THEORIES AND

DEFINITIONS OF

INTELLIGENCE

THE BINET-SIMONE SCALE

Alfred Binet, French Psychologist (1857-1911)

- Modern approach to understand the concept of intelligence began with his work together with his colleague, Theodore Simon.

TitleWhy did they make it?•A push for compulsory education

•To identify students with special education

•To measure the intellectual development of young children ages 3-12

•To measure the ability of children to think and reason

SPEARMAN’S TWO FACTOR THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE(1904)

Charles Spearman,a British psychologist(1863-1945),advanced the two-factor theory of intelligence “g” and “s”.The performance of any intellectual act requires some combination of “g” general factor which is available to the same individual degree for all intellectual acts and “s” or specific factors which are specific to that act & which varies in strength from one act to another.

 intelligence comprises both a single, pervasive reasoning ability, a general factor, that is used on a wide variety of tasks and a number of narrow abilities, specific factors, involved in executing particular tasks.  

• The theory explains that if one knows how a person performs on one task that is highly saturated with “g”, one can safely predict a similar level of performance for another highly “g” saturated task.Prediction of performance on task with high “s” factors is less accurate.The most important information to have about a person’s intellectual ability is an estimate of his “g”

TERMAN’S STANFORD BINET INDIVIDUAL INTELLIGENCE

TEST (1906) Lewis Madison Terman,an American cognitive psychologist,published a revised and perfected Binet-Simon Scale.

• In 1916 he adopted William Stern’s suggestion that that the ratio between mental & chronological age be taken as a unitary measure of intelligence multiplied by 100 to get rid of the decimals.

THORNDIKE’S STIMULUS RESPONSE

THEORY(1920)• Edward Thorndike,an American psychologist & his students used objective measurements of intelligence on human subjects.

• 1920’s he developed a multifactored test of intelligence that consisted of completion,arithmetic,vocabulary,and direction tests(CAVD). It became the foundation of modern intelligence test.

• Thorndike drew an important distinction among 3 broad classes of intellectual functioning:

• 1. Abstract intelligence-Standard Intelligence Tests

• 2. Mechanical Intelligence- ability to visualize relationship among objects & physical world works.

• 3. Social Intelligence - ability to function succesfully interpersonal situations.

• The 2 most basic intelligences: TRIAL & ERROR , STIMULUS RESPONSE

• Louis L. Thurstone was an American psychometrician who studied intelligence test & tests of perception through factor analysis.Hid MFTI identified the

7 primary mental abilities:• Verbal comprehension,

• word-fluency,• number facility,

• spatial visualization,• association • speed and • reasoning.

L.L THURSTONE’S MULTIPLE FACTORS THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE(1938)

CATTELL’S THEORY ON FLUID AND CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE

• Raymond B. Cattell,a British- American psychologist theorized that there are 2 types of intelligence.

• A. FLUID INTELLIGENCE- is essentially nonverbal & relatively culture free.It onvolves adaptive & new learning capabilities,related to mental operations & process on capacity,decay,selection & storage of information.It increases until adolescence.

B. CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE

• It develops through the exercise of fluid intelligence or a product of acquisition of knowledge & skills that are strongly dependent upon exposure to culture.It continues to increase through middle adulthood.

GUILFORD’S THEORY ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE

INTELLECT(1967)• J.P Guilford,an American psychologist,advanced a general theory of human intelligence whose major application is for educational research,personnel selection & placement and education of gifted and talented.(SOI ) advances that human intelligence is composed of 180 separate mental abilities.

4 TYPES OF CONTENTS ARE• Figural-senses

• Symbolic-letters,numbers,symbols,designs• Semantic-words & ideas

• Behavioral-actions & expressions

5 Kinds of Operations are:1. COGNITION- ability to gain, recognize & didcover knowledge.

2. MEMORY- ability to retain, store,retrieve & recall the contents of thoughts.

3. Divergent production- ability to produce a variety of ideas, or solution to a problem.

4. Convergent Production- ability to produce a single best solution to a problem.

5. EVALUATION- ability to render a judgment & decide whether the intellectual contents are correct or wrong.

6 KINDS OF PRODUCTS are:1.UNITS- single number,letter or word.2. CLASSES-higher order concept.Men &

women.3.RELATIONS-connection between4. SYSTEMS- process of

ordering/classification of relations.5.TRANSFORMATION- process of altering or

restructuring of intellectual concept.6. IMPLICATION- process making inferences

from separate pieces of information.

STERNBERG’S TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE

• Rober Sternberg theorized that intelligence is a fixed capacity of a person.

• 1. Intelligence & the internal world of the individual, mental mechanism that underlie intelligent behavior;

• 2. Intelligence & external world of the individual,mental mechanism in everyday life in order to attain an intelligent fit to the environment.

• 3. Intelligence & experience,or the mediating role of one’s passage through life between internal & external worlds of individual.

CONTEXTUAL INTELLIGENCEemphasizes in its sociocultural contexts.

Intelligence for a child requires adaptive behavior that is not required of an older person.

EXPERENTIAL INTELLIGENCEEmphasizes insight & the ability to formulate

new ideas & combine seemingly unrelated facts or information.Sternberg emphasizes the role of experience.

COMPONENTIAL INTELLIGENCE

• Emphasizes the effectiveness of information processing. Sternberg defines component as the underlying cognitive mechanisms that carry out the adaptive behavior to novel situations.

2 KINDS OF COMPONENTSPerformance Components

Used in the actual execution of the tasks. It include encodong, comparing,chunking, &

triggering actions & speech.METACOMPONENTS

Higher order executive processes used in planning,monitoring & evaluating one’s

working memory program.

GARDNER’S THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES