e s and e m p ty sp ace t o cre a te un conve n t ional pa tte rn s.

Both laud e d and crit icize d fo r b e ing a " sculp tor of m onum e n ts ", he ha s

bee n prai se d for b e ing a gr e a t ar t ist and one of the gre a te st ar ch itect s of

h is ge ne ra t ion b y h is suppo r te rs. Am ong h is num e rous f am ous w orks

the re ar e the man y publi c building s he de sign e d fo r the city of Bra s lia, a2

NESCOW orld H e ritag e Site , The 2

ni te d Na t ions He adquar te rs in New York City (w ith o the rs 0 , etc .

No t the st raig ht angl e th a t a tt ra ct s m e ,

nor st raig ht , hard, in f le xible , cre a te d b y

man. W ha t a tt ra ct s m e is the f ree and

se nsual cur ve , the cur ve s th a t f ind in the

m oun tain s of m y coun t ry, in the cour se of

it s w inding ri ve rs, the sea wave s, the

body of the w o man pre f e rr e d. Cur ve s is done th roug hou t the uni ve rse , the

uni ve rse of Einste in' s cur ve d." B3 az

4

5

6 Ca 7 8 d 3 a

5

M u 9 8 u d 8 Arte Con tem po r ne a M odad ori Headquar te rs


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M odernism

, . .

.

Pier Lu igi Nervi was educ at ed and pr a cticed as a n inge gnereed ile (t ranslat ed as "b u ild ing en gineer ") - in Ital y, at th e tim e (a nd to a le ss er

de gree als o t od ay), a b u ild ing en gineer might als o be con sidered a n

a rchit ec t. Af ter 19 3 2 , his a e sth e tically p le asi ng de signs w ere u sed for

maj or pro jec ts. This was due t o th e boo ming nu mb er of con st ruc tion

pro jec ts at th e tim e whi ch used concre te and st ee l in Europe and th e

a rchit ec ture as pec t t ook a st ep ba ck to th e po ten tial of en gineer ing.

Ner vi succe ss fu lly ma de re inforced concre t e th e mai n st ruc tur al mat er ialof th e day. He was one of th e peop le wh o in t roduced m odern ism.

Worked with CIA M -

Theories of Architecture 09102

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