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© Project SOUND

Out of the Wilds and Into Your Garden

Gardening with California Native Plants in Western L.A. County Project SOUND – 2013 (our 9th year)

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© Project SOUND

Theodore Payne:

the legacy of a CA native

plantsman

C.M. Vadheim and T. Drake

CSUDH & Madrona Marsh Preserve

Madrona Marsh Preserve

May 4 & 7, 2013

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Theodore Payne: a man of (and ahead of)

his time

The man – his personal history

The context: the historical and cultural context of his life and activities

His legacy

Physical legacy

Spiritual legacy

© Project SOUND

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TPF Archive - Archives and Collections

Currently being evaluated: not yet available; will be on-line

Included are:

Personal papers of Theodore Payne dating from 1893 to 1963;

Business records from 1903 including sales ledgers, catalogues of plants and seeds for sale, planting plans, photographs and plant lists;

Professional communications with notable clients, seed businesses in US/Europe;

Payne's writing focusing on S. CA native plants, their location and care;

Commentary about his participation in the establishment of major public and private gardens; published papers on urban development in S. California.

Additional papers relate to the activities of the Theodore Payne Foundation (TPF) since its founding in 1960.

Assorted private papers and collections given to TPF, yet to be evaluated.

© Project SOUND

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Theodore Payne was a man who loved

plants: he was passionate about plants

(and particularly native plants) his

entire life

© Project SOUND

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Theodore Payne: the early years

1872 - Born in Northamptonshire, England - June 19, 1982. Father dies when he is very young

– never really knew him

Shares love of plants with mother, who had studied botany; mother died when he was 12

Active during boarding school years in botanical society; made collection of pressed plants.

1888 - Apprenticed to a nursery firm at age 16 for thorough training in nursery and seed business. – guaranteed a job once completed

© Project SOUND

http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~engcbanb/families/hartwell/03.htm

http://www.widecow.com/days-out-northamptonshire?see=all-days-out

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Apprenticeship at J. Cheal & Sons

Old, respected nursery firm (still around today) – probably difficult to get the position & family paid for it

Learned all aspects of nursery trade: Propagation

Nursery/garden management

Garden design & installation

Business aspects, including doing flower shows, etc.

1891 - Saw large display of California native plants at The Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew in England.

After three years, in 1893, Payne completed his contract

© Project SOUND

http://europeanastatic.eu/api/image?type=TEXT&uri=h

ttp%3A%2F%2Fbhl.ait.co.at%2Ftemplates%2Fbhle%2

Fsampledata%2FcachedImage.php%3FmaxSize%3D

200%26filename%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversi

tylibrary.org%2Fpagethumb%2F21206919&size=FULL

_DOC

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Payne comes to the U.S. - 1893

He arrived in New York, traveled to Chicago where he visited the World's Columbian Exhibition, then set out for Los Angeles, California.

Upon arriving in California in 1893, worked for a week picking apricots, then found a job in charge of the gardens at the ranch of Madame Helena Modjeska in Santiago Canyon in Orange County, California.

At first was nervous – he’d been told it was ‘wild’; but it was there that he began his lifelong interest in California native plants, exploring the extensive natural areas surrounding the Ranch.

© Project SOUND

http://dissenttheblog.blogspot.com/2009/05/some-cool-old-oc-

photographs.html

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Life at ‘Arden’

Lots of work in the gardens – even irrigation was a major issue

Still time to get out and explore

His memoir, Life on the Modjeska Ranch in the Gay Nineties , offers the best account of daily life there.

© Project SOUND

http://smrpd.org/2011/03/ladd-canyon/

http://www.caopenspace.org/modjeska.html http://www.ocregister.com/articles/docent-496295-modjeska-guests.html

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Theodore Payne and Matilija Poppies

Madame Modjeska encouraged him to use native plants in her gardens

Matilija poppies were growing in this area when Mr. Payne lived on the Ranch. He tried valiantly to grow them at the request of Mr. Bozenta, as he called him. He was not successful and it wasn't until later that he learned if he had burned some straw or dried grass over the ground, he would have been successful in germinating the seed.

© Project SOUND

http://www.theodorepayne.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Main_Page

The poppy fascinated him, and

in later years he collected the

seed for exporting to Europe.

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1898: Begins work more closely related to

his career ambitions & training

At Madam Mojeska’s insistence, he had successfully domesticated a number of wildflowers for the ranch garden. Payne left the Mojeska Ranch with a new interest in California native plants and a special reverence for the rich variety of wildflowers he was discovering in his adopted home.

In 1898, Payne left the ranch for a position with the Germain Seed Company.

He remained with this firm for five years, becoming head of the seed department.

© Project SOUND

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Germain Seed & Plant Co. – 1889-1957

Founded by Eugene Germain in the early 1870′s (as Germain Fruit Co.)

Location: 326-330 S. Main; Los Angeles based until the 1980’s

The firm later exported callas, freesias, amaryllis, cannas, other bulb plants.

By 1884, the firm was exclusively in the seed business, selling seeds in the U.S. & abroad.

A 1900 catalog listed tree seeds including unusual species, many succulent plants, as well as flower seeds.

© Project SOUND

http://unitproj.library.ucla.edu/special/rarity/arch1.htm

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Germain’s was a

good place to learn

How to run a seed business in S. California

What seeds people were interested in buying

The need to teach gardeners the basics

How to write an informative catalog

The importance of advertising

Also made useful European contacts on his sales & buying trips abroad

© Project SOUND

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© Project SOUND http://imgzoom.cdlib.org/Fullscreen.ics?ark=ark:/13030/hb8489p4z1/z1&&brand=calisphere

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Germain Seed Co. –– some surprising

offerings in the 1905 Catalog

Abronia umbellata

Collinsia bicolor

Delphinium cardinales

Delphinium parryi

Emmenanthe penduliflora

Eschhoztzia

Gilia tricolor

Clarkia rubicunda & amoena

Helianthus californica

Lathyrus splendens

Lavatera trimestris

Layia platyglossa (calliglossa)

Limnanthes douglasii

Lobelia cardinalis

Lupinus nanus

Mimulus cardinalis

Mimulus moschatus

Nemophila menzeisii

Phacelia parryii

Phlox drummondii

Platystemon californicum

Romneya coulteri

Whitlavia grandiflorum

© Project SOUND

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© Project SOUND

Even in the early years of the 20th century, native vegetation was being lost to agriculture and housing at an alarming rate.

