THENI IAS ACADEMY 9943056137, 9976626064, THENI IAS ACADEMY 9943056137, 9976626064, [Type text]...

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9943056137, 9976626064,

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Coaching for TNPSC/IBPS/TRB/TET/VAO

TET

STUDY MATERIAL

PAPER II

CIVICS

UNIT- II

nghUslf;fk;

Fbikapay;

11-k; tFg;G

1. murpay; mwptpaypd; mbg;gilfs;

2. muRk; mjd; $WfSk;

3. ,iwik

4. murpayikg;G tiffs;

5. rl;lk;> ePjp> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;

6. thf;FWjp kw;Wk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;

7. kf;fshl;rp

8. murpay; fl;rpfs;

9. gd;dhl;L murpay; epWtdq;fs; mikg;G


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murpay; mwptpaypd; mbg;gilfs;

[Pd; Nghbd (1530-1596) vDk; gpnuQ;r; ehl;L murpay; jj;Jt Qhdp jhd; murpay; mwptpay; vd;w

nrhy;iy cUthf;fpdhh;.

fhh;dh; - murpay; mwptpaypy; Muk;gKk; KbTk; muR gw;wpaJ.

murpay; vd;gJ murhq;fj;jpd; gpur;ridfisg; gw;wpaJ-fpy; fpiu];l;.

fpNuf;f murpay; jj;Jt Qhdpahd mhp];lhl;by; (fp.K.384-322) murpay; vd;w nrhy;iy

Kjd;Kjyhfg; gad;gLj;jpdhh;.

murpay; vd;w nrhy; efu muR vd nghUs;gLk;.

Nghyp]; (POLIS) vd;w fpNuhf;fr; nrhy;ypypUe;J Mq;fpyr; nrhy;yhd ghypbf;];

vLj;jhsg;gl;lJ.

gpnuQ;R Muha;r;rpahsh; ghy; n[dl; fUj;Jg;gb murpay; mwptpay; vd;gJ r%f mwptpaypd;

xU gFjp.

1948k; Mz;L rh;tNjr murpay; mwptpay; rq;fkhdJ jdJ ghhP]; khehl;by; murpay;

mwptpaypd; vy;iyg; gug;ig tiuaWj;jJ.

];Bgd; yPfhf; - murpay; mwptpay; murhq;fk; gw;wpaJ MFk;.

murhq;fkhdJ murpd; gzpahw;Wk; nray;.

murpay; Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; murpay; epWtdq;fs;> murpay; fl;rpfs;> rh;tNjr cwTfs;

Mfpad murpay; mwptpaypd; vy;iyg;gug;Gfs;MFk;.

murpay; mwptpaypd; vy;iyg; gug;Gfs; murpd; tif kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs; kw;Wk; kdpj

chpikfs;> murhq;fk; Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,Uf;fhyk;

murpay; mwptpaypd; je;ij mhp];lhl;by; murpay; mwptpaiy midj;J mwptpay;fspYk;

jiyahaJ vd;whh;.

Nkhjy; kw;Wk; xj;Jiog;G Mfpad murpay; mwptpaypd; ,U Kfq;fs;.

gpNsl;Nlhtpd; FbauR> &Nrhtpd; r%f xg;ge;jk; Mfpad kjpg;gPLfspd; mbg;gilapyhd

E}y;fs;.

,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; (1939-45) KbTf;F gpd;G elj;ij rhh; ,af;fk; Njhd;wpaJ.

Xg;gpl;Lg;ghh;f;Fk; tha;g;G> tsUk; jd;ik kw;Wk; fUJNfhs;fis cUthf;Fk; jd;ik

Mfpad elj;ijrhh; mZFKiwapd; epiyfs; MFk;.

r%f mwptpay;fs; rKjhaj;jpy; thOk; kdpjdpd; eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa gbg;G.

tuyhWk; murpay; mwptpaYk; xU nrbapd;> NtUk;> fdpAk; Nghd;wJ.

tuyhW vd;gJ fle;j fhy murpay;> murpay; vd;gJ jw;Nghija tuyhW.

tuyhw;wpd; je;ij - Mlk; ];kpj;.

cyf ehLfspd; nry;tj;jpd; jd;ik kw;Wk; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa Ma;T E}ypy; nghUspay; murpay;

mwptpaypd; xU fpis - Mlk; ];kpj;.


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Gtpay; murpay; (GEO POLITICS) jdpahd ghlg;gphpT.

Kf;fSila Rje;jpuk; murq;f mikg;Gfs; Gtpaikg;ig nahl;b Vw;gLfpd;wd.g+kp murpd;

,d;wpaikahj mq;fk; khz;nl];fpa+.

rKjha mwptpay;fSf;F Nth; Nghd;wJ r%ftpayhFk;.

murpay; r%ftpay; (POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY) jw;NghJ murpay; mwptpay; ghlj;jpd;

cl;gpupthFk;.

1.muRk; mjd; $WfSk;

mhp];lhl;by; - kdpjd; xU r%fgpuhzp.

Mq;fpyj;jpy; STATE vdg;gLk; STATUS nrhy; vdg;gLk;.

epf;fhNyh khf;fpaty;yp (1469-1527) vDk; murpay; rpe;jidahsh;jdJ ,sturd; vd;Dk;

E}ypy; Kjd;Kjyhf muR vd;w nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;jpdhh;.

mbg;gil Njitfs;> epiwtile;j gpd;dUk; kdpjDf;F ey;y tho;f;ifia mikj;J juNt

njhlh;e;J ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.

muR vd;gJ xu tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epyg;gug;gpy; rl;lj;jpw;fhf mikag;ngWk; kf;fs; $l;lk; -

cl;Nuh tpy;rd;.

muR vd;gJ Mde;jkhd kw;Wk; nfsukhd tho;f;if mlq;fpajd;dpiwthd tho;f;if

ngWtjw;fhf fpuhkq;fSk;>FLk;gq;fSk; ,ize;j xd;wpakhFk; - mhp];lhl;by;.

`hyz;l; - gy;NtW kdpj $l;lq;fis xd;wpizj;J xU Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iyg;gug;gpy; FbNawp

mth;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahdthpd; fUj;Jf;fis mjid vjph;NghiuAk; kPwp epytr;

nra;tjhFk;

gh;f]; vDk; E}yhrphpah;> kdpj th;f;fj;jpd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gq;fpdh; xU mikg;ghf ,Ue; J

nray;gLtNj muR.

Nguhrpah; yh];fp - xU epyg; gug;gpw;F cl;gl;l rKjhakhdJ murhq;fk; vd;Wk; Fbkf;fs;

vd;Wk; ,U Ntwhf tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

kf;fs; njhif> epyg;gFjp> murhq;fk;> ,iwik Mfpad murpd; $Wfs; MFk;

kf;fs;njhif jhd;; muir cUthf;Ffpwhh;fs; kf;fs;njhif muRf;F Kf;fpakhd xd;W.

jj;Jt Qhdp gpNsl;Nlh - Xh; ,yl;rpak; murpay; 5040 Fbkf;fs; tho;tJ NghJkhdJ.

&N]h - Xh; ,yl;rpa muR vd;gJ 10>000 kf;fl; njhifAilajha; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,e;jpah 2001 kf;fs; njhif fzf;fpd; gb 102> 70> 15> 247 kf;fs; vz;zpf;if cilaJ.

epyg;gFjp ,iwik vd;gJ me;je;j murpd; vy;iyg; gFjpapDs; Rje;jpukhfTk; ntspapypUe;J

fl;Lg;ghL ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gijAk; jw;fhy muRKiw tho;f;if Fwpf;Fk; - Nguhrphpah; vypal;.

,e;jpa ehl;bd; epyg;gFjp 32> 87> 263 rJufpNyhkPl;lh;> ,J cyfstpy; 2.4.

murq;fk; murpd; %d;whtJ $W.


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Nguhrphpah; mg;ghj;Jiu - muR tpUg;gq;fis epiwNtw;Wk; xU fUtpahf murq;fk;

tpsq;FfpwJ.

C.F ];l;uhq; vd;gth; rl;lj;ij ,aw;wp mKyhf;f muRf;F mjpfhuk; Njitg;gLfpwJ. me;j

mjpfhuk; murhq;fj;jplk; cs;sJ.

,iwik murpd; ehd;fhtJ $W SOVEREIGNTY vd;w yj;jPd; nkhopr;nrhy;> mjw;F cah;e;j

mjpfhuk; vd;W nghUs;.

gpnuQ;R ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j [Pd;Nghbd; vd;gth; etPd ,iwik Nfhl;ghl;bd; je;ij.

murpd; tiuaiw tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ. rKjhaj;jpd; tiuaiw kpfg;nghpaJ.

Mq;fpyj;jpy; vd;w nrhy; ne\pNah vd;w yj;jPd; nkhopr; nrhy;> gpwg;G my;yJ ,dk; vd;W

nghUs;.

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epyg;gug;gpy; kf;fshy; rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;L mikf;fg; gl;lJ muR MFk;. khwhf

kf;fs; cshPjpahf ,izj;J xd;whf tho Ntz;Lk; vd;w tpUg;gj;Jld; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ

Njrk; MFk;.

,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F gpwF (1939-1945) xU Njrk; xU muR vd;w Nfhl;ghL nray;gl;L

tUfpwJ.

Ngr;R tof;fpy; muR vd;gJk; xNu nghUspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. Mdhy;

cz;ikapy; muR vd;gJk; murhq;fk; vd;gJk; ntt;NtwhdJ.

muR vd;gJ %y mjpfhuq;fisg; ngw;wJ MFk;. murhq;j;jpd;mjpfhuq;fs; murplkpUe;J

ngw;wit MFk;.

rl;lkd;wk; ,aw;wpa rl;lj;ij mKyhf;FtJ jhd; nrayhl;rp FOtpd; gzp.

,e;jpahtpd; FbauRj;jiyth; ngaustpy; nrayhl;rp FO vdTk;> gpujkiu cz;ikahd

nrayhl;rp FO vd $wyhk;.

rl;lkd;wk; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; filikiar; nra;fpwJ.

murpayikg;G jpUj;jk; nfhz;L tUtjpy; rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F Kf;fpa gq;F cz;L.

ghuhSkd;wq;fspd; jha; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ ,q;fpyhe;J ghuhSkd;wk;.

,q;fpyhe;J ghuhSkd;wk; jhd; cyfpNyNa goikahd ghuhSkd;wk;.

ePjpj;Jiw murhq;fj;jpd; %d;whtJ Kf;fpa mq;fk;.

yh];fpapd; - rl;lkpaw;Wjy; xd;W jhd; rl;l kd;wj;jpd; gzp vd;gJ my;y.

kj;jpa rl;lk;d;wk; ehlhSkd;wk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;.

,U mitfis cilaJ.

xU rpwe;j murhq;fj;jpd; MjhuNk mjd; jpwikahd mikg;G jhd; gpiu];gphG.

