Atterson, 2006 - Theories of Interactive Behavior (Chapter2)
Theories and Practice of Interactive Media
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Transcript of Theories and Practice of Interactive Media
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Theories and Practice of Interactive Media
10 November 2003
Kathy E. Gill
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Agenda Book reports due Interactivity, Community and “Play” Celeste Combs – interactivity and online
communities Effective interfaces
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Community: Introduction What does the word mean to you? What characterizes “effective”
communities?
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Community defined (1/2)
1.a. A group of people living in the same locality and under the same government. b. The district or locality in which such a group lives.
2. A group of people having common interests: the scientific community; the international business community.
3.a. Similarity or identify: a community of interests. b. Sharing, participation and fellowship.
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Community defined (2/2)
4. Society as a whole; the public. 5. Ecology. a. A group of plants and
animals living and interacting with one another in a specific region under relatively similar environmental conditions. b. The region occupied by a group of interacting organisms.
From the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Third
Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1992.
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Community defined (3/3) “A comprehensive description of the
needs of a population that is defined, or defines itself, as a community, and the resources that exist within that community, carried out with the active involvement of the community itself, for the purpose of developing an action plan or other means of improving the quality of life in the community”. (Hawtin, 1994, p5).
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Characteristics (1/3)
Historically tied to the idea of place. Other characteristics associated with
community include a "sense of belonging“ a body of shared values a system of social organization interdependency
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Characteristics (2/3)
Neutral ground – people are approachable; give-and-take is expected
No class structure - an opportunity to interact apart from social class, rank and roles that divide rather than connect people
Conversation is the main activity and is valued in its own right
Accessible and accommodating Comprised of “regulars” who set a tone of
conviviality and provide an infectious style of interaction
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Characteristics (3/3)
A low profile place A playful mood, where joy and acceptance reign A home-away-from-home where people are
regenerated, restored and experience “the freedom to be”
Provides the habit of association, necessary for the organization of society
Helps people keep in tune with the social world around them
Attributes of a Great Good Place - Ray Oldenburg, http://www.seniornet.org/php/default.php?PageID=6251
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Why study community? Cooley (1983) : all normal humans have
a natural affinity for community Communication is the structural process
that makes or breaks community Both words stem from same Latin root
word, communis, which means common
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Virtual community “… social aggregations that emerge
from the [Internet] when enough people carry on those public discussions long enough, with sufficient human feeling, to form webs of personal relationships in cyberspace”
Rheingold, 1993
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Good or bad? New communication technologies can
both draw people together into cohesive
communities of interest and isolate them as they retreat into tribalism
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Communities need cooperation
Individuals must believe it is likely to meet again in the future
Individuals must be able to identify one another
Individuals need information about how someone has behaved in the past
From The Evolution of Cooperation
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Facilitating technologies Internet Relay Chat (IRC) Usenet MOOs and MUDs Wikis Blogs
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Online network benefits to organizations (1/3)
Creates an early warning system Attunes everyone in the network to
each other's needs – more people will know who knows what and will know it faster. Thus knowledge gets to those who can act on it expeditiously
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Online network benefits to organizations (2/3)
Multiplies intellectual capital by the power of social capital, reducing social friction and encouraging social cohesion.
An ongoing, shared social space connects people and builds relationships across boundaries of geography or discipline
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Online network benefits to organizations (3/3)
Provides an ongoing context for knowledge exchange that can be far more effective than memoranda
Attracts and retains the best employees by providing access to social capital that is only available within the organization.
How Online Social Networks Benefit Organizations, http://www.rheingold.com/Associates/onlinenetworks.html
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Break
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The Humane Interface “An interface is humane if it is
responsive to human needs and considerate of human frailties.” Raskin, The Humane Interface (6)
Requires knowledge of how humans and machines operate
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Raskin’s Rules The user should set the pace of the
interaction Error avoidance, facilitated with
“undo/redo” Accessible to the naïve, efficient for the
expert
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Errors are not mistakes! Mistakes are the result of conscious
deliberation Slips result from automatic behavior
Types: capture, description, data-driven, associative activation, loss-of-activation and mode errors
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Error messages Polite Illuminating Treat the user with respect
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Design for error Minimize occurrence by understanding
the causes of errors Make detection and recovery easier Change the attitude toward error from
“stupid user” to “stupid design”
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A challenge: When you design an error-tolerant
system, people come to rely on that system (it had best be reliable!) Anti-lock brakes (ABS) Blade guard on circular saw
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To increase errors, add a little:
Social pressure Time pressure Economic pressure
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Resultant design philosophy:
Put knowledge in the world (iow,make options visible)
Remember the three questions: Where am I, where can I go, where have
I been? Design for errors
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How to evaluate a design? Heuristic evaluations,
http://stats.bls.gov/ore/htm_papers/st960160.htm
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Evaluating Designs “Discount” methods don’t require users Heuristic evaluation is the most informal
method and involves having usability specialists judge whether each element follows established usability principles (the "heuristics").