Theodore Payne, coming from England as a young man, was acutely aware of this and was an early activist – in word & in deed

http://www.kcet.org/updaily/socal_focus/history/la-as-subject/when-los-angeles-blossomed-each-

spring.html

http://www.kcet.org/updaily/socal_focus/history/la-as-subject/when-la-was-empty-wide-open-

socal-landscapes.html

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1903 – a nursery and seed company of

his own Bought a struggling Los Angeles

nursery business from his British countryman, Hugh Evans [Evans Nursery]

In 1903, Payne opened his first nursery at 440 S. Broadway Street, Los Angeles, California

Originally featured traditional seeds – was active in Eucalypts

Began collecting wild flower seeds as a hobby. Collecting trips with like-minded

friends

Gradually added wildflower seed packets to his offerings

© Project SOUND

http://www.sdfloral.org/roots-7.htm

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The beginning of the 20th century saw an

increased interest in CA native plants

General increased interest in gardening associated with the Victorian era

Also the Victorian interest in things scientific and in collecting

There were more people – and more people with gardens

The plants themselves attracted a number of key botanists and plants-persons to California

And there was a general sense that ‘plants were being lost’

© Project SOUND

1906 – written by Mary Elizabeth Parsons

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© Project SOUND

http://www.letsgoseeit.com/index/county/la/claremont/loc01/cultivar/cultivar.htm

What’s unique about Theodore Payne is that he soldiered on all the

way to the 1960’s

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1905 – Moved his store to a bigger space

Moved business to 345 S. Main where the office remained until 1931.

Began specializing in California wild flowers, native plants and eucalyptus. But continued with non-natives

Purchased growing grounds at 33rd St. and Hoover.

He became known as a one-person clearinghouse of nursery information and a source for tracking down specific trees, plants and seeds.

He made regular visits to nurseries up and down the state, keeping up with what was being grown or tried in various locations.

© Project SOUND

http://www.sdfloral.org/roots-7.htm

By 1907, native wildflowers

and landscapes were his

specialty.

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But making a living by selling native

plants was not easy

Scant success attended his initial efforts because customers lacked interest. He had to advertise.

He raised public awareness by:

Creating wildflower demonstration gardens on vacant lots

Issuing a catalog of wildflower seeds

Exhibiting at flower shows.

He published numerous articles on wildflowers, including a two-part contribution to California Garden in 1912.

© Project SOUND

Theodore Payne’s experiences at J.

Cheal & Sons and Germain’s

taught him the time honored

methods of advertising in the

horticultural trade

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In his own words….

‘When I first came to California, what impressed me perhaps more then anything else was the wonderful native flora. But as the years went by it was with deep regret that I saw the wildflowers so rapidly disappearing from the landscape.

I made up my mind that I would try to do something to awaken a greater interest in the native flora. Thus it was that I began to specialize in the growing of wild flowers and native plants. I collected seed of a few kinds of wild flowers, grew them and offered the seed for sale.

Little or no success attended this first venture, it being generally conceded that it was foolish to waste time on "wild flowers.”

© Project SOUND

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Demonstration

gardens become

a TP tradition

‘As a demonstration I secured the use of a vacant lot in Hollywood and sowed it with wild flower seeds. I went to Walter Raymond of the Raymond Hotel in Pasadena and asked him for the use of a piece of ground for sowing wild flower seeds. Mr. Raymond readily consented and the following spring there was a splendid display.’

‘I also secured the use of two lots in Pasadena, one on Green Street and the other at the corner of Lake and Colorado, which I sowed with wild flower seeds. All these plots were greatly admired and I received complimentary letters from many people. This was really the beginning of wild flower planting.’ © Project SOUND

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1906 – Published

first catalog

Published first catalog California Native Flower Seeds.

Realized that most people didn’t know how to grow native plant seeds – or use the plants in their gardens

Catalog contained several pages of general advice – starting seeds, transplanting, etc.

A bit of information on each species: characteristics, requirements, garden uses, etc.

© Project SOUND

http://granadanativegarden.org/

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Example: Coreopsis maritima – Sea Dahlia

‘Perennial 2 to 2 ½ feet high. Large flowers 3 to 4 inches in diameter, much resembling the Coreopsis lanciolata of our gardens but of a light canary yellow color. Very fine for cutting purposes. Pkt 10¢’

© Project SOUND

http://www.anniesannuals.com/plants/plant_display.asp?prodid=280

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1910 – California Wildflowers – Their

Culture & Care

‘A treatise describing upward of a hundred beautiful species with a few notes on their habits and characteristics’

Many native plant nurseries have resorted to printing small pamphlets to answer FAQs – Theodore Payne was among them

‘California Wildflowers’ was part book – part seed catalog

© Project SOUND

http://www.larnerseeds.com/_pages/books.html

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1910 : Annual Wildflower mixes were

available from T. Payne

Shady/partly shady

Very dry, sunny places

Orange, yellow & cream-colored

Blue, purple and lavender shade

Low-growing for small beds & borders

Perennials for dry banks

© Project SOUND

A tradition the Theodore Payne

Foundation continues to this day

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Examples of 1910 seed mixes

Shady/Part-shady

Nemophylla menziesii

Nemophylla maculata

Viola pedunculata

Collinsia heterophylla

Clarkia bottae

Clarkia amoena

Clarkia unguiculata

Clarkia grandiflora

Mimulus brevipes

Perennials for dry banks

Epilobium canum

Lupinus arboreus

Encelia californica

Trichostema lanataum

Penstemon heterophyllus

© Project SOUND http://www.theodorepayne.org/history/seedspmix2a.jpg

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Some common garden favorites from 1910

Baby Blue-eyes

Five-spot

Tidy-tips

Purple Owl’s Clover

Globe Gilia

Bird’s-eye Gilia

Chinese Houses

Elegant Clarkia

Other Clarkias: bottae, amoena

Blue-eyed Grass

Annual Sunflower

CA Poppy

© Project SOUND

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Native bulbs available in 1910