,e;jpa cr;rePjpkd;wk; xU jiyik ePjpgjpiaAk; ,ju ePjpgjpfisAk; nfhz;lJ.

cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ,lk; nly;ypapy; cs;sJ.

mnkhpf;f cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp `f;]; - ehk; murpayikg;Gf;F fl;Lg;gl;L ,Uf;fNwhk; Mdhy;

murpayikg;G vd;gJ ePjpgjpfs; vd;d $Wfpwhh;fNsh mJ jhd;


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3. ,iwik

,iwik vd;fpw fUj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpa gpwF jhd; jw;fhy muR KOik ngw;wjhf

fUjg;gLfpwJ.

mhp];lhl;by; ,iwikia murpd; cah;thd mjpfhuk; vd;W $wpapUf;fpwhh;.

[Pd; Nghbd; vd;gth; jhd; jd;Dila Fbauirg; gw;wpa MW E}y;fs; vd;w E}ypy; ,iwik vd;w

fUj;ij Kjd;Kjyhf Kiwg;gbahf gad;gLj;jpdhh;.

,iwik vd;w nrhy;yhdJ yj;jPd; nkhopapy; #g;guhd]; vd;w nrhy;ypypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ.

mjd; nghUs; cah;thdJ.

[Pd; Nghbd; - ,iwik vd;gJ > Fbkf;fspd; kPJ rl;lj;jhy; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahj njhlh;e;J

nrYj;jg;gLk; cah;thd mjpfhuk;. ,jid muR gad;gLj;JfpwJ.

nghy;yhf; - ,iwik vd;gJ cah;thd mjpfhuk;. ve;j mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; gjpy; mspf;ff; $baNjh

my;y vd;gJ.

b.vg;.ury; - ,iwik vd;gJ murpay; rl;lj;jhy; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahj> gyk; tha;e;j cah;thd

mjpfhuj;ij Fwpg;gjhFk;.

yh];fp - ,iwik vd;gJ rl;lg;gbahf jdp kdpjh;fspd; kPJk; my;yJ FOf;fspd; kPJ

nrYj;jg;gLk; mjpfhuk;

,iwik vd;gJ cah;thd mjpfhuk;

,e;jpahtpy; FbauRj; jiyth; ngaustpyhd ,iwikiaAk; Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fs; cz;ikahd

mjpfhuj;ijAk; ngw;wpUf;fpwhh;fs;.

M];bdpd; - rl;lk; vd;gJ cah;thdth; jdf;F fPo; cs;sth;fSf;F nfhLf;ff;$ba fl;lis.

M];bdpd; ,iwik Nfhl;ghL xUik thj ,iwik Nfhl;ghL

gd;ik thj ,iwik Nfhl;ghL go vy;yh mjpfhuk; ngw;w xNu xU epWtdk; murpy; ,y;iy

vd;gjhFk;.

4. murpayikg;G tiffs;;

cyfpy; cs;s xt;nthU ehLk; murpayikg;ig ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. murpay; mikg;gpd;wp xU

ehl;bid Ml;rp nra;tJ ,ayhj fhhpak;.

Fog;gkpd;wp rpwg;ghf Ml;rp nra;a murpayikg;G mtrpak;.

ew;Fbkfdpd; chpikfSk;> flikfSk; murpayikg;ig cs;slf;fpajhf mika Ntz;Lk;.


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xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhytiuaiwapy; vy;NyhuhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l xh; Mtzk; vd murikg;ig

$Wfpd;wdh;.

murpaypd; je;ij mwpQh; mhp];lhl;by; Fbkf;fs; murpd; mq;fk; vdTk; mth;fSila

njhlh;Gfis murpayikg;G xd;NwhL xd;W njhlh;GgLj;jp xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ.

gpiu]; gpuG - xU rKjhak cUthf;fp Msg;gl xl;Lnkhj;j rl;lq;fSk;> kuGfSk; cs;slf;fpa

tpjpKiwfspd; ngl;lfNk murpayikg;G.

murikg;G rl;lNk murhq;fk; - yPfhf;.

mnkhpf;fhtpy; Njitg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; jdpkdpj chpikia ghJfhf;fTk;> rl;lj;jpd;

Ml;rp epiyf;fTk;.

Vwj;jho cyfpd; midj;J vOj;Jg;gl;l murpayikg;GfspYk; mbg;gil chpikfs;

Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; gFjp 3y; mq;fk; 12-32y; mbg;gil chpikfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

mbg;gil chpikfis gwpf;f khepy muRfs; rl;lk; ,aw;wpdhy; mtw;iw ePjpkd;wk;

murpayikg;G rl;lq;fSf;F KuzhdJ vd mwptpf;Fk;.

mnkhpf;fh;fs; mbg;gil chpikfSf;F Gdpjj; jd;ikfs; $ba khpahijia mspf;fpd;wdh;.

ekJ ,e;jpa murikg;G cyfpNyNa kpfg;nghpa murpayikg;G.

murikg;G rl;lNk ehl;bd; Mjhu rl;lkhFk;.

Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik gy;NtW tpjkhd fyhr;rhuk; nkhop> ,dk;> kjk; kw;Wk; gy

NtWghLfisf; fle;J epw;Fk; gpukhz;lkhd murpayikg;G.

murpayikg;G jpUj;jk; vspjhd KiwapYk;> fbdkhd KiwapYk; ifahsg;gLfpwJ.

xU ey;y murpayikg;G fPo;f;fhZk; jd;ikfis ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

1. njspthdJ 2. RUf;fk; 3.tpryhkhdJ

4.nefpOk; jd;ik 5. chpikfs; 6. ePjp Rje;jpuk; 7. Topfhl;Lk; newpfs;

Kjd;Kjypy; mwptpay; g+h;tkhd Kiw murikg;ig mhp];lhl;by; tifg;gLj;jpdhh;.

vOjg;gl;l murikg;G Mtz tbtpy; my;yJ E}y; tbtpy; mbg;gil kw;Wk; murhq;fq;fspd;

gy;NtW mq;fq;fSk; Njitahd tpjpKiwfspd; njhFg;G.

ek;Kila murikg;G Nguitapy; 1949 Mk; Mz;L etk;gh; 26k; ehs; ,d;W ,e;j murikg;gpid

Vw;W> ,aw;wp. ekf;F ehNk toq;fp nfhs;fpNwhk; vd;w nrhw;fNshL KbfpwJ.

ghuhSkd;wk; ve;j rl;lk; Ntz;LkhdhYk; ,aw;wyhk; mjw;F jilNaJk; ,y;iy.

mnkhpf;f murikg;G nefpoh murikg;G.

,e;jpa murpayikg;G ,q;fpyhe;J murikg;G Nghy; nefpOk; jd;ikak; mnkhpf;fh murpaikg;G

Nghy; nefpohj; jd;ikAk; ngw;wjy;y.

5. rl;lk;>ePjp>Rje;jpuk;>rkj;Jk;


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rl;lk; vd;gJ ePjpkd;wq;fshy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; tpjpKiwfs; mlq;fpa njhFg;G vd

nghUs;gLk;.

rl;lk; vd;gJ xU muR typAWj;Jk; chpik kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghLfspd; KiwfshFk; -

b.vr;.fphPd;

Nkf; [th; - muNr rl;lj;jpd; ngw;Nwhh; kw;Wk; Foe;ij.

rl;lkd;wk; vd;gjidj; jhz;b rl;lj;jpw;F gy;tif Mjhuq;fs; cs;sd

1.tof;fhWfs; 2. ePjpkd;wk; jPh;g;Gfs;

mwptpay; rhh;G tpsf;fq;fs;4. rl;lkd;wk; ePjp> kjk;

,q;fpyhe;J ehl;bd; gpsh];ld;> Nfhf; Nghd;wth;fs; vOjpa rl;l tpsf;fq;fs; ,q;fpyhe;J

ghuhSkd;w rl;lq;fSf;F rkkhdjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.

Mq;fpNyah;fs; rl;lj;jpdhy; kl;LNk Msg;gLfpd;wdh;.

rl;lj;jpd; ghh;itapy; midtUk; rkk;. rl;lj;jpw;F mg;ghw;gl;lth;fs; ahUkpy;iy.

rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpapd; mbg;gil jd;ikfs;.

1. ahUf;Fk; rpwg;G chpikfs; ,y;iy>

2. rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk;>

3. rl;lj;jpd; czh;TfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

mhp];lhl;by; ePjpia %d;W tifahf gphpf;fpwhh;.

1. jz;lid ePjp 2. ,og;gPl;L ePjp 3. kW gfph;khd ePjp

fUj;J kw;Wk; nrhy; my;yJ Nrh;j;jy; my;yJ nghUj;Jjy; vd;W nghUs;gLk; ,yj;jPdpa

nkhopapDs;s vd;w JUSTIA nrhy;ypypUe;J ePjp my;yJ JUSTICE ngwg;gl;lJ.

Rje;jpuk; vd;Dk; nrhy; iygh; vd;Dk; yj;jPd; nkhopapy; Nth; nrhy;yhf nfhz;l Mq;fpy

nrhy; ypgh;b vd;gjd; jkpof;fk;.

khz;nl]; fpa+ $w;Wg;gb ehk; nra;a tpisgtw;iw nra;Ak; Mw;wy; Rje;jpuk; MFk;.

Nkf; [th; kw;Wk; yh];fp MfpNahh; $w;Wg;gb Rje;jpuk; gytifg;gl;lJ.

Nuhrphpah; rpyp $w;Wg;gb fl;Lg;ghby;yhikNa Rje;jpuk; MFk;.

Rje;jpuk; ,aw;if Rje;jpuk;> r%f Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; jhh;kPf Rje;jpuk; vd %d;W

tifg;gLk;.

Rkj;Jtk;> murpay; mwptpaypd; xU Kf;fpa Ma;T nghUshFk;.

ey;yhl;rp> rpwe;j [dehafk;> ey;yuR Nghd;w mNef fUj;Jfspd; mr;rhzpahf rkj;Jtk;

jpfo;fpwJ.

v];.N[.yh];fp rkj;Jtk; vd;gJ mbg;gilapy; rkd;gLj;jg;gLk; nra;tif vd jkJ

E}yhd murpay; ,yf;fzj;jpy; rkj;Jtj;ij tiuaWf;fpwhh;.

rkj;Jk; ,aw;if rkj;Jtk;> rptpy; rkj;Jtk;> murpay; rkj;Jtk nghUshjhu rkj;Jtk;

kw;Wk; gd;dhl;L rkj;Jtk; vd Ie;J tifg;gLk;.

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; 18 taJ te;j ,e;jpa Fbkf;fs; midtUk; thf;fspf;fyhk; vd;w

epiy cs;sJ.


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6. thf;Fhpik kw;Wk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;

thf;Fhpik ngw;w Fbkf;fs; vy;NyhiuAk; thf;fhsh; njhFjp vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;Nwhk;.

