PART 1:THE EUROPEAN

MOMENT

By: Kaitlyn Glenn

Chapter 17: The Atlantic Revolutions

American Revolution 1775-1787 1760’s - British government

added new taxes & tariffs 1776 - Declaration of

Independence launched it Enlightenment – “popular

sovereignty, natural rights, consent of the governed” (Strayer 503)

1781 - Military victory against Britain occurred

1787 - Creation of federal constitution

Separated from Britain and brought separate colonies into one united nation

French Revolution 1789-1815 King Louis XVI raised taxes Commoners created the

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen “men are born and remain free and equal

in rights” (Strayer 504)

1793 – King Louis XVI executed Terror of 1793-1794

Maximilien Robespierre & Committee of Public Safety executed tens of thousands of supposed enemies

They were executed themselves

1799 - Napoleon Bonaparte invaded France

1815 - Napoleon’s empire was brought down and marked the end of the Revolution

Chapter 17: The Atlantic Revolutions

Haitian Revolution 1791 – 1804 In Saint Dominigue (Haiti) slaves

outnumbered white landowners 500,000 to 40,000

To the slaves a revolution meant a promise of personal freedom

1791 – Huge slave revolt began 1790’s – Toussaint Louverture

led brutal massacres of whites Defeated foreign powers and

Napoleon

January 1, 1804 - Jacques Dessalines was made first head of state

“Only completely successful slave revolt in world history” (Strayer 509)

Spanish American Revolution

1810 – 1825 “Did not…generate a revolution as

much as have one thrust upon them by events in Europe” (Strayer 511)

1808 – Napoleon invaded Spain & Portugal and deposed King Ferdinand VII This forced Latin America to take action

Started with “scattered and uncoordinated protests” (Strayer 510)

Influenced by Enlightenment Simon Bolivar (died 1830) & Jose de

San Martin - Needed support of people “Americanos” – those born in America “Enemy” – born in Spain or Portugal

Chapter 17:Worldwide Effects of Revolutions Smaller effects: Enlarged voting publics Universal male suffrage – 1914 Ideas of “republicanism, greater social equality…liberation from foreign rule” (Strayer 513)

Abolition of Slavery: Abolishment was a huge transformation in the world because slavery was extremely acceptable since

the beginning of civilization “Enlightenment thinkers” believed that it was a violation of people’s natural rights Became widely known that slaves were not needed for economic advancement Freed slaves did not really have political equality (except in Haiti) nor did they really have economic

progress or success

Nationalism: America’s fight to free their colonies started it all (1776-1825) Divided society into separate nations based on culture and territory and gave them political freedom

within themselves “Europe’s modern transformation also facilitated nationalism” (Strayer 516)

Feminism Organized groups of women fought their subordination to men for the first time (transatlantic) Olympe de Gouges created the Declaration of the Rights of Woman in 1791 1870 – Focused mainly on suffrage (in the West) 1900’s – Women were granted entry to universities 1914 – 100,000 women participated in Feminist organizations in France

Chapter 18: Industrialization in Europe

Characterized by rapid technological improvement which led to greater output of goods and services

Industrial Revolution occurred first in Europe because possibly… Many of the states were small and extremely competitive Monarchs united with merchant class because they desperately needed revenue

Began in Britain Most highly commercialized country in Europe Factors that ensured there were plenty of industrial workers:

○ Agricultural improvement kept food prices low and “freed up labor from the countryside” (Strayer 532)○ The guilds (monitored how manufacturing enterprises were run) no longer existed○ Rapidly growing population

Factors that gave Britain the edge on being the first country to industrialize○ British Aristocrats were interested in commerce for a long time and many took part in new mining and

manufacturing enterprises○ British trade was worldwide (merchant fleets protected by Royal Navy)○ Politics promoted commerce and economic progress○ Religious toleration that allowed people with skills of any faith○ Scientific Revolution in Great Britain was more focused on observation and experiments than any other country

New energy sources – First, coal-fired steam engines Later, petroleum-fueled engines

Production of goods increased fiftyfold between 1750-1900

Chapter 18: How Society was Affected in Britain Textile Industry:

Cotton consumption – ○ (1800) 52 million lbs ○ (1850) 588 million lbs

Coal production – ○ (1750) 5.23 million tons○ (1850) 68.4 million tons

Aristocracy: Landowners Numbers declined because industrialization gave way to newly rich people who didn’t need land to be

wealthy (i.e. businessmen, bankers, manufacturers)

Middle Class: Benefited the most from industrialization Reform Bill of 1832 expanded the right to vote to many middle class men (not women) Their were more jobs available for women by late 1800’s (teachers, clerical work…etc)

○ (1881-1901) Female secretaries in Britain went from 7,000 to 90,000

Laboring Class: More than 70% of population Suffered most & benefited least Work conditions got worse and worse (1824) Trade unions were legalized Karl Marx (1818-1883)- Socialism – Idea that equality of classes would end poverty

Chapter 18: Industrialization: America & Russia

AMERICA 1820’s- Began in Textile Industry in

New England Labor protests (sometimes violent):

1877- Eastern Railroads gave 10% pay cut which created massive strikes

1892- Violent strike at Homestead Steel

No political party represented working class & Socialism was not accepted

American Federation of Labor - Focused only on skilled laborers Wouldn’t side with any political party

Politics: “Populists” – small farmers mostly “Progressives” – created reforms for better

industrial work conditions

“World’s leading industrial power by 1914” (Strayer 542) Produced 36% of world’s goods

RUSSIA Monarchy & Socialism 1861- Serfs were freed 1860- Began industrial growth 1900-

4th in the world in steel production Huge in coal, textile, and oil Mostly in major cities

Factory workers: 5% of population 13 hr workdays until 1897 Resentful of bad work conditions Radical beliefs leading to large-scale

strikes

1905- Worker revolts & strikes resulted in reforms

1917- Russian revolt in WWI “Only in Russia was industrialization

associated with violent social revolution” (Strayer 548)

Chapter 19: China China was seen as a huge market to others because of the large population Fighting the European expansion as well as dealing with internal conflicts:

Peasant uprisings and DRASTIC population increases ○ No Industrial Revolution & no increase in food production accompanied the population growth○ State did not enlarge to keep up with growth

1793- Emperor Qianlong denied Britain’s request to increase trade (1839-1842) Opium Wars began because opium was a huge trade product, but

Commissioner Lin Zexu decided, in court (1836), to destroy all imported opium 1842- Treaty of Nanjing ended 1st Opium War: British terms put limits on China’s independence (1856-1858) 2nd Opium War: Brutal vandalism of Summer Palace opened more treaty ports

○ Defeat by France (1885) and Japan (1895) caused China to lose Vietnam, Korea, and Taiwan

(1850-1864) Taipang uprise led by Hong Xiuquan- Peasants revolted and believed in their own form of Christianity Wanted revolutionary change and an industrial nation Landowners and Western military aided in the defeat of the Taipang & restored Qing dynasty

(1860’s-70’s) China’s “self-strengthening” applied Confucian beliefs to it’s attempt at reconstruction

1890’s- Failed attempt at nationalism by organizations of educated Chinese 1900’s- Boxer Rebellion

Made failure of “self-strengthening” evident Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (“Boxers”) laid siege to foreign embassies in Beijing

1912- China collapsed and became dependent on Europe

Chapter 19: The Ottoman Empire

1750- “The central political fixture of a widespread Islamic World” (Strayer 571) 1798- Napoleon invaded Egypt and it was a huge blow to the Ottoman Empire Starting in late 18th century-Empire set up reforms to try to strengthen the state:

Sultan Selim III created new military and administrative groups based on Europe 1839- Imperial declaration that finally recognized equality of all men (most importantly, religion) (Decades following 1839)-Tanzimat (“reorganization”): Attempts to Westernize and modernize

○ Added new industries, schools, and laws based on Western culture, economy, and administration Made changes in the legal systems of diverse areas

The reforms changed the political and cultural identity of the nation: “Islamic renewal movements” inside and outside the empire occurred (Strayer 575) Mid-1800’s- “Young Ottomans” agreed with Westernizing of political system; “Islamic modernism”

○ 1876- short-lived constitution that tried to create a representative government○ Sultan Abd al-Hamid II agreed with reforms but not the constitution or intertwined religious school subjects