Bloomeria crocea Brodiaea: grandiflora,

Calochortus: alba, catalinae, clavatus, plummerae & spendens

Dichelostemma: capitata, coccinea

Fritillaria: biflora, lanceolata, recurva

Lillium: humboltii, pardalinum, parryi,

Tritellia laxa

© Project SOUND

http://www.theodorepayne.org/history/1927bulbs.jpg

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1910 – native trees and shrubs were just

around the corner

‘I am making a specialty of growing our native trees and shrubs, but as it takes years to build up a stock of these, especially as most of them are raised from seed, it is my intention to issue price lists, from time to time, of the latest I have large enough for sale. The list will be mailed free on application’

© Project SOUND

http://www.theodorepayne.org/history/bulb1927-2.jpg

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© Project SOUND

White Alder – Alnus rhombifolia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Alnus_rhombifolia_NPS.jpg

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© Project SOUND

White Alder – Alnus rhombifolia

Western U.S. from Baja to British Columbia – east to ID

In CA, Coastal mountains and foothills, Sierra Foothills

Locally in Santa Monica & San Gabriel Mtns – below ~ 7000 ft.

Usually in rocky or gravelly soils along the sides of permanent streams, in canyon bottomlands and gulches

Singly or in small patches

http://www.efloras.org/object_page.aspx?object_id=5480&flora_id=1 http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?2016,2017,2019

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© Project SOUND

Characteristics of

White Alder Size:

40-75 ft tall

30-40 ft wide

Growth form: Woody tree; winter deciduous

Fast-growing in first decade; good for quick establishment

Relatively short-lived – will last your lifetime

One to several trunks; white-gray bark - pretty

Foliage: Rounded, medium-green

leaves ; prominent veins

Roots: will seek source of water – plant well away from water- and sewer lines

Charles Webber © California Academy of Sciences http://www.canopy.org/db/main.asp?tree=74

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© Project SOUND

Plant Requirements Soils:

Texture: any – not fussy

pH: any local

Light: anything from full sun to quite shady; depends on how much water you give it.

Water: Winter: good, moist soil

Summer: fairly regular water; Zone 2-3 or 3 – 2 if your neighbor waters

Fertilizer: likes a richer soil; fine with fertilizer, etc.

Other: Use organic mulch, self-mulch or

grasses

Strong roots can wreck sidewalks, concrete

Watch for flathead borers – can kill

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© Project SOUND

White Alter: monoecious

male

female

Blooms: winter or spring; any time from Nov. to Apr. in our area

Flowers: Small flowers on drooping

branches ‘catkins’

Separate male and female flowers – on same tree

Female flowers produce small cone-like structures that contain the seeds – classical Alder

Seeds: Papery; wind-borne

Vegetative reproduction: can re-sprout from base or roots

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© Project SOUND

Garden uses for

White Alder

As a shade tree – in a lawn

As an accent plant – takes a while to become really large

In large installations: parks, schools, commercial plantings

Excellent bird habitat tree; good for stream beds

http://www.cuyamaca.net/oh170/Thumbnail_Pages/Alnus_rhombifolia.asp

http://www.pitzer.edu/offices/arboretum/tongva_garden/plants/08-alnus_rhombifolia.htm

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© Project SOUND

* Tanbark Oak – Notholithocarpus densiflorus var. densiflorus

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Mainly grows on north coast & Sierra foothills

?’relict’ in Ventura and Santa Barbara Co.

Moist, humid places in Redwood Forest, Mixed Evergreen Forest, Yellow Pine Forest, Red Fir Forest

On slopes between 0 and 8000 feet © Project SOUND

* Tanbark Oak – Notholithocarpus densiflorus var. densiflorus

http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?4316,4322,4323,4324

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notholithocarpus

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Once Lithcarpus – now we know better

The Lithocarpus genus is transitional between chestnuts (Castanea spp.) and true oaks (Quercus spp.), with flowers like chestnuts and fruits similar to those of true oaks. There are hundreds of Lithocarpus species in Asia, but tanoak is the only North American member of the genus

Tanbark-oak was recently moved into a new genus, Notholithocarpus, based on multiple lines of evidence It is not related to the Asian tropical stone oaks, Lithocarpus, but instead is an example of convergent morphological evolution. The North American tanbark-oak is most closely related to the north temperate oaks, Quercus.

© Project SOUND

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© Project SOUND

Tanbark Oak: a

picturesque tree

Size: 50-75+ ft tall

30-50+ ft wide

Slow-growing

Growth form: Evergreen , woody tree

Shaded trees are narrow; those grown in open sites have broad, open crown

Thick, pale, cork-like bark in mature trees – used in tanning

Trunk forms a burl – for resprouting

Foliage: Leaves thick, leathery medium-

green , rounded

Young leaves - dense orange hairs

Long taproot

J. E.(Jed) and Bonnie McClellan © California Academy of Sciences

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© Project SOUND

Flowers are oak-like

Blooms: spring, summer or fall, depending on the weather, elevation, distance from coast

Flowers: Trees monoecious – separate

male, female flowers on same tree, usually on new shoots

Male flowers: drooping catkins

Female flowers: produce acorn-like nut

Wind-pollinated

Seeds: Take 2 years to develop

Vegetative reproduction: mainly sprouting from burls

©2004 Kim Cabrera

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Acorn-like nuts with a tough shell

0.79–1.2 in long and 2 cm diameter, very similar to an oak acorn, but with a very hard, woody nut shell more like a hazel nut.

The nut kernel is very bitter High levels of tannins); requires extensive leaching to make it edible for humans

Protect the nuts from predatation – tho’ squirrels seem immune

Contain a comparatively large amount of oil. On this account, tanoak acorns were preferred by local Indians over all other kinds.

Can be stored longer than Oak acorns

© Project SOUND

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lithocarpus_densiflorus_acorns.jpg

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Processing nuts Important food source (staple

food) where it grew (n. Coast)

Were ground, leached, and then prepared as a soup, cooked mush, biscuits, pancakes, and cakes. or a kind of bread.