Fbkf;fSf;F mth;fs; gpujpepjpfis Njh;e;njLg;gjw;F jug;gLfpd;w chpikNa thf;F

my;yJ xl;L.

thf;F vd;gJ Fbkf;fs; murpaypy; gq;Nfw;gjw;F jug;gLk; chpik vdyhk;.

,aw;if chpikf; Nfhl;ghL> kdpjDf;F ,aw;ifapNyNa thf;Fhpik cs;sJ vdf;

fUJfpwJ.

fhh;dh; vDk; E}yhrphpah; thf;Fhpik vd;gJ NtWghbd;wp midtUf;Fk; toq;fg;gl

$ba ,aw;ifAhpik my;y vd Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; nrhj;Jilik vd;gJ thf;Fhpikf;fhd mbg;gil jFjpahf

,Ue;jJ.

[g;ghdpa ehl;by; 1925-k; Mz;L tiu thp nrYj;JNthUf;F kl;LNk thf;Fhpik

toq;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ.

gpNurpy;> rpyp Nghd;w ehLfspy; vOjg; gbf;fj; njhpahjth;fSf;F thf;Fhpik

toq;fg;gl;lJ.

cyfstpy; 18 taJ vd;gJ Kjph;r;rpAw;w tajhff; fUjg;gLtjhy; gy ehLfspYk; 18

taJ epuk;gpath;fSf;F thf;Fhpik toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Kjypy; 21 taJ epuk;gpath;fSf;F thf;Fhpik toq;fg;gl;L te;jJ. gpd;dh; 1989k;

Mz;L Kjy; 18 taJ epuk;gpath;fSf;F thf;Fhpik toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

xU egUf;F xU thf;F Kiwapy; jFjpAila midtUf;Fk; xU thf;Fkl;LNk

mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.

xw;iw khw;W thf;F Kiwapy; xU thf;fsUf;F xU thf;F kl;LNk mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Mdhy; mth; mjid Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F

Vw;wthW Kd;Dhpik mspj;J KjyhtJ> ,uz;lhtJ> %d;whtJ vd mspf;fyhk;.

,e;jpahtpy; FbauRj;jiyth;> Jizf;FbauRj;jiyth; gjtpf;F xw;iw khw;W thf;F

gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.

gd;ik thf;F Kiwapy; xNu thf;fhsUf;F gy thf;Ffs; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

ntspg;gilahd thf;F Kiwapy; thf;fhsh;> jhd; ahiu Mjhpf;fpwhh; vd;gij

ntspg;gilahf ifia cah;j;jpf; fhl;bNah> tha;nkhopahfNth njhptpg;ghh;.

ufrpa thf;F Kiwapy; thf;fhsh; mth; ahUf;F thf;fspf;fpwhh; vd;gij gpwh;

mwpahtz;zk; nrd;W gjpe;Jtpl;L tUthh;.

kf;fshl;rpapy; ufrpa thf;nfLg;G jw;NghJ mtrpakhdjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

murpay; mwptpaypy; Fbkfd; vd;gtd;> xU murpd; vy;iyg;gug;gpw;Fs; tho;e;J> mjd;

nray;ghLfspy; gq;Nfw;W r%f kw;Wk; murpay; chpikfisg; ngw;wth;.

FbAhpik ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit ,aw;if FbAhpik> ngwg;gl;l FbAhpik.


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cyfpy; ,d;wstpy;> ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspy; kiwKf kf;fshl;rpNa eilKiwapy;

cs;sJ.

tpfpjrhu gpujpepj;Jtk; mbg;gil Nehf;fk; rKjhaj;jpd; midj;J gphptpdUf;Fk;

gpujpepjpj;Jtk; mspg;gJ.

N[.v];.kpy; gpujpthjpj;Jt kf;fshl;rpapy; xt;nthU gphptpdUk; tpfpjhr;rhug;gb

gpujthjpj;Jtk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

7. khf;fshl;rp

Mg;ufhk; ypq;fd; - kf;fshl;rp vd;gJ kf;fshy; kf;fSf;fhfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;L

kf;fshy; Msg;gLk; murhq;fkhFk;.

kf;fs; vd;W nghUs;gLk; DEMOS kw;Wk; Ml;rpajpfhuk; vd;W nghUs; jUk; KRATOS

jUk; vd;w fpNuhf;fnkhop nrhy;ypypUe;J kf;fshl;rp vDk; nrhy; te;jJ.

kf;fs; my;yJ kf;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpfs; nra;Ak; Ml;rp kf;fhsl;rpia

Neub kf;fshl;rp> kiwKf kf;fshl;rp vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

Neub kf;fshl;rp Kiwapy; midj;J Fbkf;fSk; vt;tpj ,ilg;gl;l

gpujpepjpfspy;yhkYk; kf;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l my;yJ gzpakh;j;jg;gl;l mYtyh;fs;

,y;yhkYk; kf;fNs Neubahf nghJ KbTfspy; fye;J nfhz;L nghJ KbTfis

xLf;Fk; Kiw Neub kf;fshl;rp vdg;gLk;.

Neubahd kf;fshl;rp Kiwia eilKiwg;gLj;j Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd kf;fs;

njhif Njit.

gz;ila fpNuf;f ehl;bd; Vnjd;]; efuj;jpy; jhd; cyfj;jpy; Kjd; Kjyhf Neub

kf;fshl;rp eilngw;wJ.

Rtpl;rh;yhe;J ehl;by; Neub kf;fshl;rp eilngWfpwJ.

Xt;nthU FbkfDk; jd;Dila ehl;bw;fhf NeubahfNth my;yJ Rje;jpukhf

Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfshfNth murhq;fj;jpy; gq;nfLj;J nfhs;tJ

kiwKf kf;fshl;rp vdg;gLk;.

,e;jpa FbauR kiwKf kf;fshl;rpf;F xU rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;L.

kf;fshl;rpapd; cz;ikahd typikNa mbg;gil chpikfisAk; Rje;jpuj;ijANk

rhh;e;Js;sJ vdyhk;.

mbg;gil chpikfSk; kf;fspd; Rje;jpuNk kf;fshl;rp ntw;wpfukhf nray;gl

cjTfpwJ.

kf;fshl;rp vd;gJ murpayikg;gpy; nrhy;yg;gl;l tpjpfs; kw;Wk; topKiwfis

Mjhukhff; nfhz;L nray;gLk; murhq;fk; vd;gjhFk;.

Kf;fshl;rp Kiwapy; murq;fk; xU mq;fk;. mJ gy;NtW tifahd r%f

epWtdq;fisAk;> murpay; fl;rpfisAk; xd;wpize;J nray;gLfpwJ.


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Neub kf;fshl;rpapd; fUtpfs;> njhlf;fThpik> nghJkf;fs; thf;nfLg;G jpUk;g

mioj;jy;.

,e;jpa kw;Wk; mbnkhpf;f [f;fpa ehLfspy; mbg;gil chpikfs; Fbkf;fSf;F

murpayikg;gpy; cWjpnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

,e;jpahtpy; mbg;gil chpikfs; murpayikg;gpd; gFjp 111y; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mbg;gil chpikfs; murpayikg;G tpjp 19 Kjy; 32 tiu

cr;rePjpkd;wKk;> cah;ePjpkd;wq;fSk; Fbkf;fspd; mbg;gil chpik ghjpf;fg;gl;lhy;

tpjpKiw ePjpg;Nguhiz (WRIT) %yk; mitfis nray;gLj;j mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sd.

Fb kf;fspd; mbg;gil chpik ghjpf;fg;gl;lhy; mth;fs; Neubahf

cah;ePjpkd;wq;fSf;Nfh> cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Nfh nrd;W ePjpg;Nguhiz mbg;gilapy;

Fiwfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;syhk;.

Kjypy; nrhj;Jhpik ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;bUe;jJ ,e;j nrhj;Jhpik

1978Mk; Mz;by; 44tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; ePf;fg;gl;lJ.

rkj;Jt chpik kjk;> ,dk;> rhjp my;yJ gpwg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; cs;s NtWghLfis

,e;jpa murpayikg;G jil nra;fpwJ.

,e;jpa murpayikg;G vy;NyhUf;Fk; Ntiytha;g;gpYk;> murhq;fj;jpy; Ntiy nra;aTk;

rkkhd chpikia cWjp nra;Js;sJ.

,e;jpa murpayikg;G tpjp 19VO mbg;gil chpikfis Fbkf;fSf;F cWjp nra;fpwJ.

jdpkdpj chpikfs; kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp ,e;jpa murpayikg;ghy; cWjp

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

murpayikg;G tpjp 21 fPo; ve;jnthU kdpjDk; mtDila tho;f;if kw;Wk;

mtDf;Fs;s chpikfis tiuaWf;fg;gl;l rl;lj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;s Kiwfs;

mbg;gilapy; kl;LNk jLf;f KbAk;. vd;W $WfpwJ.

murpayikg;G tpjp 23> tpgr;rhuk;> nfhj;jbik kw;Wk; 14 tajpw;F cl;gl;l Foe;ijfis

njhopw;rhiyfspNyh> FthhpfspNyh kw;Wk; tpgj;J Vw;glf;$ba njhopy;fspNyh Ntiy

mkh;j;Jtij jilnra;fpwJ.

,e;jpa murpayikg;G Fbkf;fs; midtUf;Fk; Rje;jpukhf ve;j kjj;ijAk;

jOtptjw;fhd chpikia mspj;Js;sJ.

midj;J rpWghz;ikapdUf;Fk; mth; kjk; mbg;gilapNyh> nkhop mbg;gilapNyh

,Ue;jhy; mth;fs; jq;fSf;nfd fy;tp epWtdq;fs; mikg;gjw;F cWjp

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

murpayikg;G tpjp 32d; fPo; mbg;gil chpikfis eilKiwg;gLj;jNtz;Lk; vd;W

cr;r ePjp kd;wj;jplk; tpz;zg;gpf;f chpik ,Uf;fpwJ.

cr;r ePjpkd;wk; ePjpg;Nguhizfs; gpwg;gpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ.


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cr;r ePjpkd;wk; Ml;nfhzh;jy;> nraYWj;jy;> jFjp Kiw tpdTjy; kw;Wk;

newpKiwfis cWj;jy; Nghd;w ePjpg;Nguhizfis gpwg;gpf;fTk; mitfis gpd;gw;w

tw;GWj;jTk; mjpfhu KilaJ.

mk;Ngj;jh; fUj;Jg;gb murpayikg;gpd; 32tJ tpjp murpayikg;gpd; ,jaKk;

capUkhFk;.

24tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;j rl;lg;gb> ghuhSkd;w tpjp 368y; nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpw

Kiwfis gpd;gw;wp jpUj;j rl;lk; nfhz;L tUtjd; %ykhf mbg;gil chpikfis

khw;wNth> jpUj;jNth ePf;fNth mjpfhuk; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ.