Young Turks appeared and sought a “militantly secular public life”, denouncing any Islamic beliefs as a nation 1908- military coup pushed for extreme secularization of schools, courts, and laws

○ Established Law of Family Rights (despite religion) and wanted Empire’s official language to be Turkish

By the end of 19th century- Was known as “the sick man of Europe” because it was unable to keep Christianity from overcoming region after region. Huge territorial losses to stronger European powers China (main Ottoman state) became weak Huge technology gap between Ottoman Empire and the West

In the end, Ottoman Empire became dependent on Europe (like China was) Desire for secular nationality ultimately led to the fall of the empire in WWI

Chapter 19: Japan 1600’s- Japan was governed by a shogun (military ruler) from the Tokugawa family

Sole purpose of these rulers was to prevent civil war between rival feudal lords (1600-1850) Peace gave way to “economic growth , commercialization, and urban development” (Strayer 578)

○ 1750- Japan was the most urbanized empire○ Provided a good basis for economic growth in late 1800’s

Shogun were undermined by corruption and the citizens having no respect for them:○ Caused “peasant uprisings and urban riots” (most notably in Osaka in 1837) (Strayer 579)

1853- Commodore Perry (US) arrived in Japan and broke the trade barrier This created a civil war which led to samurai’s overtaking Japan (1868) known as “Meiji takeover”

○ Goal was to get rid of Western powers in Japan

1871- Samurai’s influence was stopped and citizens were governed as equals 1877- short and peaceful rebellion by samurai which was ultimately unsuccessful Social, political, educational, technological, and cultural changes occurred 1889- Constitution established a parliament that was based on democratic politics and ideals “State-guided industrialization program”- only one like Europe and North America (Strayer 582)

○ 1883-1884- Huge taxes to fund this created a peak in violent protests

1902- Anglo-Japanese Treaty gave Japan status as a Great Power of the world After military conquests in Russia and China, Japan became “an economic, political,

and military equal in Asia” (Strayer 584) Created it’s own unique, industrialized, and modernized imperial empire

Chapter 20: European Rule in the Colonial Era (1500’s & 1600’s) Conquest over America was beginning of colonial takeovers (1750-1900) Second phase of conquests

Helped by Industrial Revolution and Europe’s military capacity (1750-1850) Conquest over India involved making and unmaking alliances over a long period of time (1875-1900) Europe divided Africa amongst themselves & the Great Powers Australia & New Zealand were colonized rather that conquered

“Violence was a prominent feature of colonial life both during conquest and after, various groups…willingly cooperated with colonial authorities” Strayer 595) Because of a lack of European overseers, they used people with status to govern their way Promoted European education (1857-1858)Indian Rebellion- started because the colonies were offended by the military forces

use of “a new cartridge smeared with animal fat from cows and pigs” (Strayer 596)○ Pigs were sacred to Hindus and cows were sacred to Muslims○ Caused a wave of uprisings throughout India and they wanted to bring back the Mughal Empire○ (1858) Rebellion was stopped, but the Europeans were afraid to change the society for fear of future rebellions○ Ended “the era of British East India Company rule in the subcontinent” (Strayer 596)

Differences of the European Colonial Empires in the late 1800’s vs. earlier empires: “Scientific racism”- Using science to promote degradation of Asian & African natives Colonial states were able to influence the colonies that they governed (i.e. centralized taxes) Classified their subjects “scientifically” by race and societal class European ruled colonies contradicted their original beliefs of democracy by ruling as dictators

Chapter 20: Colonial Economies Europe changed the ways the people in the colonies worked (violence & force)

Colonial state was able to tax, seize land, force labor, and create new industries (especially railroads)○ People were forced to work for free on public projects (i.e. railroads, construction of government buildings…etc)○ 1946- “Statute labor” was finally abolished in French Africa

Cash-crop agriculture became very popular among the colonies 1905- Massive Rebellion occurred in the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia) to stop forced farming

of cash crops; The Dutch invaders used force & violence In some countries cash-crop’s were produced willingly and by choice

○ Cash-crop success created a shortage of jobs and made the use of slaves necessary , exploited laborers, and caused some men to marry women strictly because of their labor power