They also roast the acorns and eat them

Traditionally, the seeds were placed in a cloth bag and either buried in swampy ground or suspended in a running stream for a few months. Once the tannins have been removed, the seed was then dried, ground into a powder

Now, grind first, then leach in several changes of hot or cold water until sweet

© Project SOUND

http://www.permacultureactivist.net/articles/acorns.htm

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© Project SOUND

Plant Requirements Soils: Texture: deep, well-drained

soils best.

pH: slightly acidic best (5.0-7.0)

Light: best in part-shade

Water: Winter: adequate

Summer: best with occasional to regular irrigation – Water Zones 2 to 2-3

Fertilizer: organic mulch

Other: Highly susceptible to Sudden

Oak Death disease

http://sydkab.wordpress.com/2012/03/27/the-klamath-bioregion/

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© Project SOUND

Garden uses for Tanoak

In a woodland garden, particularly under pines & other large trees

In large plantings: campuses, commercial, parks, boulevards

?? Food source; wood source

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Notholithocarpus_densif

lorus_Big_Basin_State_Park.jpg

© Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's College

http://www.bomengids.nl/uk/soortenusa/tanoak__lithocarpus_densiflorus.html

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Theodore Payne always offered some

unusual (rare) seeds to his customers

These were often collected in seed-

collecting trips with friends like Dr.

Anstruther Davidson

© Project SOUND

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© Project SOUND

Catalina Nightshade – Solanum wallacei

©2000 John Game

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Endemic to S. Channel Islands and Baja Coastal Islands: Santa Catalina & Guadalupe Islands

Uncommon on slopes and in canyons

Chaparral

Seeds available from Theodore Payne in 1910

© Project SOUND

Catalina Nightshade – Solanum wallacei

http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?7625,7682,7700

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William Allen Wallace (1815-1893)

Gold miner, school teacher but mostly a newspaper reporter and editor

Collected in the vicinity of Los Angeles around 1854 and slightly later ; Sent plants to Asa Gray (Harvard herbarium)

Wrote The history of Canaan, New Hampshire

© Project SOUND

http://lahistory.tumblr.com/post/23229319178/on-may-17-1851-the-first-newspaper-in-los

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Solanum wallacei

From California Native Plants, Theodore Payne's 1941 catalog: "A shrubby plant 3 to 5 feet high with rich green downy foliage and quantities of large violet or blue flowers. Effective in masses or as a color note between other shrubs. Gallon cans, 40c.“

© Project SOUND

http://plantpropaganda.wordpress.com/tag/solanum-wallacei/

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© Project SOUND

Size: 3-4 ft tall

4-8 ft wide

Growth form: Herbaceous sub-shrub (parts

are woody)

Mounded, many-branched form typical of Nightshades

Larger than Solantum xanti (Blue Witch)

Foliage: Leaves softly hairy, sticky

Lush and attractive appearance

Note: all parts toxic if eaten

Lush Catalina

Nightshade

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Solanum_wallacei

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© Project SOUND

Flowers are fantastic

Blooms: in spring – usually April-May

Flowers: Very pale purple (rare) to

bright purple or blue with yellow stamens

Flowers typical for nightshade, but larger than S. xanti

? Sweet floral fragrance at dusk

Fruit: Typical small, tomato-shaped

fruit – birds love them

Ripens late spring; dark purple - toxic if eaten

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Solanum_wallacei

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© Project SOUND

Plant Requirements Soils:

Texture: well-drained best

pH: any local

Light: Afternoon shade or dappled

sun

To fairly shady in very hot gardens

Water: Winter: adequate

Summer: drought tolerant once established – Water Zone 1-2, even 2

Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils

Other: pinch back new growth for bushier habit

J.S. Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

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© Project SOUND

Garden accent

In water-wise perennial beds; mix with yellow-flowered

For ‘Channel Island’ gardens

Under oaks, other trees

On hillsides – not fussy at all

In large containers

Good habitat plant: pollinators, birds

http://plantpropaganda.wordpress.com/tag/solanum-wallacei/

http://eol.org/pages/580450/overview

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1913 – Becoming established

Became President of Wildflower Club of Southwest Museum. Laid out its native garden.

Developed herbarium there.

Co-owned ranch in Thermal with John Ruopp, foreman at Modjeska.

But he needed a larger forum to promote his beloved native plants – and was no doubt influenced by his own memories of English floral Expositions

© Project SOUND http://activerain.com/image_store/uploads/1/1/2/2/2/ar133743038922211.jpg

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Native Plant Garden – Exposition Park -

1915

© Project SOUND

http://www.westadams-normandie.com/lapl/Exposition-Park-Coliseum.php

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The California Wild Garden in Exposition

Park: It’s History and Objects - Theodore Payne

(1919 S. CA Acad. Of Science)

‘For years I had dreamed of planting a California wild garden; a garden in which there should be nothing but plants native to California; a garden planted after nature’s own fashion. In the fall of 1913 I conceived the idea of making such a garden at one or both of the large expositions to be held in 1915 in San Francisco and San Diego.

I soon abandoned the idea of San Francisco it being too far away. Then after some negotiations with the authorities in charge of the Panama-California Exposition in San Diego, I gave this up also, not being able to make such arrangements as would warrant the undertaking’

© Project SOUND

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CA Wild Garden, cont.

‘In a letter of Feb. 9, 1914, from Mr. Frank B. Davidson of the State Building in Exposition Park, the suggestion was made that I should obtain a permit from the Park Board to make and maintain at my own expense a small growing exhibit of California native plants in the park, somewhere near the Exposition Building. A few weeks later I appeared before the Board of Park Commissioners and asked permission to make a California wild garden in this park.’

Site and plans accepted by Board in 1914

County provided funds and did grading, sprinkler installation

By March, 1915 scheduled to began the plant installation – irrigation, walkways not done

May, 1915 began installation

© Project SOUND

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Exposition Park

Originally created in 1872 as an agricultural park, and 160 acres were set aside for the Southern District Agricultural Society.

In 1913, it was renamed Exposition Park according to the “City Beautiful” movement with 4 anchor tenants:

The Exposition Building (now California Museum of Science and Industry)

National Armory

Domed National History Museum

Sunken Garden (which in 1928 was later renamed the Rose Garden).

© Project SOUND

Looking west to Nat. History Museum ~1915

Looking east to National Armory

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Theodore Payne described the area

About 5 acres; an odd shape due to the race track

Located along Figueroa, between Figueroa and the grandstand/race track

Planned thick stands of large trees to hide racetrack and Figueroa from the garden

Location was Ok - was near enough the State Exposition Building - and on Figueroa - that it would attract people

© Project SOUND

State Exposition Building - 1913

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Where was Payne’s Wild Garden located?