25k; khw;wr;rl;lk; tpjp 31C apd; gb topfhl;L newpfis eilKiwg;gLj;j ghuhSkd;wk;

rl;lk; ,aw;w KbAk;. ,r;rl;lk; ePjpkd;wq;fspd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; gzp vy;iyf;Fs; tuhJ.

42tJ khw;wr;rl;lk; mbg;gil chpikfisf; fhl;bYk; topfhl;L newpfs; Kd;Dhpik

ngw;wit vd;Wk; Nkyhdit vd;Wk; khw;wk;

Nra;Js;sJ.

cyfpYs;s 50 ehLfspd; murpayikg;gpy; mbg;gil flikfs; gl;bay; jug;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

,e;jpa murpayikg;G gFjp 4m tpy; mbg;gilf; flikfs; tUfpd;wd.

1976k; Mz;L epiwNtw;wg;gl;l 42tJ khw;wr;rl;lk; 51m vd;w tpjpiar; Nrh;j;jJ.

,jd;gb 10 flikfs; cs;sd.

1948k; Mz;L brk;gh; 10k; Njjp [f;fpa ehLfs; fofk; nghJg; `Nguit khdpl

chpikfs; gpufldj;ij mq;fPfhpj;jJ.

Xt;nthU Mz;Lk; brk;gh; 10-k; Njjp kdpj chpikfs; jpdkhf mDrhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

8. murpay; fl;rpfs;

fl;rp vd;gJ $l;L tho;f;iffhdp mikg;ghFk;.

xj;j murpay; fUj;Jf;fis nray;gLj;Jk; xU kf;fs; $l;likg;G murpay; fl;rp

vdg;gLfpwJ - fpy;fpiu];l;

epWtg;gl;l rKjhak; kl;LNk fl;rp vdg;gLk;

murpay; fl;rp vd;gJ 2000 Mz;LfSf;Fl;gl;l xU etPd epfo;thFk;.

19-k; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;gh> tl mnkhpf;fh kw;Wk; [g;ghd; Nghd;w ehLfspy; jhd;

Kjd;Kjyhf fl;rpAk;> fl;rp mikg;GfSk; Vw;gl;ld.

murpay; fUj;Jf;fis nray;gLj;Jk; xU kf;fs; $l;likg;G murpay; fl;rp - fpy;

fpiu];l;

murpay; fl;rpfs; murpay; mjpfhuj;ij Vw;wpr; nry;Yk;;thfdq;fs;.

fy;yhik kw;Wk; jPz;lhik Nghd;w rKjhaf; nfhLikfis NtNwhL mopf;fg;

ghLgLtJld; gQ;rk;> nts;sk; Nghd;wit kf;fis jhf;Fk; nghOJ mtw;wpypUe;J

kf;fis J}f;fp tpl;L fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhfg; ghLgLfpd;wd.


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fl;rpfis mitfspd; Nehf;fk;> nfhs;if kw;Wk; jq;fspd; yl;rpaq;fisailaf;

filgpbf;Fk; topKiwfis fzf;fpy; nfhz;L 4 tifahf gphpf;fyhk; 1.

Goikthjpfs; 2. kpjthjpfs; 3. gpwNghf;Fthjpfs; 4. jPtputhjpfs;

mbg;gil khw;wq;fis tuNtw;gth;fs; tyJrhhpfs;

rpy rkaq;fspy; xNu fl;rpapy; ,lJ rhhpfs; kw;Wk; tyJrhhpfs; cs;sdh;. (v.fh)

,e;jpa fk;a+dp];l; fl;rp (,lJrhhp) kw;Wk; fk;a+dp];l; fl;rp (tyJ rhhp) vd ,U gphpT

cs;sdh;.

fl;rpfs; Njrj;jpd; ve;nje;jg; gFjpapy; Vw;gLfpd;wdNth mg;gFjpapd;

nry;thf;ifg; gad;gLj;jp ehl;bw;Fs; guTfpd;wd.

Njrpa fl;rpfs; kz;ly fhl;rpfs; kw;Wk; cs;@h; fl;rpfs; vd nray;gLk;.

kf;fs; fl;rp vd;gJ fpis tifiar; Nrh;e;jJ. ,jpy; ahh; Ntz;LkhdhYk;

cWg;gpduhfyhk;.

kf;fs; fl;rpf;F cjhuzk;> Mq;fpNya njhopyhsh; fl;rp> n[h;kdpapd; r%f FbauR

fl;rp> ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; fl;rp> ghujpa [djh fl;rp

20k; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; Vw;gl;l u\;ag; Gul;rpNa xw;iwf;fl;rp mikg;G

cUthtjw;F mbNfhypaJ. (c.k;.) fk;a+dp];l; rPdh

,U fl;rpKiwapy; xd;W MSk; fl;rp> kw;nwhd;W vjph;fl;rp (v.fh.) ,q;fpyhe;jpd;

goik thj fl;rp kw;Wk; njhophsh; fl;rp mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfspd; [dehaff; fl;rp

kw;Wk; FbauRf; fl;rp

,e;jpah kw;Wk; gpuhd;R ehLfs; gyfl;rp mikg;gpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L

jd;dhh;t mikg;Gfis f;igdh; vd;gth; ngahplg;glhj NguuR vdTk;> kw;wth;fs;

,jid fz;Zf;F Gyg;glhj murhq;fk; vdTk; mq;fPfhukw;w murhq;fk; vdTk;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.

[dehafk; vd;gJ kf;fSf;fhfTk;> kf;fs; fUj;jpdbg;gilapYk; xg;Gjypd; NghpYk;

Vw;gLj;jg;gLtJ vd tpthjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

thf;fhsh; gl;bay;fspy; jpUj;jk; nra;tJk;> gl;bay;fs; jahh; nra;tJk; Njh;jy;

Mizaj;jpd; gzp.

Njh;jy; Mizak;> ghuhSkd;wk;> rl;lkd;wk;> FbauRj; jiyth;> FbauRj; jiyth;

MfpNahiu Njh;e;njLg;gjw;F Njh;jy; elj;JtJ Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd; gzp.

Njh;jy; Mizah;fs; FbauRj;jiytuhy; 5 Mz;LfSf;F epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;.

,th;fsJ gzpAk;> gzpf;fhyKk; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpiag; gjtpapypUe;J vLf;f ve;j tpjpiaf; filgpbf;fg;gLfpwNjh

mNj tpjpapd; gojhd; jiyik Njh;jy; Mizaiu ePf;f KbAk;.

Xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; Njh;jy; Mizj;jpd; fpisfspUf;Fk;> ,jw;F me;je;j

khepyq;fis fye;jhNyhrpj;J xU Kjd;ik Njh;jy; mjpfhhpia Njh;jy; Mizah;


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epakpg;ghh;. mth;fs; khepyq;fspy; Njh;jy; elj;j epiyahd Njh;jy; mjpfhhpfshfTk;

mikg;ghfTk; nray;gLthh;fs;.

Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpy; gzpahw;WNthh; vz;zpf;if Fiwthf ,Uf;fk;. Mdhy; Njh;jy;

fhyq;fspy; Njitahd mjpfhhpfSk;> gzpahsh;fSk; gzpapy; mkh;j;jg;gLth;.

G+Nfhs gphpT kw;Wk; gug;G mbg;gilapy; ehd;F tifahd fl;rpfs; cs;sd.

1. Njrpa fl;rpfs; 2. khepy fl;rpfs;

3. xU rpy khepyq;fSf;F kl;Lk; njhlh;Gila fl;rpfs; 4. cs;@h; fl;rpfs;.

1954y; ele;j Nyhf; rghtpw;fhd nghJ Njh;jypd; NghJ Fiwe;jJ 4 khepyq;fspyhtJ

4% Fiwahj thf;Ffs; ngw;w rpy fl;rpfis Njrpa fl;rpfshf ,e;jpa Njh;jy;

Mizak; mwptpj;jJ. (v.fh) fhq;fpu]; fl;rp> ghujpa [djh fl;rp.

,e;jpahtpy; khepyf;fl;rpfs; me;je;j khepy mbg;gilapYk;> Fbahl;rpKiwg; gz;ghL>

r%f nghUshjhu kw;Wk; Fbkf;fspilNa epyTk; gphpTfSf;F Vw;g

Njhd;wpapUf;fpd;wd.

9. kf;fshl;rp mjpfhuk;

jy Ra Ml;rp gpujpepjpj;Jiw muR Kiwia kf;fSf;F fw;Wzh;j;Jk; xU nraypahf

,Uf;fpwJ.

Kjd;Kjypy; vOe;j cs;shl;rp rl;lk; 1842 Mk; Mz;L tq;fhs kf;fs; $l;lk; vd;w

ngaud; te;jJ

jyRa Ml;rp Kiwia 1882-y; ,e;jpahtpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; hpg;gd; gpuG

1906 Mk; Mz;L uhay; fkp\d; mjpfhuj;ijg; gd;Kfg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rpghhprpid

nra;jJ

1957 gy;te;uha; Nkj;jh FO kw;Wk; 1963 re;jhdk; FO 1978-y; mNrhf;Nkj;jhFO

Nghd;wit gQ;rhaj;J uh[; mikg;Gfis Fwpj;J Muha mikf;fg;gl;l FO MFk;.

jkpo ehL gQ;rhaj;J rl;lk; 1958 kw;Wk; 1994-y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

10. gd;dhl;L murpay;

epWtdq;fs;mikg;G

If;fpa ehLfs; fofj;jpd; Kf;fpa mikg;G

czT kw;Wk; Ntshz;ik fofk; (FAO) - Nuhk;

rh;tNjr mZrf;jp mikg;G (IAEA) -tpad;dh

rh;tNjr tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J mikg;G - (IACO) fdlh


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rh;tNjr Ml;rpg;gzp Mizak; - (ICSC) epa+ahh;f;

gd;dhl;L ePjpkd;wk; - jp N`f;

gd;dhl;L Kd;Ndw;w mikg;G -(IDA) th\pq;ld;

gd;dhl;L epjp Ntshz;ik tq;fp - (IFDA) Nuhk;

cyf njhopyhsh; mikg;G - (ILO) n[dpth

gd;dhl;L fly;tho; mikg;G - (IMO) ,yz;ld;

cyf epjp epWtdk; - (IMF) th\pq;ld;

rh;tNjr ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wk; Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp mikg;G - (INTRAW) rhe;Nj

Nlhkpdpf;

gd;dhl;L njhiynjhlh;G mikg;G - (ITO) n[dpth

cyf th;j;jf ikak; - (WTO) Rtpl;rh;yhe;J

If;fpa ehLfspd; $l;L nray;jpl;lk; - n[dpth

nra;jp rhjdKk; mikjp epWtdKk; - ghhp];

If;fpa ehLfspd; Foe;ijfs; ey epjp -(UNICEF) epa+ahh;f;