Colonial subjects began performing wage labor for European industries: Subjects needed money, didn’t have enough land to support their families or were ordered to work (Late 1800’s-Early 1900’s) Huge plantations developed all over Southeast Asia European colonies in Africa seized massive areas of land that belonged to the natives (plantations)

○ 1913- Law defined 88% of land belonging to whites (but they were only 20% of population) “Mines were another source of wage labor for many” (Strayer 603) Late 1800’s- fast growing cities of the colonial world attracted wage earners (by choice) Work conditions (like everywhere else) were horrible in most European-ruled colonies

European colonies presented women opportunities & hardships unlike men's “More land and labor were devoted to…the global market at the end of the

colonial era than the beginning” (Strayer 606)

Chapter 20:Identity & Culture in the Colonial Era

Western education among some minorities in Africa and Asia added to new identity Could give these people an escape from forced labor and access to better paying positions 19th century India- “Western-educated people organized a variety of reform societies” (Strayer 608)

○ Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833), one of the leading reformers, believed that European education would modernize India

Religion “transformed identities during the colonial era” (Strayer 609) Most remarkable changes occurred in colonies where Christianity took hold

○ i.e. New Zealand, the Pacific Islands, and most importantly non-Muslim Africa 10,000 missionaries were in Africa by 1910, and 50 million non-Muslim Africans had converted by 1960

○ Military defeats created doubt of other gods and practices○ “Christianity was widely associated with modern education” (Strayer 609)○ Christianity soon became “Africanized” and still used old practices (charms and got advice from medicine men)

In India, “leading intellectuals and reformers began to define their region’s endlessly varied beliefs, practices, sects, rituals, and schools of philosophy as a more distinct, unified, and separate religion that we now know as Hinduism” (Strayer 610) ○ Swami Vivekenanda (1863-1902) saw Hinduism as a way to strengthen the communities○ Helped to build a cultural nation and the distinction of Muslims in their own communities

The ideas of race and ethnicity gave the citizens of colonial countries a way to identify and belong End of 19th century- “African Identity” gave Africans a way of identifying themselves in a nation full of

European oppression and racism Edward Blyden (1832-1912) played a prominent role in the argument that all races contributed in the making

of a “world civilization” The notion of a “tribe” was “the most important new sense of belonging that evolved from colonial

experience” (Strayer 612)

Sources NYU School of Law – Title Page Picture

http://centers.law.nyu.edu/jeanmonnet/totallaw/wheretostudy.html

American Revolution Resources- American Revolution Picture http://www.vcsc.k12.in.us/tcr/liberty/

Wikipedia – Haitian Revolution Picture http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Domingo.jpg

Zunal,com- Slavery Picture http://www.zunal.com/index-matrix.php?Curriculum=110&Grade=104&page=6

Trenton Historical Society- Textile Picture http://trentonhistory.org/Documents/EagleFactory.html

Sociology 4 All – Europe Industrial Revolution Picture http://sociology-4-all.blogspot.com/2009/02/industrial-revolution-and.html

Intro to World History Blog - America & Russia Industrial Revolution Picture http://introductiontoworldhistory.blogspot.com/1999/04/industrial-revolution.html

Paul Chrastina- Opium Picture http://www.opioids.com/opium/opiumwar.html

Camille Sourget Librairie - Ottoman Empire Picture http://camillesourget.com/en/books-ottoman-empire/

Interesting Facts- Samurai Picture http://interestingfacts-themur.blogspot.com/2009/01/way-of-japanese-samurai-bushido.html

Kuoni Destination Management - European Rule (Map of Europe) Picture http://www.kuoni-dmc.com/destinations/europe/

Posters- Colonial Economies Picture http://www.posters.snngr.com/posters/posters.php?item=3591449

Latino Initiatives- Culture & identity in Colonial Era Picture http://latino.si.edu/virtualgallery/Sabor/bios/RaicesEXHIBITIONS.htm

Ways of The World Book Strayer, Robert W. Ways of the World: A Brief Global History. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009

PART 2: THE MOST RECENT

CENTURY

By: Kaitlyn Glenn

Chapter 21: WWI Beginnings

(1914-1918) Early 1900s- Two rival alliances:

Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria, and Italy Triple Entente of Russia, France, and Britain