© Project SOUND

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© Project SOUND

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© Project SOUND

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© Project SOUND

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The ‘Wild Garden’ as described by TP

Series of ‘groves’ planted at the intersections of major walkways; natural appearing with understory plants (262 species in all); key role of wildflowers

Sycamore Grove

Oak Grove

Redwood Grove

Big Tree Grove

Monterey Pine Grove

Torrey Pine Grove

8 ‘crops’ of weeds were grown and removed before seeding wildflowers

© Project SOUND

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© Project SOUND http://www.westadams-normandie.com/lapl/Exposition-Park-Coliseum.php

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‘Wild Garden’

‘In the spring of 1916 the wild flowers commenced to bloom and in a few weeks the whole garden was a mass of yellow and orange and blue and purple shades. Thousands of people visited it daily and on Sundays the walks could hardly accommodate the crowds. There were species of trees, shrubs and flowers collected from all parts of the state. To see these growing and to study them in their natural habitats, it would be necessary for the student to travel many hundreds of miles besides spending much money and time. A label was provided for each species in the garden giving first the botanical name and below it the common name of the plant. This label was placed…near the walk so that it could be easily read by the public.’

‘All the schools of the city used it for their botanical classes. Students also came from Pasadena, Long Beach and other nearby towns’

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‘Artists painted pictures of it, every day students and nature lovers visited it, birds, bees and butterflies made it their home.

As visitors came down the main path they felt the breath of the wild and forgot they were almost in the heart of a big city. “Why its just wild” they would exclaim.

This spontaneous expression of their feelings was very gratifying to me for I felt that I had really achieved MY WILD GARDEN .

© Project SOUND

Several newspapers and magazines wrote descriptions of the garden and I received many very complimentary letters concerning it.’

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The ‘Wild Garden’ put Theodore Payne

on the map

A corner was turned when his five-acre “Wild Garden” won popular acclaim and international press coverage.

He launched a lecture tour on “Preserving the Wild Flowers and Native Landscapes of California.”

After a wealthy homeowner in Montecito hired Payne to landscape her large estate in 1919, native plantings became even more fashionable.

Over the next 20 years, Theodore Payne narrowed his nursery business until he was devoting himself almost exclusively to native plants and wildflowers (even through the Great Depression)

© Project SOUND

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Theodore Payne made many important

contacts through local scientific and

nursery societies

S. CA Acad. of Sciences – Botany section – long-time on Board of Directors

S. CA Horticultural Institute

CA Botanical Society

S. CA Botanists

Natural Club of S. CA

Los Angeles Co. Horticultural Association (Pres.)

S. CA Arboricultural Association (Pres.)

And many, many others

© Project SOUND

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Dr. Anstruther

Davidson -1860-1912 Scottish by birth; M.D. by training

Botanical activities were carried out principally through the Southern California Academy of Sciences and through its Bulletin.

Served as the second president of the society (1892 to 1894).

He was among the founders of the society and served as treasurer, as a member of the board of directors and of the publication board. In short he was an active associate for forty-one years.

Wrote ‘Plants of Los Angeles’; ‘California Plants in Their Homes’

© Project SOUND

http://theoligarchkings.wordpress.com/2011/05/21/the-oligarchs-

plan-to-sell-off-us-federal-land/

Was an important local collector,

ecologist and early colleague of

Theodore Payne

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Partnership with Ralph D. Cornell - 1919

Formed 5-year partnership with Ralph D. Cornell – later to be known as the ‘Dean of American Landscape Architecture’

Firm designed large landscape projects, some including:

Pomona College

Occidental College

Torrey Pines Park.

Washington Park for City of Pasadena.

© Project SOUND

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Ralph D. Cornell,

landscape architect

1908-1972

Attended Pomona College and Harvard Graduate School of Landscape Architecture

Friendship with TP – first introduced when a student at Pomona

1912 essay “Wanted: A Genuine Southern California Park,”

Supervising landscape architect, UCLA, 1937-72

Landscape architecture projects included Pomona College (the ‘college in a garden’), Rancho Los Cerritos (1931), Los Angeles Music Center, and La Brea Tar Pits

© Project SOUND http://tclf.org/pioneer/ralph-cornell

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Good friends/Odd

partners as Cornell

became more

mainstream

“In any institutional planting, the landscape or decorative values are matters of first and last importance, since school grounds are planted primarily to achieve decorative effects.”

In landscape architecture, in his eyes, “plants become a means to an end more often than they, themselves are the achievement one seeks.”

Thus, whether or not plantings were appropriate or would require high levels of irrigation was in his mind subordinated to the goal of creating “pleasing composition and attractive appearance”

© Project SOUND

http://tclf.org/pioneer/ralph-cornell

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Later in life, Cornell returned to his earlier

tenants – for which he’s now better known

© Project SOUND

‘Cornell championed design restraint, thoughtful indigenous plantings, and preservation of the native landscape as a cultural necessity for posterity.’

http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/conspicuous-

california-plants-ralph-d-cornell/1111568465

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1922 – Move to a bigger, more rural nursery

Moved nursery to 10 acres at 1969-99 Los Feliz Blvd. on land he purchased. There were several Japanese-American nurseries there at the time.

© Project SOUND

http://usclibraries.tumblr.com/post/9170204955/los-feliz-boulevard-under-construction-circa

http://lfia.org/RegPages/History.shtml

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© Project SOUND

Canyon Gooseberry – Ribes menziesii

©2008 Zoya Akulova

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Coastal Ranges and Sierra foothills from Central Ca to southern OR

Found in moist or marshy areas growing with willows as well as dry hillsides

Redwood Forest, Mixed Evergreen Forest, Chaparral between 0 and 3500 feet

© Project SOUND

Canyon Gooseberry – Ribes menziesii

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From California Native Plants, Theodore Payne's 1941 catalog: "Loosely branching shrub usually 5 to 8 feet high. Flowers purplish brown and white. Succeeds best in partial shade. Deciduous in late summer. Gallon cans, 60c."