If;fpa ehLfspd; th;jf Kd;Ndw;w khehL (UNCTAO) - n[dpth

If;fpa ehLfspd; rh;tNjr kUe;J fl;Lg;ghL jpl;lk; (UNDCP) – tpad;dh

If;fpa ehLfspd; ngz;fspd; ey Kd;Ndw;w epjp (UNIFEM) - epa+ahh;f;

If;fpa ehLfspd; Kd;Ndw;w jpl;lq;fs; - (UNDP) epa+ahh;f;

If;fpa ehLfspd; fy;tp> mwptpay; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu mikg;G - (UNESCO) ghhp];

If;fpa ehLfspd; Rw;Wr;Roy; jpl;llg;gzpfs; -(UNESP) ieNuhgp

If;fpa ehLfspd; njhopy;Jiw Kd;Ndw;w mikg;G -(UNIDO) tpad;dh

If;fpa ehLfspd; gy;fiyf;fofk; - (UNC) Nlhf;fpNah

If;fpa ehLfspd; njhz;lh;fs; -(UNU) ghd;

gd;dhl;L mQ;ry; fofk; -(UPU) ngh;d;

ngz;fs; fhg;gfk; - epa+ahh;f;

cyf tq;fp FOkk; - th\pq;ld;

cyf czT jpl;lk; - (WFD) Nuhk;

cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; - (WHO) n[dpth

cyf mwpTrhh; nghUs; fofk; - (WIPO) n[dpth

cyf thdpiy mikg;G - Nkl;iul; (WMO) - ];ngapd;

cyf th;j;jf ikak; n[dpth

If;fpa ehLfs; fof rhrdk; mjd; cWg;G ehLfs; epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba flikfs;

kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; Mfpatw;iw tphpthf vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

nghJg;Nguit I.eh-tpd; midj;J eltbf;iffSf;Fk; Mjhukhf ,Uf;fpwJ.


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SAARC - cWg;G ehLfs; gq;fshnj\;> g+lhd;> ,e;jpah> khyj;jPTfs;> Neghsk;>

ghfp];jhd; kw;Wk; =yq;fh

ASEAN - 1976y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ

NAM mnkhpf;fh kw;Wk; Nrhtpaj; a+dpad; ehLfSf;fpilNa 1949 - 89 Mfpa

fhyfl;lj;jpy; gdpg;Nghh; ele;j NghJ mzpNruh ,af;fk; (NAM) Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.

UNIT – I nghUslf;fk;

Mwhk; tFg;G

nghUsjhuk;- xh; mwpKfk;

Vohk; tFg;G

cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs;


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[Type text]


vl;lhk; tFg;G

gzk;> Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; KjyPL

xd;gjhk; tFg;G

1.NjitAk; mspg;Gk;

2.rkepiy tpiy

gj;jhk; tFg;G

1.ehl;L tUkhdk;

2.tpLjiyf;Fg;gpd; ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuk;

Mwhk; tFg;G

nghUshjhuk;-Xh; mwpKfk;

kdpjd; fz;l Kjy; njhopy; gaph;j;njhopy; MFk;.

cly; tsh;r;rpf;F czT Njitg;gLfpwJ


9943056137, 9976626064,

[Type text]


mwpT tsh;r;rpf;F fy;tp Njitg;gLfpwJ.

ek;ik ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s kUj;Jtk; Njitg;gLfpwJ.

kf;fs; gzpfis muR Copah;fs; nra;fpd;wdh;.

coth;fs;> njhopyhsh;fs;> KjyPl;lhsh;fs;> gzpahsh;fs; gzpahw;wp tUthia

<l;Lfpd;wdh;. ,J xl;L nkhj;jkhf ehl;L tUtha; vd;fpNwhk;.

jdpahf xUtUf;F kl;Lk; fpilf;Fk; tUkhdj;ijj; jdpegh; tUkhdk; vd;fpNwhk;.

cw;gj;jp> Efh;r;rp> gfph;T Mfpa %d;Wk; nghUshjhuj;jpd; mbg;gilfshf mikfpwJ.

thq;FtJk;> tpw;gJk; eilngWk; ,lk; re;ij vdg;gLk;.

kf;fs; re;ijapy; nghUl;fis thq;fpj; jq;fspd; Njitfis epiwT nra;J

nfhs;tijNa Efh;r;rp vd;fpNwhk;.

rpy nghUl;fs; mjpfkhf FtpAk;NghJ mg;nghUspd; tpiy Fiwe;Jk;> gw;whf;Fiw

Vw;gLk;NghJ tpiy mjpfhpj;Jk; fhzg;gLk;.

mj;jpahtrpa nghUl;fis muR epahatpiyf; filfs; %yk; toq;FfpwJ.

nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp vd;gJ cw;gj;jp> Efh;T> gfph;T ngUfpf;nfhz;Nl nry;tj;ijf;

Fwpf;fk;.

vd;d cw;gj;jp nra;tJ? vt;thW cw;gj;jp nra;tJ? vd;gij muR KbT nra;Ak;.

kj;jpa khepy muRfs; tuT nryTj;jpl;lj;ij jahhpf;f nghUshjhu mwpT mtrpak;.

nghUshjhu mwpT midj;J Jiwfspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F mtrpahfpwJ.

ekJ ehl;by; nghUshjhuj;jpw;fhf mwpQh; mkh;j;jpahnrd; Nehgy; ghprpidg;

ngw;Ws;shh;.

Vohk; tFg;G

cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs ;

nghUspay; vd;gJ xU r%f mwptpay;

kdpj tpUg;gq;fisg; gw;wpAk; mit epiwT nra;ag;gLtJ gw;wpAk; tpsf;FfpwJ.

nghUspay; mwpQh;fs;:-

Mlk;];kpj; nghUspaypd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

mth; jdJ E}yhd (1776) ‘ehLfspd; nry;tk;” vd;gjpy; nghUspay; vd;gJ

nry;tj;ijg; gw;wpa xU mwptpay;” vd tiuaiw nra;fpwhh;.

,tuJ Gj;jf ntspaPl;bw;F gpd;dNu nghUspay; xU Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l mwptpayhf

mwpag;gl;lJ.


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,yady; uhgpd;]; mth;fs; ‘nghUspay; vd;gJ gw;whf;Fiwahd tsq;fNshL kdpj

eltbf;iffisg; gw;wp gapYfpd;w mwptpay; vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;” vd;fpwhh;.

cw;gj;jpf;fhuzpfs; :-

1. epyk;:-

nghUspaypy; epyk; vd;gJ kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;glhj midj;Jk; epykhFk;.

fhw;W> #hpa xsp> g+kp> fhLfs;> MWfs; kw;Wk; fdpk tsq;fs; Mfpa midj;Jk;

epyk; vdg;gLk;.

gz;Gfs;:-

epyk; ,aw;ifapd; nfhil MFk;.

epyj;jpd; mspg;G epiyahdJ.

epyj;ij mopf;f KbahJ.

epyk; nropg;gpy; NtWghLk;.

epyk; nra;ag;gLk; cw;gj;jpf;fhuzp

2. ciog;G:-

Cjpak; ngWtjw;fhf cly; ciog;G my;yJ kd ciog;gpid Nkw;nfhs;tijf;

Fwpf;Fk;

gz;gfs;:-

ciog;G mopaf;$baJ.

ciog;G kdpjDf;F kdpjd; khWgLk;.

t.vz; cw;gj;jpf;

fhuzpfs;

ntFkjpfs; jd;ik

1 epyk; thuk; mbg;gil

cw;gj;jpf;fhuzpfs; my;yJ

cz;ikf;

fhuzpfs;

2

ciog;G

$yp

3

%yjdk;

tl;b

ngwg;gl;l cw;gj;jpf;

fhuzpfs; my;yJ

jUtpf;fg;gl;l cw;gj;jpf;

;fhuzpfs;

4

njhopyikg;G

,yhgk;


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ciog;G ,lk; ngauf;$baJ.

jdp ciog;ghspfspd; Nguk; NgRk; Mw;wy; FiwT.

Ntiy gFg;G Kiiw:-

Mlk; ];kpj; jdJ E}yhd ‘ehLfspd; nry;tk;” vd;gjpy; Ntiyg;

gFg;GKiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.

Ntiyg;gFg;G vd;gJ xU Ntiyia gy;NtW FOf;fsplk; gfph;e;jspj;jiyf;

Fwpf;Fk;.

Mlk; ];kpj; Fz;^rp jahpg;ig 18 cl;gphpthf gphpj;J tpsf;fpAs;shu;.

10-kdpjh;fs; xU ehisf;F 48>000 Crpfs; cw;gj;jp nra;aKbAk; vdTk; xU

egUf;F 4800 tPjk; cw;gj;jp nra;a ,aYk;.

NtiygFg;G ,y;iy vdpy; xU egh; xU Fz;^rp kl;Lk; nra;a KbAk; vd;fpwhh;.

3. %yjdk;;;:-

nghJthf %yjdk; vd;gJ nry;tj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.

nghUspaypy; %yjdk; vd;gJ nry;tj;ij NkYk; cw;gj;jp nra;jpl kdpj

Kaw;rpahy; cUthf;fg;gl;l nry;tj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.

%yjdj;jpd; tiffs;:-

gUkg;nghUs; %yjdk; (fl;bq;fs; kw;wk; ,ae;jpuq;fs; Nghd;wit)

gz %yjdk; (gzk;> gj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;wit)

kdpj %yjdk; (fy;tp> gapw;rp Nghd;wit)

%yjdj;jpd; gz;Gfs;;:-

%yjdk; xU nrayw;w cw;gj;jpf; fhuzp.

%yjdk; kdpj Kaw;rpahy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

%yjdk; Mf;fKilaJ.

%yjdk; gy Mz;Lfs; ePbf;Fk;.

%yjdk; mjpf ,aq;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.

4. njhopyikg;G:-

epyk;> ciog;G> %yjdk; Mfpa cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfis xUq;fpizj;J

,lh;ghLfis Vw;Fk; fhuzp ‘njhopyikg;G” MFk;.

njhopy; KidNthh;:-

midj;J cw;gj;jp> fhuzpfisAk; xUq;fpizj;J ,lh;ghLfisAk; epr;rakw;w

jd;ikfisAk; vjph; nfhs;gtNu njhopy;KidNthh; Mthh;.


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,th; ‘rKjha khw;Wk; fhZk; Kfth;” vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

gytifJiwfs;:-

1.Kjd;ikj; Jiw:-

Kjd;ikj;Jiw ,aw;ifg; nghUl;fis Kjd;ikg; nghUs;fshf khw;Wfpd;wJ.

tptrhak;> kPz;gpbj;jy;> tdj;Jiw> Ruq;fj;njhopy; Nghd;wit mlq;Fk;.

,e;jpahtpy; tptrhaj; njhopy; mjpfkhdjhfTk;> Kf;fpakhdjhfTk;

tpsq;FfpwJ.