Assassination of Austrian heir to throne,

Archduke Franz Ferdinand (June 28,

1914) by a Serbian nationalist started

the first stage of WWI Russia backed Serbia while Germany backed Austria

Contributions to the start of WWI: “Slavic nationalism and Austrian opposition to it certainly lay in the heart of the war’s beginning”

(Strayer 627) Industrialized militarism- Britain gave soldiers high status in society and was the only nation that

did not rely on mandatory enlistment

“The prospect of war was a welcome occasion for national unity in the face of the mounting class- and gender-based conflicts of European society” (Strayer 629)

Industrialization of military technology amounted for most of the casualties 1917- US finally became involved in the war after trying hard to stay out of it

Chapter 21: The Great Depression

“Most influential change of the postwar decades” (Strayer 633) US had a huge economic boost in the 1920’s October 24, 1929- US stock market crashed

Banks closed and people lost their life’s savings World Trade dropped 62% within a couple years

Biggest problems were the loss of work and more goods than could be sold Countries who relied only on one or two main products received a dramatic

decrease in the value of their exported goods as demands went down Soviet-Union (communist state) actually had economic growth and 0%

unemployment in the 1930’s US President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal (1933-1942)- “a complex tangle

of reforms intended to restore pre-Depression prosperity and to prevent future calamities” (Strayer 635) Changed the relationship between the government, private economy, and citizens Long-term reforms (i.e. Social Security System, minimum wage, and welfare programs, tried to

rebuild an economic foundation of success for individual citizens

Chapter 21: Hitler and the Nazis “German expression of European fascism, which took shape as the Nazi party under

the leadership of Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)” (Strayer 638) Extreme nationalism that used violence as a political tool, single-party dictatorship, hated communism and

parliamentary democracy, and saw war as positive

German economy crashed in 1930s and society started turning against the liberal government and converting to fascism

Adolf Hitler and his Nazi (nationalism) part gained support Racial superiority, intense hatred of Jews, hostility towards communism, desire to save Germany

1933- Hitler became chancellor of German government “Once in power, Hitler quickly suppressed all other political parties, abolished labor unions, arrested

thousands of opponents, controlled the press and radio, and in general assumed police power over society” (Strayer 639)

Hitler began new projects and reestablished the military; decreased unemployment drastically

Contributions to Nazi popularity: “Economic planning, controlled wages and prices, government investment, and enforced peace between

capital and labor” (Strayer 640) Rural and traditional values that appealed to German citizens Blamed Jews for corrupting German culture

Racial revolution was central to the Nazi campaign Kristallnacht (Nov 9, 1938)- Germans attack on Jewish businesses; beginning of the

mass murder of Jewish society “The Nazi phenomenon represented a moral collapse within the West” (Strayer 641)

Chapter 22: Revolutions Leading to Communism

China 1911- Imperial government collapsed 1921- Chinese Communist Party, led by

Mao Zedong, was founded Supported by peasants Challenged by Nationalist Party (Guomindang),

led by Chiang Kai-shek, who governed after 1928

40,000 people in 1937; 1.2 million in 1945 1945- People’s Liberation Army had 900,000

men & the support of 2 million militia men

Japan invaded China CCP gained more support because of they

fought the Japanese with dramatic strength The Guomindang focused on getting rid of the

CCP more than fighting the Japanese

“The CCP frontally addressed both of China’s major problems- foreign imperialism and peasant exploitation” (Strayer 666)

1949- CCP took control of China

Russia 1917- Communism took hold in only

one year Feb 1917- End of Romanov dynasty

when Tsar Nicholas II left throne Provisional Government took over Huge social upheaval Desertion of soldiers, creation of new trade

unions, and peasants seized land

A new socialist party, the Bolsheviks (communists) headed by Vladmir Ulyanov (known as Lenin), took power Signed peace treaty with Germany in WWI 3 year civil war followed the takeover

○ Bolsheviks regimented the economy Renamed Russia the Soviet Socialist

Republics

Soviet Union stayed a communist nation for the next 25 years

Chapter 22: The Communist World 1950s-1970s The cold war brought on “considerable turmoil

both within and among the various communist

states” (Strayer 680) 1953- Joseph Stalin (Soviet leader) died 1956- Stalin’s predecessor , Nikita Khrushchev,

presented Stalin (the head of the communist

world) as a criminal Soviet’s version of a military-industrial complex

was developed after the cold war Joined armed forces and huge industries to produce weapons