© Project SOUND

http://www.nwplants.com/business/catalog/rib_men.html

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© Project SOUND

Canyon Gooseberry

Size: 4-8+ ft tall

6-8 ft wide

Growth form: Woody , deciduous shrub

Many-branched stems – very prickly

Loose habit – less stiff than our Fuschia-flowered Gooseberry

Foliage: Typical rounded, aromatic

leaves if the gooseberries

©2012 Jean Pawek

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© Project SOUND

Flowers are fantastic

Blooms: early spring – usually Feb. or Mar. in our area

Flowers: Small purple-red and white

flowers – similar to Fuschia-flowered Gooseberry

Plants are covered with flowers in a good year – very showy , pretty

A hummingbird favorite

©2012 Jean Pawek

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Berries

Ripen in summer

Ripe berries are dark red-purple - pretty

Spiny (like all gooseberries)

Edible (particularly if cooked) – but not the tastiest of our native Ribes

Birds gobble them up – so they won’t go to waste

© Project SOUND

©2008 Jorg Fleige

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© Project SOUND

Plant Requirements Soils:

Texture: well-drained

pH: any local

Light: Part-shade; remember that this

species is from less sunnier climates than ours

Water: Winter: adequate

Summer: summer water tricky; best with indirect water (plant 10-15 ft. from a lawn)

Fertilizer: none needed if organic mulch used

Other: use organic mulch; don’t plant near pines (harbors white pine blister rust)

©2012 Jean Pawek

© Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's College

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© Project SOUND

Shade garden

In shady corners of the garden

Gives a woodsy feel

N sides of buildings/walls

Excellent for wildlife

As a barrier plant

Photo credit: randomtruth / Foter.com / CC BY-NC-SA

http://www.laspilitas.com/groups/ribes_currant_gooseberry/Ribes_currants_of_california.html

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Fuschia Flowering Gooseberry Ribes speciosum

http://www.lejardindesophie.net/jardinautes/sophie/paplantes/r/ribesspec.htm

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© Project SOUND

* Fendler's Meadow Rue – Thalictrum fendleri var. polycarpum

© 2008 Keir Morse

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© Project SOUND

* Fendler's Meadow Rue – Thalictrum fendleri var. polycarpum

California from Baja/San Diego Co. to Oregon

Mostly coastal in S. CA; rare in the Sierra foothills

Locally in Santa Monica and San Gabriel Mtns.

Grows along streamsides and other moist places, in forests and open woodlands < 4000 ft.

http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233501272

http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?6434,6569,6571,6573

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© Project SOUND

Characteristics

of Meadowrue Size:

2-3 ft tall

2-3 ft wide

Growth form: Herbaceous perennial

Drought deciduous; dies back to root in summer/fall

Looks somewhat like a Maidenhair Fern; mounded habit

Foliage: Rounded leaflets – very unusual

and attractive; somewhat like Columbine

Note: foliage/roots toxic if eaten;

Infusion of leaves used externally – applied to sprains, pains.

Roots: fibrous

http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=THFEP2

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© Project SOUND

Flowers are fantastic

Blooms: mid- to late spring - usually Apr-June in our area

Flowers: On tall, slender stalks above

the foliage

Plants dioecious (separate male & female plants)

Male flowers slightly more showy; neither has petals

Pink-yellow flowers dangle like little, fluffy bells – nothing else like it!

Seeds: small; carrot-like

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© Project SOUND

Plant Requirements Soils:

Texture: well-drained; fine in sandy or clay

pH: any local

Light: Part-shade to quite shady;

great for N. side of buildings

Water: Winter: adequate water

Summer: more water will keep it green longer; probably best with Water Zone 2 to 2-3 in shade

Fertilizer: none to light doses fine; organic soil amendments

Other: organic mulches (leaf mulch works well); low maintenance

http://www.finegardening.com/item/13893/should-it-be-called-mountain-rue

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© Project SOUND

Meadowrue: perennial filler

For its interesting foliage, in shady areas of the garden

Around bases of drought-tolerant trees, oaks

Delicate appearance – use like you would ferns

As an attractive pot plant Thalictrum fendleri and Erigeron glaucus

http://kristamaxwell.com/garden/photos2.html

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By the mid-1920’s a

respected native plantsman

1926 - Provided ideas and 80% of original plant materials for Blaksley (now Santa Barbara) Botanic Garden.

Laid out by Frederic Clements, Elmer Bissell, and Ervanna Bowen Bissell – but original inspiration was Payne’s gardens

The garden's contributors included nationally-significant horticulturists and designers Kate Sessions, Lester Rowntree, Theodore Payne, Carl Purdy, and E.O. Orpet

One aim was to showcase the beauty of California native plants and their suitability for use in private gardens and water conservation

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Theodore Payne also appreciated the

garden potential of local desert plants

© Project SOUND

http://www.desertmuseumdigitallibrary.org/public/detail.php?i

d=ASDM00153

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© Project SOUND

* Desert Olive – Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens

USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

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© Project SOUND

* Desert Olive – Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens

SW north America from TX & CO to CA and s. to northern Mexico

In CA, mostly in foothills of dry desert mountains, 3000-7000 ft. Dry slopes, canyons, cliffs Creosote bush scrub, chaparral,

coastal sage scrub and foothill woodland

Forestiera: named after Charles Le Forestier (?-1820), an 18th century French physician and naturalist,

pubescens: with soft, downy hair Other common names are Elbow

Bush & New Mexico Privet

http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?5249,5250,5251

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© Project SOUND

Desert Olive is very undemanding

Soils: Texture: any, but well-drained best

pH: any local (6.0-8.0)

Light: full sun to part-shade;

Water: Winter: needs enough for ground-

water replenishment

Summer: regular water first year; then Zone 1-2 to 2

Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils

Other: tolerates heat, high winds, moderate soil salinity

http://www.swcoloradowildflowers.com/Yellow%20Enlarged%20Photo%20Pages/forestier

a%20pubescens.htm

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© Project SOUND

Desert Olive makes a

lovely tree

Use as a substitute for non-native white-bark ornamentals like Olive, Aspen, Melaluca

Great plant for front yard, background areas, along roadways – very tough and need little water

Management:

Start selective pruning in first year

Limit to 1-5 stems; prune out the rest

Selectively prune each winter to provide open habit

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© Project SOUND

Can be pruned and

shaped, even hedged

Can be sheared to a reasonable hedge

Mix with other species in mixed hedge or hedgerow

Very adaptable and useful – could probably even be espaliered

Limit water to provide better shape

http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/4DMG/Trees/Shrubs/mexpriv.htm

http://flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/2640329338/in/set-72157605994561368/

http://www.flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/2973733432/

Forestiera & Cornus glabrata

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© Project SOUND

* Bigelow’s Beargrass/Nolina – Nolina bigelovii

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nolina_bigelovii

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Hillsides and canyons of Southeastern California, western Arizona, S. NV, Baja California and Sonora, Mexico.