2. ,uz;lhk; Jiw:-

,uz;lhk; Jiw vd;gJ %yg;nghUl;fis cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fshf khw;WfpwJ.

rpW kw;Wk; ngUe; njhopy;fs;> fl;Lkhdk; iftpidg; nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp ,jpy;

mlq;Fk;.

3. rhh;GJiw:-

rhh;Gj;Jiw vd;gJ Nritj;Jiw MFk;.

,jpy; tzpfk;> tq;fpfs;>Nghf;Ftuj;J> fy;tp> kUj;Jtk;> gz;ghL Mfpait

mlq;Fk;.

ngUk;ghyhd tsh;e;j ehLfspy; ,j;Jiwapy; mjpf njhopyhsh;fs; gzp

nra;fpd;wdh;.

mnkhpf;fhtpy; 80 rjtPjk; Ngh; ,j;Jiwapy; gzpGhpfpd;wdh;.

vl;lhk; tFg;G

gzk;> Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; KjyPL

gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; xU nghUSf;F khw;whf ,d;ndhU nghUisg; ngw;Wf;

nfhz;lhh;fs;.

,J gz;lkhw;WKiw vdg;gl;lJ.

,jpy; Vw;gl;l ,lh;ghl;bd; tpisthf gzj;ij ,ilaPl;Lf; fUtpahf

fz;Lgpbf;f cjtpaJ.

gzk; vd;gJ:-

thf;fh; mth;fsJ $w;Wg;gb> ‘gzk; kl;LNk gzj;jpd; Njitia

re;jpf;Fk;”. vd ;Wk ; ‘gzk; vijnay;yhk; nra;a


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ty;yNjh mJNt gzk;” vdTk; tiuaiw nra;fpwhh;.

gzj;jpd; ngah; fhuzk;;;:-

,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; gzj;jpw;Fl‘khdl;lh’ vd;gJ ngauhFk;.

khdl;lh vd;gJ cNuhkdpangz; flTs;[pdNlhtpd; kWngah;MFk;.

gzj;jpd; Mq;fpy thh;j;ij khdl;lhtpypUe;J kUtpajhFk;.

gzk; vd;gJ fhRfs;> &gha; Nehl;Lfs;> fhNrhiy> nrYj;jr; rPl;L> fld;

ml;il Kjypait ,ize;j xd;whFk;.

gzj;jpd; kjPg;gpL:-

gzj;jpd; kjpg;gPL vd;gJ kf;fspd; Efh;tj;jpwid mbg;gilahf

nfhz;Ls;sJ.

kf;fspd; Efh;T jpwd; vd;gJ nghUspd; tpiyiar; rhh;e;Js;sJ.

gzk; xU fUtp kl;LNk mJNt ,Wepiy my;y.

gzj;jpd; gzpfs;:-

,ilaPl;Lf; fUtp (nghUl;fs; ghpkhw;wk;)

kjpg;gpd; msTNfhy;. (nghUspd; tpiy (kjpg;G)

kjpg;gpd; epiyfsd;. (Nrkpj;J itf;f)

vjph;fhy nrYj;Jif.(flid vjph;fhyj;jpy; nrYj;JtJ)

gzj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;:-

nghUspay; nray;ghLfshd Efh;T> cw;gj;jp> gfph;T> ghpkhw;wk; kw;Wk; nghJ

epjpay; Mfpatw;wpy; gzj;jpd; gq;fspg;G Kf;fpakhdJ MFk;.

Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; KjyPL:-

Nrkpg;G vd;gJ tUkhdj;jpy; nrytopf;fg;glhky; cs;s gzj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.

KjyPL vd;gJ Nrkpf;fg;gl;ltw;iw cw;gj;jpapy; <LgLj;Jtijf; Fwpf;Fk;.

nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F Nrkpg;Gk; Kjyd Mf;fKk; ,d;wpaikahjJ

MFk;.

Nrkpg;G vd;gJ Efh;Nthh; fuq;fspypYk;> KjyPL vd;gJ njhopyjpgh;fs;

fuq;fspYk; cs;sd.

9-k; tFg;G


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[Type text]


1.NjitAk; mspg;Gk;

Njit vd;gJ:-

Njit vd;gJ tpUg;gNk. nghUspaypy; Njit vd;gJ thq;Fk; rf;jpAld; $ba

tpUg;gj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.

Njit vd;gJ nghUl;fis thq;Fk; kf;fsplk; vOtjhFk;. mth;fs; Efh;Nthh;

vdg;gLfpwhh;fs;

Njitiaj; jPh;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;:-

tpiyjhd; Njitiaj; jPh;khdpf;Fk; Kf;fpa fhuzpahFk;. ,J jtp Efh;Nthhpd;

RitfSk; kw;Wk; tpUg;gq;fq;fSk;.

2.gjpyPl;Lg; gz;lj;jpd; tpiy.

3.Efh;Nthhpd; vz;zpf;if

4.tUq;fhy tpiyg;gw;wpa vjph;ghh;g;G

5.tUkhd gfph;T>

6.gUtfhy khw;wq;fs;.

Njit tpjp:-

My;gpuL khh;\y; Njit tpjpia tiuaiw nra;fpwhh;.

tpiy cah;j;jhy; Njit FiwAk;> tpiy Fiwe;jhy; Njit mjpfhpf;Fk;.

tpiyf;Fk; Njitf;Fk; jiyfPo; njhlh;G cilaJ.

Njit ml;ltiz tpiyf;fk; Njitf;Fk; cs;s jiyfPo; njhlh;ig

tpsf;FfpwJ.

Njit ml;ltiz Efh;Nthh; gy;NtW tpiyfspy; thq;Fk; mstpidf;

Fwpf;fpwJ.

Njit tpjptpyf;F:-

Njit tpjpapypUe;J khWgl;L tpiy caUk; NghJ NjitAk; caUk; (v.fh.

itu Mguzq;fs; (ntg;sd; tpisT)

tpiy FiwAk;NghJ NjitAk; FiwAk;. (v.fh.Nfo;tuF (fpg;gd; tpisT).

,J Njit tpjptpyf;F vdg;gLfpwJ.

mspg;G vd;gJ:-

mspg;G cw;gj;jpahsh;fsplkpUe;J vOfpwJ.


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xU Fwpg;gpl;l tpiyapy; tpw;gidf;F mspf;fg;gLk; gz;lj;jpd; msT mspg;G

vdg;gLk;.

mspg;igj; jPh;khdpf;fk; fhuzpfs;:-

tpiy mspg;ig jPh;khdpf;Fk; Kf;fpa fhuzpfs;.

cw;gj;jpj; njhopy; El;gk;.

fhuzpfspd; tpiy

gpw gz;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if

tUq;fhy tpiy gw;wpa vjph;ghh;g;G.

thpfs; kw;Wk; rYiffs;.

nghUshjhuk; rhuh fhuzpfs;.

mspg;G tpjp:-

tpiy cah;j;jhy; mspg;Gk; caUk;> tpiy Fiwe;jhy; mspg;Gk; FiwAk;.

tpiyf;Fk; mspg;gpw;Fk; Neub njhlh;G cs;sJ.

2.rkepiy tpiy

rkepiy tpiy vd;gJ:-

xU Fwpg;gpl;l tpiyapy;> thq;fg;gLk; msTk;> tpw;fg;gLk; msTk; rkkhFk;.

mt;tpiy rkepiy tpiy vdg;gLk;.

rkepiy tpiyapd; fhyj;jpd; gq;F:-

My;gpul; khh;\y; rkepiy tpiy eph;zaj;jpy; %d;W tifahd fhyj;jpd;

gq;fpid mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;shh;.

1. mq;fhbf; fhyk; my;yJ kpff; FWfpa fhyk;:-

,J Njit khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g mspg;ig khw;w Kbahj fhyk;.

,jpy; mspg;G khwhJ.

NjitNa tpiyiaj; jPh;khdpf;Fk;.

2. FWfpa fhyk;:-

Njit khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g mspg;ig xusT khw;wf;$ba fhyk;.

Njit cah;T rpwpa tpiy FiwitiaAk; Vw;gLj;Jk;.

3. ePz;lfhyk;:-


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[Type text]


Njit khw;wj;ij KOikahf mspg;G khw;wj;jhy; re;jpf;f KbAk;.

tpiy NjitAk;> mspg;Gk; jPh;khdpf;Fk;.

gj;jhk; tFg;G

1.ehl;L tUkhdk;

ehl;L tUkhdk; vd;gJ:

ehl;L tUkhdk; vd;gJ> ‘xU ehl;by; Xuhz;L fhyj;jpy; cw;gj;jp

nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfspd; nkhj;j kjpg;gpd; msNt MFk;”.

ehl;L tUkhdk; xU ehl;bd; nkhj;j tUkhdj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.

mbg;gilf; fUj;Jf;fs;:-

1. nkhj;j ehl;L cw;gj;jp (GNP-GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT)

xU ehl;by; xuhz;by; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfspd;

kjpg;Gk;> me;ehl;L kf;fs; Xuhz;by; <l;ba tUkhdKk;> ntspehl;bypUe;J

fpilf;Fk; ,yhgKk; Nrh;j;jNj nkhj;j ehl;L cw;gj;jpahFk;.”

2. nkhj;j cs;sehl;L cw;gj;jp (GDP-GROSS DMESTIC PRODUCT):

xU ehl;bd; vy;iyf;Fs; Xh; Mz;by; me;ehl;bw;F nrhe;jkhd cw;gj;jpf;

fhuzpfshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fs; kw;wk; gzpfspd; nkhj;j

kjpg;igf; Fwpf;Fk;.

3. epfu ehl;L cw;gj;jp (NNP- NET NATIONAL PRODUCT):

epfu ehl;L cw;gj;jp = nkhj;j ehl;L cw;gj;jp- Nja;khdr; nryT

4. epfu cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp (NDP-NET DOMESTIC PRODUCT):

epfu cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp = nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp - Nja;khdr; nryT

5.jyh tUkhd (Percapita Income)

jyh tUkhdk; = ehl;L tUkhdk;

ehLfspd; jyh tUkhdk; xg;gPL:- kf;fs; njhif


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ehl;bd; ngah; jyh tUkhdk; (mnkhpf;f

lhyhpy;)

[g;gd; 47490

mnkhpf;fh 46020

,e;jpah 950

tq;fhsNjrk; 470

ehl;L tUkhdj;ijf; fzf;fpLk; Kiwfs;:-

ehl;L tUkhdj;ij fPo;fhZk; %d;W Kiwfspy; fzf;fplyhk;.

cw;gj;jp Kiw (ehl;bd; nkhj;j cw;gj;jpapd; mbg;gilapy;)

tUkhd Kiw (ehl;bd; midj;J kf;fspd; tUkhdq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;)

nrytpd; Kiw (ehl;bd; nkhj;j Efh;T> KjyPLr; nryT kw;Wk; Nrkpg;G)

,e;jpahtpy; cw;gj;jpKiw kw;Wk; tUkhd Kiw mbg;gilapy; ehl;L

tUkhdk; fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.

ehl;L tUkhdf;fzf;fPl;d;NghJ fhzg;gLk; gpur;rpidfs;:-

fUg;ggzk;.

