THEME The central idea or universal message implicitly stated in a piece of literature. It is the...
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THEME• The central idea or universal message
implicitly stated in a piece of literature. It is the author’s assertion of what is true about the world.
• What the author is trying to show about the world, people, or society.
• Ex: A theme of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is that romantic love can be stronger than the love of one’s family.
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GENRE• A category or type of literature based on its
style, form, and content. (novel, poetry, short story, etc.)
• Ex: The genre of The Chocolate War is novel.
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METAPHORA metaphor is a figure of speech that expresses an idea through direct comparison with another object. Metaphor is the general term for a comparison made between two elements. For example, a simile is a type of metaphor, much like sarcasm is a type of irony. Personification, analogies, similes are all types of metaphors.
Ex: After standing outside in the cold for hours, Carrie’s cheeks were two red apples.
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IMPLIED METAPHORA type of metaphor that compares two unlike things, but it does so without mentioning one of them. Instead, it implies the comparison by using a word or phrase that describes the unmentioned term and makes the comparison in that way.• Angrily Sonia barked commands at her child. (Compares Sonia to a dog)• Andy’s wife asked him to fetch their dinner. (Compares Andy to a dog) • Tony tucked his tail and ran. (Compares Tony to a scared dog)• Beth was drowning in love. (Compares Beth to someone drowning and compares love to
water)• Jennifer purred over the lavish present. (Compares Mary to a cat)• The Porsche crouched before the race, growling in anticipation. (Compares the Porsche to
a big cat)• Alex was chomping at the bit to have his turn. (Compares Alex to a horse)• Harry squawked when the teacher ordered him to detention. (Compares Harry to a bird)
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SIMILE• Figure of speech comparing two unlike things,
using the words “like” or “as.”
• Ex: Receiving an F on my test was like getting the death sentence from a jury.
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HYPERBOLE• Figure of speech in which the truth is
exaggerated for emphasis or humor.
• Ex: Tim said he was so hungry he could eat an entire cow.
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PERSONIFICATION• A figure of speech in which something non-
human is given human characteristics.
• Ex: When the extremely obese man sat on the old chair, it creaked in pain.
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TONE• The narrator’s attitude toward the subject or
audience.• Ex: Sarcastic, sincere, empathetic, etc.• Ex: Nostalgic tone: “I remember when you
could find bears in every state.”• Ex: Unemotional tone: “The little bird was only
a baby, but nature is unsentimental.”• Ex: Sarcastic tone: “The men so brilliantly
charged straight into enemy lines.”
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MOOD• The feeling(s) the text arouses in the reader.
• Ex: Ominous, foreboding, hope, etc.• Sympathetic: “The little bird chirped
helplessly, alone.”
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CHARACTERIZATION• DIRECT: When the writer makes direct statements
about a character’s personality. Example: The mean teacher told the class that
everyone was going to fail.• INDIRECT: When a writer makes statements about a
character’s personality through his or her actions or statements.
Example: With a scowl on his face, the teacher told the students that he didn’t want anyone to pass his class.
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CONNOTATION• All of the emotions and associations that a
word evokes (brings to mind).Example: the word HOUSE vs. the word HOME
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DENOTATION• The dictionary definition of a word.
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SYMBOL• An object, person, or place that stands for
something larger than itself.
Examples: An American eagle is a symbol of
freedom, liberty, strength…etc. A dove is a symbol of peace.
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PROTAGONIST vs. ANTAGONIST
• PROTAGONIST: every story has one; the main or central character. The leading figure whose problem sets the plot in motion.
• ANTAGONIST: The opponent or adversary; the character who acts in opposition to the central character/protagonist.
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Round vs. Flat Characters
• Round Character: Three dimensional character –the reader sees all sides of the character
• Flat Character: One-sided character –the reader sees only one aspect of the character’s personality
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DYNAMIC vs. STATIC• DYNAMIC CHARACTER: A character whose
outlook on life CHANGES over the span of the story.
• STATIC CHARACTER: A character whose outlook on life does NOT change over the span of the story.
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CONFLICT• Man vs. Man: external struggle between two
or more individuals.• Man vs. Himself: internal struggle between a
character and him or herself. • Man vs. Nature: external struggle between
one or more character(s) and the elements.• Man vs. Society: external struggle between a
character and the greater society/group.
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Zeitgeist• the spirit of the time; general trend of
thought, feeling, or outlook characteristic of a particular period of time, especially as it is reflected in literature, philosophy, etc.
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Setting• The physical and social context in which the
action of a story occurs. The main elements of setting are time and location.
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Point of View• Who tells a story and how it is told. • Point-of-view may be categorized as first-
person, third-person limited, or third-person omniscient.
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First-person• A point of view category that uses I. The
narrator is a participant in the story.
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Third-Person Limited • A point of view category that uses the third-
person he/she/they. The narrator does not participate in the action of the story. The narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of only a single character.
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Third-Person Omniscient
• A point of view category that uses the third-person he/she/they. The narrator does not participate in the action of the story. The narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of all characters.
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Plot• The selection and arrangement of events in a story
that shape the action and focus.
Climax
ResolutionExposition
Risin
g Ac
tion
Falling Action
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Exposition• The introduction of the characters and
background setting in a piece of literature.
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Climax• The turning point of a story when the conflict
is resolved. Often it is considered the highest point of tension in a piece of literature.
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Resolution• Characterized by diminishing tension and the
conclusion of the story’s conflict.