Soviet Forces invaded Hungary (1956-1957) and Czechoslovakia (1968) “The brutal suppression of these reform movements gave credibility to Western perception of the cold

war as a struggle between tyranny and freedom” (Strayer 681)

China and the Soviet Union became enemies 1960- Soviet Union refused to give China an atomic bomb prototype and withdrew Soviet advisers 1970s- USA signed arms control agreements with China and Soviet Union

China went to war with Vietnam (1979); Vietnam invaded Cambodia (1970s) “Despite it’s many internal conflicts, world communism remained a powerful global

presence during the 1970s” (Strayer 681)

Chapter 22: End of Communism

China (1976) Mao Zedong died and Deng

Xiaopang took his place Political stability, economic growth, releasing

certain pieces of entertainment that were once banned, and released political prisoners

Remarkable economic reforms that included the reestablished small-scale private agriculture

Industrial forms that included giving managers of state businesses to act like private owners

“China opened itself to the world economy and welcomed foreign investment” (Strayer 683)

1949- crimes took hold in big cities Refused to allow democracy to take

place “China entered the new millennium as

a rapidly growing economic power with an essentially capitalist economy” (Strayer 684)

Soviet Union Mid-1980s- Reformist wing of Soviet

Communist Party, led by Mikhail Gorbachev, became top position

1987- Perestroika (“restructuring”) Wanted economic growth, to allow small private

businesses and small-scale agricultural, and welcomed foreign investment

Glasnost (“openness”)- “a policy of permitting a much wider range of cultural and intellectual freedoms in Soviet life” (Strayer 684)

Gorbachev’s reforms actually led to Soviet Union’s collapse

1989- “miracle year”- communist regimes were faced with the breaching of the Berlin Wall, demonstrations…etc

August 1991- brief attempt at restoring the old order

“Nationalism had trumped socialism” (Strayer 686)

Chapter 23: Explaining African & Asian Independence

“As the end of the twentieth century closed, the end of European empires seemed an almost ‘natural’ phenomenon” (Strayer 693)

Contradictions within these empires aided in their downfall: Christianity and material progress vs. racism, exploitation, and poverty Democracy vs. dictatorship of colonial rule National freedom vs. not allowing colonies to express their own culture & identity Asia (Early 1900s) & Africa (Mid-1900s) had educated citizens who were aware of these contradictions

and sought independence

World wars weakened Europe and colonies wanted political freedom There were certain groups and people whose actions brought down colonial empires

“Deliberate planning for decolonization included gradual political reforms; investments in railroads, ports, and telegraph lines; the holding of elections; and the writing of constitutions” (Strayer 695)

Pressure from nationalist movements Political leaders within these colonies became essential

in leading their people to independence

“[Independence] was deliberately made by the

conscious personal choices of innumerable

individuals across Asia and Africa” (Strayer 696)

Chapter 23: Economic Development by Early Twentieth Century

Regions

Avg Annual

Pop Growth Rate, 2000-

2004 (%)

Gross National Income

per Capita, 2003-2004

(US $)

Per Capita Purchasing Power 2004

(US $)Adult

Literacy (%)Life Expectancy

in Years

Infant Mortality Rates (Deaths under age 5 per 1,000)

CO2 Emmission Per Capita

(Metric Tons)

Male Female 1990 2003

Russia -0.5 3,410 9,620 99 60 72 21 21 9.9

East Asia 0.9 1,280 5,070 85 68 71 59 41 2.1

Latin America 1.4 3,600 7,660 88 68 74 53 33 2.7

Middle East & North Africa

1.8 2,000 5,760 74 67 70 80 56 4.2

South Asia 1.7 590 2,830 64 62 64 130 86 0.9

Subsaharan Africa

2.2 600 1,850 61 45 46 187 171 0.7

High-income countries (USA & Japan)