Gzk;rhuh nghUshjhuk; (gz;lkhw;W nghUshjhuk;)

,UKiw fzf;fpLjy;.

ek;gj;jFe;j Gs;sp tptuq;fs; ,d;ik.

,y;yj;jurpfspd; gzpfs;.

r%fg;gzpfis fzf;fpy; nfhs;shik.

,e;jpahtpy; ehl;L tUkhdj;jpd; Nghf;F:-

Mz;L tpOf;fhL

2003 4.3%

2004 8.3%

2005 6.2%


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2006 8.4%

2007 9.2%

2008 9%

2009 7.4%

,e;jpa ehl;L tUkhdj;jpy;

Jiwfspd; gq;fspg;G:-

Jiwfs; tpOf;fhL

Kjd;ikj; Jiw 15.8

,uz;lhk; Jiw 25.8

gzpfs; Jiw 58.4

nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; murpd; gq;F:-

goq;fhyq;spy;murpd; jiyaplhf; nfhs;if (Laissez-faire) eilKiwapy;

,Ue;jJ.

goq;fhy muRfs; fhty; murfshf (ehl;L ghJfhg;G) kl;LNk ,Ue;jJ.

etPd muRfs; kf;fs; ey muRfshf cs;sJ.

murpd; gzpfs;:-

ehl;il ghJfhj;jy;.

eph;thfg; gzpfs;(khf;fs; gzpahw;w rl;lkd;wk;> eph;thfk;> ePjpj;Jiw

Mfpa %d;Wk; murpd; Kf;f myfhfr; nray;gLfpwJ)

r%fg;ghJfhg;G gzpfs; (cly; eyk; kw;Wk; Ntiyapd;ik epthuzk;)

nghUshjhug; gzpfs;.

2. tpLjiyf;fg;gpd; ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuk;


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gphpl;b\;” Ml;rpapy; ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhu epiy:-

,e;jpag; nghUshjhuk; fpuhkg; nghUshjhuj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

70 rjtPj kf;fs; Ntshz;ikia rhh;e;jpUe;jdh;.

,e;jpahtpy; tzpfk; kw;Wk; njhopy; efuq;fis ikakhf nfhz;L nray;gl;ld.

,e;jpahtpy; Kf;fpaj; njhopyhf [Tspj; njhopy; fhzg;gl;lJ.

iftpidg;nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jpapy; jiy rpwe;J tpsq;fpaJ.

6) Gfo;ngw;W tpsq;fpa cw;gj;jpfs;:-

cw;gj;jpfs; efuq;fs;

fhspNfh Jzpfs; tq;fhsk;

gl;L nerT ngdhu];

ifj;jwp jkpo;ehL

rhy;it fh\;kPh;

kuj;jpyhd nghUl;fs; Y}jpahdh

gphpl;b\;’ Ml;rpapd; Kf;fpa tpisTfs;:-

fpuhkg; nghUshjhuj;jpd; tpo;r;rp.

iftpidg; nghUl;fspd; Gfo; kq;fpaJ.

Gjpa epy mikg;G Kiw (xUq;fpize;j ,e;jpah)

tpLjiyf;Fg;gpd; ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuk;:-

[tfh;yhy;NeU fpuhkg; nghUshjhuj;ij tYg;gLj;j tpUk;gpdhh;.

tprhak;> ePh;g;ghrdk; kw;Wk; kpd; cw;gj;jpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jhh;.

fyg;G nghUshjhuj;ij eilKiwg; gLj;jpddh;.

nghUshjhuj;ij eilKiwg; gLj;jpdh;.

,e;jpa Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; u\;ahtpd; 7-Mz;L jpl;lj;jpypUe;J te;jJ.

1950-k; Mz;L ,e;jpa jpl;lf;FO Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

Njrpa tsh;r;rpf;FO (NDC) khepy murpd; xj;Jiiog;ig 5-Mz;Ljpl;lq;fSf;F

ngWtjw;fhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.


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(NDC) - jiyth; gpujkh; Mthh;. ehl;bd; midj;J Kjy;th;fSk; cWg;gpduhth;.

2007-2012-y; 11-tJ Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

jw;NghJ 12-tJ Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lk; (2012-2017) eilKiwapy; cs;sJ.

,e;jpa Ntshz;ik:-

ekJ ehl;;bd; KJnfYk;ghf Ntshz;ik jpfo;fpwJ.

ehl;bd; tUthapd; Ntshz;ikapd; gq;F 40 rjtPjkhf cs;sJ.

1967-y; ,e;jpahtpy; gRikg;Gul;rp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

gRikg; Gul;rp vd;gJ epyr;rPh;jpUj;jk;> tPhpa tpj;Jf;fs; gad;ghL kw;Wk;

Nkk;ghLj;jg;gl;l ghrd trjpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.

epyr;rPh;jpUj;jk; vd;gJ ,ilj;jufh;fis xopj;J epy cr;rtuk;gpid

eph;zapj;jiyf; Fwpf;Fk;.

g+kpjhd ,af;fj;ij Muk;gpj;jth; Mr;rhh;a tpNdhghNt.

gRikg;Gul;rp NfhJik kw;Wk; mhprp Nghd;wtw;wpy; Vw;gl;L ,e;jpah czT

cw;gj;jpapy; jd;dpiwT mile;jJ.

,e;jpahtpy; tPhpa tpijfs; rhh;e;J Y}jpahdh> ge;j;efh; kw;Wk; Nfhak;Gj;J}h;

Ntshz;ik gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; Muha;r;rp nra;jd.

,e;jpa njhopy;Jiw:-

nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; vd;gJ murhy; elj;jg;gLtJ.

,e;J];jhd; fg;gy;; fl;Lk; epWtdk;> rpe;jphp cuj;njhopw;rhiy> nguk;g+h; uapy;ngl;b

njhopw;rhiy Nghd;wit nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fshFk;.

nghUshjhu rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; 1991:-

,e;jpag; nghUshjhuj;jpy; 1991- kpf Kf;fpakhd Mz;lhFk;.

1991-y; Gjpa nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

nghUshjhu rPjpUj;jq;fspd; fhuzkhf ,e;jpahtpy; me;epa KjyPL mjpfhpj;jJ.

gd;dhl;L epWtdk; vd;gJ gy ehLfspy; epWtdq;fis njhlq;fpAs;sit MFk;.

Fbirj; njhopy; vd;gJ FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fshy; goikahd cw;gj;jp Kiwapy;

nra;Ak; njhopyhFk;.

rpW njhopy; vd;gJ nghpa njhopy; epWtdq;fisr; rhh;e;j xd;whFk;.

nghUshjhu rPh;jpUj;jk;-jhuhskakhjy;> jdpahh;kakhjy;> cyfkakhjy;

Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ.

jhuhskakhjy; vd;gJ jdpahh; njhopy; epWtdq;fSld; jdpahh; JiwiaAk;

mDkjpg;gJ Nghd;wit.


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jdpahh;kakhjy; vd;gJ nghJj;Jiwia jdpahhplk; xg;gilg;gijf;

Fwpf;Fk;.

cyfkakhjy; vd;gJ xU ehl;bd; mq;fhbia gd;dhl;L mq;fhbAld;

njhlh;gLj;Jtijf; Fwpf;Fk;.

,e;jpa mwptpay;:-

kpd; cw;gj;jpf;F mDkpd;rf;jp Njit vd;gij 1954-w;F Kd;dNu muR mwpe;jJ.

,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; mDrf;jp epiyak; 1956-y; buhk;Ngtpy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.

tpz;ntspapy; nraw;iff; Nfhs;fis nrYj;Jk; 6-ehLfspy; ,e;jpahTk; xd;W.

nraw;iff;Nfhs; kw;Wk; njhiynjhlh;G Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F

nghWg;Gtfpf;Fk; epWtdk; ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rp epWtdkhFk;. ngq;fShpy;

jiyikafk; cs;sJ.

,e;jpahtpy; 1975-k; Mz;L Mh;agl;lh vd;fpw nraw;ifNfhs; tpz;zpy;

nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.

fle;j 40-Mz;Lfspy; 50 nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs; ntw;wpfukhf Vtg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2008-y; re;jpuhad;-1 tpz;fyk; epytpw;F ntw;wpfukhf nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.

caphp njhopy; El;gj;jpd; thapyhf fhyuhtpw;F tha;nkhop jLg;G kUe;J

jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

njhiy njhlh;G trjpfismspg;gjpy; ,e;jpah cyf ehLfspilNa 10-tJ

,lj;jpy; cs;sJ.

,e;jpahtpy; 77.93 kpy;ypad; njhiyNgrp njhlh;gfSk;> 1.79 kpy;ypad; nghJ

njhiNgrp epiyaq;fSk; cs;sd;.

,e;jpahtpy; 65.2 Nfhb igNgrp gad;ghl;lhsh;fs; cs;sdh;. Khje;NjhWk; 1

kpy;ypad; ifNgrpfs; ngwg;gLfpwJ.

ngq;Sh;> i`juhghj; kw;Wk; nrd;id Kf;fpa jfty; njhopy; El;g ikaq;fshFk;.

,e;jpahtpy; fy;tp tsh;r;rp:-

Mz;L; Mz; ngz; nkhj;jk; mjpf

tpOf;fhL

Fiwe;j

tpOf;fhL

jkpo;ehL

2011 82.14% 65.46% 74.04% Nfush gPfhh; 80.3%

93.9% 63.8%

,e;jpahtpy; nkhj;jk; fy;tp fw;Nwhh; vz;zpf;if 778.45 kpy;ypad;fshFk;.


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,e;;jpahtpy; njhlf;fg;gs;spfspy; 80% muR my;yJ muR cjtp ngWk; gs;spfshf

cs;sd.

14 tajpw;Fl;gl;ll midtUf;Fk; ,ytr fl;lhaf;fy;tp 2009-k; Mz;;L

rl;lj;jpd;gb eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

khtl;l njhlf;ff; fy;tpj; jpl;lk; kw;Wk; SSA (midtUf;Fk; fy;tpj; jpl;lj;jpd;)

%yk; khzth; Nrh;f;if njhlf;ff; fy;tpapy; mjpfhpfj;Js;sJ.

14 Kjy; 18 taJ tiuapyhd khzth;fs; gapYk; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapy; 88.5

kpy;ypad; khzth;fs; fw;W tUfpwhh;fs;.

,ilepiy fy;tp Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf midtUf;fk; ,ilepiyf; fy;tp (RMSA-

Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan) jpl;lk; njhlq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cah;fy;tp toq;Ftjpy; rpdh kw;wk; mnkhpf;fhtpw;Fgpd; ,e;jpah 3-tJ ,lj;jpy;

cs;sJ.

cah;fy;tp toq;Ftjpy;gy;fiyf; fof khdpaf; FO Kf;fpa gq;fhw;WfpwJ.