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AllusionAn allusion is an implied or indirect, brief reference to a famous historical or literary figure or event usually used as an analogy to help explain something that may be difficult to comprehend. Examples:1. If you take his parking place, you can expect World War II all over again.2. “Except they meant to bathe in reeking wounds, or memorise another Golgotha, I cannot tell---“ (Macbeth, I.ii.43-45).3. “Will history repeat itself? Will David once again defeat Goliath?” (Courtenay 91).
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EuphemismThe substitution of a mild or less negative word or phrase for a harsh or blunt one. The goal is to put something bad or embarrassing in a positive or neutral light. Many terms referring to death, sex, crime, and excremental functions are euphemisms.Examples:1. “pass away” instead of “die”2. “hatless snake” instead of “circumcised genitalia”3. “relieve oneself” etc. instead of “sh*t”
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MotifA recurring/dominant element, theme, image, idea, or pattern in a work of art.
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BildungsromanA German term for a genre of literature that concentrates on the spiritual, moral, psychological, or social development and growth of the protagonist usually from childhood to maturity. Sometimes it is referred to as a "Coming of Age Story."
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LitotesA kind of understatement, where the speaker or writer uses a negative of a word ironically, to mean the opposite. Examples: 1. She's not the friendliest person I know.
(= she's an unfriendly person)2. He’s not a bad singer. (= pretty good singer)3. “She asked, not unkindly” (Courtenay 33).
(=nicely –Mevrou -almost concerned?)
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JuxtapositionThe arrangement of two or more ideas, characters, actions, settings, phrases, or words side-by-side or in similar narrative moments for the purpose of comparison, contrast, effect, suspense, or character development.
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Microcosm vs. Macrocosm
• Microcosm: A small, representative system having analogies to a larger system in constitution, configuration, or development
• • Macrocosm: a complex structure, such as the
universe, the whole world, or society, regarded as a whole unit
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DictionThe writer’s choice of words and ways of arranging the words
Example: 1. Courtenay’s use of music terminology, boxing parlance, and litotes
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OxymoronA combination of words that have opposite or very different meanings
Examples: jumbo shrimpalone in a crowdawfully niceact naturallyrandom order
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OnomatopoeiaThe naming of a thing or action by a vocal imitation of the sound associated with it
Examples: buzz, hiss, hiccup, splash, drip, bam, plop,
etc.
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Apostrophe
Rhetoric. A digression in the form of an address to someone not present, or to a personified object or idea
Examples: “O Death, where is thy sting?”“Poor Father! Of what
then did you die?” (Wiesel 11).
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Analogy
•A similarity between like features of two things, on which
a comparison may be logically based.
•example: heart : pump
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Dichotomy
paired or polar opposites
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ImageryThe author’s use of sensory details to create “mental images” for the reader. Imagery helps the reader see, hear, taste, smell, and/or feel the details of the story either through direct description or through the indirect use of metaphors, allusions, and other figurative language.
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Parallelismsimilarity in the structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Also called parallel structure
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Idioman expression that cannot be understood from the meanings of its separate words but that has a separate meaning of its own
Examples: He keeps tabs on his girlfriend.
Why do you have a chip on your shoulder?
Stop pulling my leg.
Rodney spilled the beans.
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Foreshadowingan advance sign or warning of what is to come in the future. Many mysteries employ foreshadowing to indicate a murder is about to occur.
EX: When the man came home from work, he heard a loud, grumbling noise coming from his basement.
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IronyThree Types of Irony:
Verbal: the use of words that mean the opposite of what you
really think especially in order to be funny http
://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IiR-bnCHIYo--
Dramatic: irony that is inherent in speeches or a situation of a
drama and is understood by the audience but not grasped by the characters in the play. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZFYuX84n1U--
Situational: a situation that is strange or funny because things
happen in a way that seems to be the opposite of what you expected http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqg6RO8c_W0--
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Paradoxa statement or proposition that seems
self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth
Examples: “I must be cruel to be kind.”
Nobody goes to that restaurant; it is too crowded.
“Child is the father of man”
(Wordsworth).
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Satire-A literary tone used to make fun of human vice or weakness, often with the intent of correcting or changing the subject of the attack.
-the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.
Example: Jonathan Swift’s “ A Modest Proposal,” in which he suggests
resolving the issues of overpopulation and undernourishment by having people eat babies.
Mark Twain’s attack on slavery with The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.”
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AllegoryA story in which people, things, and actions represent an idea or a generalization about life; allegories often have a strong moral or lesson.
Examples: In Tim O’Brien’s “The Sweetheart of the
Song Tra Bong,” Mary Anne Bell’s changing from a high school sweetheart to a savage killer is an allegory for the death of the 1950s All-American boy and girl.
Lord of the Flies, Animal Farm, The Hunger Games, etc.
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Epica long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation.
Examples: Beowulf
The IliadThe Odyssey
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MetonymyA figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated (such as "crown" for "royalty").
Examples:
-The White House has decided to create more public service jobs. “White House is
substituted for “president.”
-“suits” for “business people”
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SynecdocheRhetoric. A figure of speech that names part of something to represent the whole.
Examples: ten sail for ten ships“I was nothing but a body. Perhaps even less: a famished stomach” (Wiesel 52).“Take thy face hence” (Macbeth).Ed’s buddy was in the market for a new set of
wheels.
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Malapropisman act or habit of misusing words ridiculously, especially by the confusion of words that are similar in sound. Examples: • Good punctuation means not to be late. (punctuality)• Having one wife is called monotony. (monogamy)• The flood damage was so bad they had to evaporate
the city. (evacuate)