0.7 32,040 30,970 91 75 81 11 7 12.4

Chapter 23: South Africa’s Freedom

South Africa was free from Great Britain

since 1910, but was still governed by white

minority Known as Boers or Afrikaners (“white Africans”) Only 20% of population

Boer war (1899-1902) was when they fought

for freedom against British rule, but didn’t

succeed African National Congress (ANC)- created

in 1912 “Led by educated, professional, and middle class Africans who sought, not to overthrow the

existing order, but to be accepted as ‘civilized men’ within that society” (Strayer 702) Peaceful protests that were proven to have no succeeded when Afrikaner Nationalist Party arose

Black Consciousness movement- student protests occurred but Soweto rebellion (impoverished blacks) drew violence

Late 1980s- Abandonment of apartheid policies, release of Nelson Mandela from prison, legalization of ANC, long process of negotiations

1994- National elections that brought ANC to power

Chapter 24: Relobalization

“A ‘reglobalization’ followed the contractions of the 1930s” (Strayer 725) World trade went from $57 billion (1947) to more than $7 trillion (2001)

London sold 120 different types of tea to over 100 countries Australia sold shoe polish in 180 countries 2005- Wal-Mart included elements from China Toyota was 2nd largest car seller in US

“Money…achieved an amazing global mobility in three ways” (Strayer 726) Foreign direct investment- exploded after 1960 Short-term movement of capital Personal funds of individuals

○ 2003- Mastercard was used at 32 million businesses in 210 countries

“Central to the acceleration of economic globalization have been huge global businesses known as transnational corporations (TNC), which produce goods or deliver services simultaneously in many countries” (Strayer 727) Copies of Barbie were made in factories in Indonesia, Malaysia, and China

○ Used molds from US, plastic and hair from Japan and Taiwan, and cotton cloth from China○ 1999- More than 1 billion Barbie’s were sold in 150 countries from distribution center in Hong Kong

“More than ever workers too were on the move in a rapidly globalizing world economy” (Strayer 727)

Chapter 24: International Feminism “Feminism registered as a global issue when the

United Nations, under pressure from women

activists, declared 1975 as International Women’s

Year and the next ten years as the Decade for

Women” (Strayer 739) 2006- 183 nations authorize a UN Convention to

Eliminate Discrimination Against Women Division within global feminism

Who speaks for women? North/South conflicts Third-world countries had varied views

Beijing conference in 1995- Muslim feminists were

against an equal inheritance as men because of

Islamic law; Africans believed that womens only

chance of survival was an equal inheritance

because of the high rate of orphans because of AIDs

Chapter 24: Religious Alternatives to Fundamentalism

“Militant revolutionary

fundamentalists has certainly

not been the only religious

response to modernity and

globalization with the Islamic

world” (Strayer 746) What’s the difference between

the eternal law of God and the

human interpretation of it,

women’s rights…etc? Islamic debates include the need for dialogue between civilizations, and

whether tradition can change as society becomes more modern without losing traditional values

Christians are concerned for debt relief for poor civilizations, “liberation theology” (mainly in Latin America) wanted social justice, poverty, and human right to have a Christian foundation

Sources A Blog About History- WWI in Europe Picture

http://www.ablogabouthistory.com/2009/11/12/rare-colour-photos-of-world-war-i/

USCS- Title Picture http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/world.html

Indian Child- The Great Depression Picture http://www.indianchild.com/the_great_depression.htm

Guardian.co.uk- Hitler Picture http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/musicblog/2007/aug/07/hiltersrecordcollectionexpl

Real Clear Religion- Communism Picture http://www.realclearreligion.com/index_files/archive-jun-2007.html

IN Gun Owners- The Communist World Picture http://ingunowners.com/forums/general_political_discussion/50050-history_lesson_what_is_communism.html

Huvasti Charlie- End of Communism Picture http://eam.ee/huvasticharlie/index.php?id=10770

Sab Miller –Africa & Asia Map http://www.sabmiller.com/index.asp?pageid=893

Fish Hoek- ANC Picture http://www.fishhoek.com/parties.html

Furman University- Reglobalization Picture http://blogs.furman.edu/com221sp09e/category/student/julie/

HarpyMarx - Feminism Picture http://harpymarx.wordpress.com/category/women/page/6/

The Good Athiest- Fundamentalist Picture http://www.thegoodatheist.net/2009/08/no-new-atheism-isnt-fundamentalist/