Desert hillsides, Creosote Bush scrub – often in very dry areas of Mojave & Sonoran Deserts

Especially prevalent along the Lower Colorado River Valley

© Project SOUND

* Bigelow’s Beargrass/Nolina – Nolina bigelovii

©2006 Aaron Schusteff

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolina_bigelovii

http://www.desertmuseumdigitallibrary.org/public/detail.php?id=ASDM01221&sp=Nolina bigelovii

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© Project SOUND

Bigelow’s Nolina: like a very large bunch grass

Size: 6-10 ft tall (with flowering

stalk)

4-6 ft wide

Growth form: Grass-like perennial sub-shrub

Many (to 150) leaves, initially in basal rosette, but may reach 5-6 ft in older plants

Leafy stalk is stout, somewhat woody

Foliage: Leaves narrow, strap-like , 1-3

ft long (depends on water)

Often blue-green color

No spines – unlike Yucca

©2005 James M. Andre

http://www.gardeninginarizona.com/Plants/Agavaceae/big/Nolina_bigelovii2.html

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© Project SOUND

Flowers like Yucca

Blooms: in spring (Apr-June)

Flowers: Mature plants flower – not

every year

Stout flowering stem above the foliage – like a cross between Yucca and Pampas Grass in appearace

Small, cream-colored flowers – sweetly scented

?toxins – sapoginens – cause photosensitive rash

Seeds: papery capsules; wind-borne

Vegetative reproduction: off-sets (pups)

©2003 Charles E. Jones

http://seedsofsuccess.smugmug.com/Bureau-of-Land-Management/BLM-

AZ930/4721139_mQqj3Q/350681596_4zNGBPC#!i=350681445&k=5GK6jMP

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© Project SOUND

One tough plant! Soils:

Texture: well-drained

pH: any local

Light: Full sun to light shade

Water: Winter: adequate

Summer: very drought tolerant once established; Water Zone 1 or 1-2.

Needs fall dry period

Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils

Other: Rock mulch – or none

Very low maintenance – plant and ignore

©2006 Aaron Schusteff

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© Project SOUND

Nolina: nice accent

Nice accent plant in any dry garden

Right at home in desert gardens, rock gardens, hot places

Leaves used green or bleached in basketry; young flowers stalks can be baked and eaten

http://www.delange.org/BeargrassBig/BeargrassBig.htm

http://gallery.cvetq.info/displayimage.php?album=267&pos=4

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© Project SOUND

* Banana Yucca – Yucca baccata

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Southwestern U.S. into N. Mexico

Great Basin, Mojave, Sonoran Desert mountains

Dry slopes and washes in Joshua Tree woodland (CA) and Pinyon-juniper woodland (elsewhere)

© Project SOUND

* Banana Yucca – Yucca baccata

©2010 Lee Dittmann

http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242102056

http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-

bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?8349,8681,8682

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The Yuccas: Plants of many uses

~ 40 yucca species, all native to the New World.

Most have dry hard fruits; fruits of banana yucca are fleshy and succulent.

Besides food, yuccas have many other traditional uses. The leaf blades can be woven into

baskets, used to make brushes, or with the fleshy leaf tissue removed the remaining stiff fibers can be made into a combination needle and thread.

The roots are prized as a natural soap.

© Project SOUND

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© Project SOUND

Banana Yucca: dramatic accent

Size: 2-6 ft tall (flower stalk taller)

2-10 ft wide (spreads slowly)

Growth form: Evergreen perennial ‘sub-shrub’ –

typical Yucca form

Many strap-like leaves in basal rosette

Foliage: Leaves 1-3 ft long – depends on

water

Sharp spines on tips

Roots: forms offsets (‘pups’) along rhizomes; long-lived

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Agavaceae/Yucca_baccata.html

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© Project SOUND

Fabulous Yucca flowers

Blooms: in spring ; usually April to June

Flowers: Along a stalk slightly above

the leaves – depends on available moisture

Flowers: cream with pink-purple blush

Large for Yucca – 1-3 inches – and rather fleshy

Truly amazing – very pretty

Flowers last ~ 2 weeks

Pollinated by the nocturnal pronuba moth

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Banana Yucca saves it’s resources…

Extended water storage is achieved through thickened leaves and leaf bases.

Banana yucca experiences crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), allowing carbohydrate stores built up in the summer and early spring to assist during the reproductive period in late spring.

3-year reproductive cycle in wild; ?? In garden

© Project SOUND

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…for flowering and producing it’s unusual

fruits

Thick, fleshy fruits resemble small bananas – hence the common name

Contain many large flat black seeds

Are considered a SW delicacy Most often baked or roasted,

then eaten like a sweet potato

© Project SOUND

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© Project SOUND

Easy Yucca to grow Soils:

Texture: well drained; rocky-sandy best

pH: any local

Light: full sun to light shade – sun-tolerant

Water: Winter: good rains or

irrigation

Summer: drought tolerant; looks best with monthly water

Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils

Other: requires little care –best if mostly ignored; carefully remove spent stalks (wear eye protection; long leather gloves)

©2010 Lee Dittmann

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© Project SOUND

Dramatic accent

Desert-themed or rock gardens

As a spiny deterrent plant

Large containers

Habitat or edibles garden

Where ever you would plant a Yucca or Agave

http://unkowndestination.blogspot.com/2012/08/yucca-review-yucca-baccata-banana-yucca.html

http://coldhardycactus.com/Pages/YU003.htm http://www.sm.watersavingplants.com/eplant.php?plantnum=24551&return=l1

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The Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Gardens

1927 - Assisted Mrs. Susanna Bixby Bryant with siting and design of original Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Orange County – small role.

Helped to relocate the Garden to Claremont in 1951.