2009-k; Mz;btiu 20-kj;jpa gy;fiyf; fofk;>215-khepy gy;fiyf;fofk;> 100-

epfh;epiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk; 13-Njrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j fy;tp

epWtdq;fSk; cs;sd.

1600-k; fy;Y}hpfSk;> ngz;fSf;nfd 1800-fy;Y}hpfSk; nray;gLfpd;wd.

jkpo;ehl;bd; fy;tp tsh;r;rp:-

jkpo;ehl;bd; njhlf;f fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F Kd;dhs; Kjy;th; f.fhkuhrNu

Kf;fpa fhuzkhdth; Mthh;.

gs;spfspy; thuj;jpy; 5-ehl;fs; Kl;il toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

jkpo;ehl;by; 30 Mrphpah; fy;tp kw;Wk; gapw;rp epWtdq;fs; cs;sd.

cah;fy;tp toq;Ftjpy; jkpo;ehL ,e;jpahtpd; Kd;dzp khepykhf cs;sJ.

2020-k; Mz;bw;Fs; cah;fy;tpapid 11.72 rjtPjj;jpypUe;J 25 rjtPjkhf;FtNj

murpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhFk;.

jkpo;ehl;by; kpd; cw;gj;jp:-

mdy;kpd;

epiyaq;fs;

ePh;kpd;

epiyaq;fs;

mDkpd;

epiyaq;fs;;

fhw;Wkpd;

epiyaq;fs;

(kuGrhuh)

caphp

nghUl;fs;

vhprf;jp


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;vz;lD}h;

Jj;Jf;Fb

nea;Ntyp

Nkl;Lh;

Nkl;̂ h; Fe;jh

nghpahh; miz

NfhijahW

igf;fhuh

rpq;fhuh khahh;

fhy;ghf;fk;

$ld;Fsk;

Nfhak;Gj;J}h;

fd;dpahfkhp

J}j;Jf;Fb

jpUney;Ntyp

,uhkehjGuk;

jUkGhp

ehkf;fy;

caphp nghUl;fs; vhprf;jpahdJ Ntshz;nghUl;fspd; foptpypUe;J

ngwg;gLfpwJ.

Njrpa mdy;kpd; epiyaKk;> jkpo;ehL kpd;rhu thhpaKk; jpUts;Sh; khtl;lk;

ty;Y}hpy; mdy;kpd; epiyak; mikj;Js;sJ.

jkpo;ehL-Nghf;Ftuj;J:-

nrd;idapy; MRTS (Mass Rapid Transit System) kw;Wk; ngUefu nuapy;

jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; Nghf;ftuj;J jpl;lq;fs; Nkw;nghs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

jkpo;ehl;bd; kpfnghpa JiwKfq;fs; nrd;id> vz;Z}h;> J}j;Jf;Fb.

jkpo;ehl;bd; kpfr;rpwpa JiwKfq;fs; flY}h;> ehfg;gl;bdk;.

tpkhdepiyaq;fs;-nrd;id> Nfhit> kJiu> jpUr;rp> Nryk;> J}j;Jf;Fb.

Ke;ija; TN TET – 2 & TM TET RE - 2 Njh;tpy; Nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fs;

1. njhopyq;fis ,af;Fk; caph;ehb vdg;gLtJ

A. vhprf;jp B) Nghf;Ftuj;JC) %yjdk

D) khazpahl;fs;

2. ntghpd; njhopyhf miktpl Nfhl;ghL ve;j mikg;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?

A) tl;lk;

B) rJuk;

C) Kf;Nfhzk;

D) nry;tk;

3. xU ehl;bd; vy;iyf;Fs; epfo;fpd;w tzpfk;

A) cs;ehl;L tzpfk;

B) Cuf tzpfk;

C) gd;dhl;L tzpfk;

D) jy tzpfk;


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4. Njrpa kf;fs; njhif nfhs;ifia ,e;jpa murhq;fk; mwptpj;j Mz;L

A) gpg;uthp> 2000

B) [dthp> 2001

C) Mf];L> 1999

D) mf;Nlhgh;> 2002

5. ika murpd; eph;thfj;jpw;Fl;gl;l gFjpfs;

A) ,uhZtf; $l thhpaq;fs;

B) efu vy;iyg;gFjp

C) Fwpg;gpl;lvy;iyg;gFjp

D) FOf;fs; efhpfk;

6. ve;j Mz;il mbg;gil Mz;lhff; nfhz;L ,e;jpahtpy; epiyahd tpiyapy; ehl;L

tUkhdk; fzf;fpllg;gLfpwJ?

A) 1993 - 94

B) 1980 - 81

C) 1970 -71

D) 1960 61

1. ‘gzk; vijnay;yhk; nra;a ty;yNjh mJnt gzk;” tiuaWj;jth;

A) fpnusj;jh;

B) ,h;ypq;f;gp\h;

C) thf;fh;

D) rhg;gpNuh

2. Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;if cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L

A) 1981

B) 1986

C) 1985

D) 1984

3. NtiygFg;G Kiw vd;w fUj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;

A) Mlk;];j;

B) My;g;gpul;khh;\y;

C) J.M fPd;];

D) rhKNty;rd;

4. gjpNdhuhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lf; fhyk;

A) 2007 - 2012

B) 2002 -2007

C) 2012 - 2017


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D) 1997 2002

5. nghJ kf;fsplk; cs;s Gof;fg; gzk; vd;gJ

A)M1

B) M2

C) M3

D) M4

6. ,tw;wpw;fpilNa Neub cwT fhzg;gLfpwJ?

A) tpiy kw;Wk; Njit

B) tpiy kw;Wk;mspg;G

C) tpiy kw;Wk; tUkhdk;

D) tpiy kw;Wk; thp

7. rkepiy tpiyfPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; vj;id rkd;gLfpwJ?

A) Njit kw;Wk; mspg;G

B) Njit kw;wk; tUkhdk;

C) mspg;G kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp

D) Njit kw;Wk; gad;ghL

8. rKjhak; khw;wk; fhZk; Kfth;

A) Efh;Nthh;

B) njhopy;KidNthh;

C) ciog;ghsh;

D) tpdpNahf];jh;

9. nkJthd NtiyAk;> ifa+l;Lk; fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; vjw;F fhuzkhf

tpsq;fpwJ?

A) cw;gj;jpapd; jpwikf; FiwT

B) tUkhdk; kw;Wk; nry;tj;jpy; vw;wj; jho;T

C) njhopy; El;gkpd;ik

D) tsq;fisj; jpwikahf gad;gLj;Jjy;

10.fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpy; vJ gzj;jpd; gzpia Fwpg;gjpy;iy?

A) ghpkhw;wf; fUtp

B) kjpg;gpd; msTNfhy;

C) vjph;fhy nrYj;Jiff;fhdepiykjpg;G


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D) xd;WgLj;Jtjw;fhd fUtp

11 cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs; (gl;bay;A) kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpf;fhd Cjpaj;ijAk;

(gl;bay; B) nghUj;Jf.

gl;bay A ; gl;bay; B

a.epyk; 1. ,yghk;

b.ciog;G 2. tl;b

c.%yjdk; 3. $yp

d. mikg;G 4. thlif

FwpaPLfs;

a b c d

A. 4 3 2 1

B. 3 1 2 4

C. 3 2 4 3

D. 4 2 4 1

12.,tw;wpy; vJ %yjdj;jpd; tbtk;l my;y?

A) gUkg;nghUs; %yjdk;

B) gzk%yjdk;

C) ,aw;if %yjdk;

D) kdpj %yjdk;

13.,jpy; jtwhd $w;iwf; $Wf

A) r%fKk; rKjhaKk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlh;GilaJ

B) r%fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; nghJeyk;

C) r%fk; gy FOf;fspd; njhFjp - xd;Wf;nfhd;W

njhlh;GilaJ


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D) r%fk; vd;gJ kdpjh;fsplkpUe;J xU Fwpg;gpl;l tho;tjw;fhd Kiwia

vjph;ghh;j;jy;

14. fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jpd; gzpfspy; tuhj xd;W vJ?

A) fpuhkq;fspy; fpzW ntl;Ljy;

B) fpuhkq;fspy; cs;s tpisahl;L

C) ikjhdq;fis ftdpj;jy;

C) fpuhkq;fspy; rhiyfs; mikj;jy;

D) fpuhkq;fspy; kpd;rhu cw;gj;jpiag; ngUf;Fjy;

15.jyh tUkhdk; vd;gJ

A) xU ehl;by; trpf;Fk; kf;fspd; tho;f;if epiyiaf; Fwpg;gJ

B) xU ehl;by; cs;s gzf;fhuh;fspd;

tho;f;ifj;juk;

C) xU ehl;by; Vo;ikapy; cs;s kf;fspd; tho;f;if epiy

D) ehl;by; cs;s kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juk;

16.ICAR ,d; tphpthf;fk; vd;d?

A) Ntshz; gFjpf;fhd ,e;jpa FO

B) Nthsz; Muha;r;rpf;fhd ,e;jpa FOkk;

C) Ntshz; Muha;r;rpf;fhd ,e;jpa FO

D) Ntshz; gFjpf;fhd ,e;jpa FOkk;

17. ‘mspg;G tpjp” vd;gJ ve;j ,uz;ow;fhd Neubj; njhlh;ig tpsf;Fk;?

A) gz;lj;jpw;fhd tpiyTk; mspg;gpd; mstpw;Fk;

B) gz;lj;jpw;fhd tpiyAk; mjd; juj;ijAk;

C) tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; Vw;wk; kw;Wk; gz;lj;jpw;fhd juk;

D) tpiyapwf;fKk; gz;lj;jpw;fhd juKk;

18. tpiiyahdJ rkepiy tpiyia tpl mjpfkhfNth my;yJ FiwthfNth

,Uf;Fk; NghJ> rkepiy tpiyia mila NjitAk; mspg;Gk; nray;

ghpfpd;wd.

A) tpiy rkepiy

B) mspg;G rkepiy

C) mq;fhb rkepiy

D) Njit rkepiy

19. ,e;jpa &ghapd; jdpg;gl;l rpd;dkhdJ ,jd; ,uz;bd; njhFg;Gfs; MFk;.

A) Njtehfhp ‘Ra’ kw;Wk; Mq;fpy vOj;jpd; ‘R’


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B) Njtehfhp ‘Ra’ kw;Wk; Nuhk vOj;jpd; ‘R’

C) ,e;jp vOj;jpy ;; ‘Ra’ kw;wk; Nuhk vOj;jpd; ‘R’

D) ,e;jp vOj;jpd;; ‘Ra’ kw;Wk; Mq;fpyvOj;jpd; ‘R’

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