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Heuristic Evaluations Developed by Jakob Nielsen Helps find usability problems in the user
interface Small set (3-5) of evaluators examine the UI
Independently check for compliance with usability principles (“heuristics”)
Different evaluators will find different problems Perform on working UI or on sketches
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10 Classic Heuristics
1. Visibility of system status
2. Match between system and the real world
3. User control and freedom
4. Consistency and standards
5. Error prevention
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10 Classic Heuristics, cont’d
6. Recognition rather than recall
7. Flexibility and efficiency of use
8. Aesthetic and minimalist design
9. Help users recognize, diagnose, and recover from errors
10. Help and documentation
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Example Problem Statement Typographical mix of upper/lower case,
bold, italic and fonts Violates “Consistency and standards” (H4) Slows users down Probably wouldn’t be found by user testing Fix: pick a single format for entire interface
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Severity Ratings Used to allocate resources to fix problems Proxy for need for more usability efforts Combination of
frequency impact persistence (one time or repeating)
Should be done independently by all evaluators, then aggregated/averaged
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Severity Rating Scale
0 - not a usability problem
1 - cosmetic problem
2 - minor usability problem
3 - major usability problem; important to fix
4 - usability catastrophe; imperative to fix
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Severity Ratings Example • [H-4 Consistency] [Severity 3]
• The interface used the command "Save" on the first screen when saving the user's file, but used the command "Write File" on the second screen. Users may be confused by different terminology for the same function.
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Debriefing Conduct with evaluators, observers,
and development team members Discuss general characteristics of UI Suggest potential improvements to
address major usability problems Development team rates how hard
things are to fix Make it a brainstorming session
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Results of HE Single evaluator achieves poor results
Only finds 35% of usability problems Five evaluators find about 75% of usability
problems (Nielsen) Why not more evaluators? 10? 20?
Adding evaluators is expensive Adding evaluators doesn’t increase the number of
unique problems found
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Results of HE Note: Controversial - one instance
problems found benefits / cost
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Summary of HE Heuristic evaluation is a “discount” method Procedure
Evaluators go through the UI twice Check to see if it complies with heuristics Note where it doesn’t and note why
Follow-up Combine the findings from 3 to 5 evaluators Have evaluators independently rate severity Discuss problems with design team
Ideally, alternate with user testing
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Other forms of expert evaluation
Cognitive walkthrough uses a more explicitly detailed procedure to simulate a user's problem-solving process at each step through the dialogue, checking if the simulated user's goals and memory content can be assumed to lead to the next correct action.
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Other forms … Feature inspection lists sequences of
features used to accomplish typical tasks, checks for long sequences, cumbersome steps, steps that would not be natural for users to try, and steps that require extensive knowledge/experience in order to assess a proposed feature set.
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Other forms … Consistency inspection has designers
who represent multiple other projects inspect an interface to see whether it does things in the same way as their own designs.
Standards inspection has an expert on an interface standard inspect the interface for compliance.
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Other forms … Formal usability inspection combines
individual and group inspections in a six-step procedure with strictly defined roles to with elements of both heuristic evaluation and a simplified form of cognitive walkthroughs.
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Testing with users Get users to carry out typical tasks without
assistance Observe what they do, ask for clarification Get designers and stakeholders to observe
(remotely) Video the test to produce clips for
management Takes from 0.5 to 5 person days effort
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Evaluation in a Usability Lab
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Our problem
The web provides a unique opportunity for inexperienced information providers to create a whole new generation of difficult to use systems!
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Resources http://www.cyberwriter.com/TFM/2001/0
1-10.html http://www.useit.com/papers/heuristic/h
euristic_list.html