1920-30’s - Maintained private estate landscaping commissions throughout Southern California: Beverly Hills, Bel Air, Pasadena, and Santa Barbara

© Project SOUND

http://ochistorical.blogspot.com/2009/08/yorba-linda-santa-ana-canyon-field-trip.html

Located on n. side of Santa Ana Cyn

in what is now Yorba Linda

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1939 – Native Plant Garden at Cal Tech

Created native plant garden with ~176 species at California Institute of Technology, Pasadena (later site of Norman Church Laboratory).

Continued publishing articles and speaking about loss of wild flowers in many venues – gardening and scientific

© Project SOUND

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Showcasing the delights of the Southern California landscape, this original 8-acre garden was designed and dedicated in 1959 by a core group of California native plant lovers who wanted to cause a revival of interest in California flora, educate school children in native plants and create a demonstration landscape for home owners.

© Project SOUND

http://www.descansogardens.org/calendar/california-natives-spring-walk/

1958 – Descanso Gardens

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The hand of Theodore Payne

can still be seen today

Many people contributed to the creation of this new garden:

Theodore Payne led the way by donating 1,000 plants and playing a major role in its design.

Percy Everett of Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Gardens offered many plants and expertise as well.

Today, some of those original plantings are still here and many others have been added through the years.

© Project SOUND

http://interchangefellowship.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/dsc_0199.jpg

http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/descanso-garden-25660

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If you haven’t visited

the Descanso

Gardens ‘CA Native

Garden’ you’ve got to

go see it!

© Project SOUND

http://www.gardenvisit.com/garden/descanso_garden

http://www.everkelly.com/tag/gardens/

http://www.zaudhaus.com/portfolio/descanso-gardens/

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Be sure to appreciate Theodore Payne

© Project SOUND http://willowscottage.blogspot.com/2011/07/theodore-payne-foundation-for.html

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1960 - Theodore Payne Foundation

Founded and incorporated in 1960, the Theodore Payne Foundation promotes the understanding and preservation of California native flora.

founded and incorporated upon Payne's retirement to carry on his life's work.

Our mission is: To promote and restore California

landscapes, and habitats

To propagate and make available California native plants and wildflowers

To educate and acquire knowledge about California flora and natural history

© Project SOUND

http://www.theodorepayne.org/mission.html

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"Well I hope for the Foundation that we’ll be able to grow a large variety of native trees and shrubs and wildflowers and bulbs and ferns and everything and supply them to the people at reasonable rates; to give some to schools and Boy Scouts and Campfire Girls and so on. Also to enter into a campaign of education; educate the people to the value of these beautiful things that God’s given us in this beautiful California."

© Project SOUND

http://neighbor2neighbor.com/services/theodore-

payne-foundation/

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1961 – end of active career as seedsman,

but still a teacher

After 58 years in business, turned over stock of seeds, plants and equipment to The Foundation to carry on his work and vacated Los Feliz property.

Continued to lecture, consult – and write his memoirs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1RD0hk5-dA

© Project SOUND

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Theodore Payne Wildlife Sanctuary - 1961

Dedication of 320 acres in Antelope Valley near Llano as ‘The Theodore Payne Wildlife Sanctuary’ by LA Co. Board of Supervisors

The sanctuary supports thick stands of Joshua trees and Creosote Bush Scrub and provides hiking opportunities and lovely landscape.

© Project SOUND

http://parks.lacounty.gov/wps/portal/dpr/Parks/Theodore_Payne_Wildlife_Sanctuary

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1963 – Theodore Payne dies

Dedication of temporary site for Foundation at Whittier Narrows, Jan. 19.

“Man of the Year” Award by California Garden Clubs, Inc.

Died in Los Angeles on May 6.

Papers and library donated to Foundation.

© Project SOUND

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But that’s hardly the end of the story…

© Project SOUND

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Theodore Payne Foundation continues to

inspire a new generation of gardeners

© Project SOUND

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‘Demonstration Gardens’ – a long tradition

© Project SOUND

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Theodore Payne’s Legacy

Introduced into cultivation over 430 species of wild flowers and native plants during his lifetime.

© Project SOUND

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A selection of plants introduced into

cultivation in California

© Project SOUND

Acer negundo

Adenostoma fasciculatum

Adenostoma sparsifolium

Aesculus californica

Agave desertii

*Alnus rhombifolia

Artemisia californica

Atriplex canescens

Atriplex lentiformis ssp. lentiformis

Atriplex polycarpa

Brickellia californica

Calycanthus occidentalis

Ceanothus crassifolius

Ceanothus cuneatus var. cuneatus

Ceanothus cyaneus

Ceanothus impressus

Ceanothus leucodermis

Ceanothus megacarpus var. megacarpus

Mimulus aurantiacus

Mimulus cardinalis

Nolina bigelovii

Nolina parryi

Oenothera californica

Oenothera elata ssp. hookeri

Olneya tesota

Penstemon azureus

Penstemon centranthifolius

Penstemon heterophyllus var. heterophyllus

Penstemon palmeri var. palmeri

Penstemon spectabilis var. spectabilis

Philadelphus lewisii

Pickeringia montana var. montana

Pinus attenuata

Pinus monophylla

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Imagine your garden without…

Delphinium cardinale Dendromecon rigida

Dudleya pulverulenta ssp. pulverulenta

Encelia californica Encelia farinosa Epilobium canum ssp. canum

Eriogonum arborescens Eriogonum cinereum

Eriogonum crocatum

Eriogonum fasciculatum var. fasciculatum

Eriogonum giganteum var. giganteum Eriogonum grande var. rubescens

Eriogonum parvifolium

© Project SOUND

Mother Nature’s Backyard

Demonstration Garden

1/3 of plants introduced by TP

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So get out and see a new (to you) garden

© Project SOUND

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Try growing a new native plant from seed

© Project SOUND

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Read about Theodore Payne

Theodore Payne in His Own Words: A Voice for California Native Plants. Pasadena: Many Moons Press for the Theodore Payne Foundation, 2004.

“Theodore Payne,” in Victoria Padilla, Southern California Gardens. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961, 162-167.

Or listen to same tapes of talks and interviews on the TPF web page

© Project SOUND

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Most of all, share Theodore Payne’s love

of our state treasures with others

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