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THEME ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN AND FILIPINO
NEWSPAPER HEADLINES ON COVID-19
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
ALEXANDER DHIAS GRACIANTO
Student Number: 144214107
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2021
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THEME ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN AND FILIPINO
NEWSPAPER HEADLINES ON COVID-19
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
ALEXANDER DHIAS GRACIANTO
Student Number: 144214107
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2021
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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
THEME ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN AND FILIPINO
NEWSPAPER HEADLINES ON COVID-19
By
ALEXANDER DHIAS GRACIANTO
Student Number: 144214107
Approved by
Arina Isti’anah, S.Pd., M. Hum July 22, 2021
Advisor
Anindita Dewangga Puri, S.S., M.A July 22, 2021
Co-Advisor
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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
THEME ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN AND FILIPINO
NEWSPAPER HEADLINES ON COVID-19
By
ALEXANDER DHIAS GRACIANTO
Student Number: 144214107
Defended before the Board of Examiners
On 2021
And Declared Acceptable
BOARD OF EXAMINERS
Name Signature
Chairperson : Arina Isti’anah, S.Pd., M. Hum
Secretary : Anindita Dewangga Puri, S.S., M.A
Member 1 : Dr. Francis Borgias Alip, M.Pd., M.A
Member 2 : Arina Isti’anah, S.Pd., M. Hum
Member 3 : Anindita Dewangga Puri, S.S., M.A
Yogyakarta, July 30, 2021
Faculty of Letters
Sanata Dharma University
Dean
Dr. Tatang Iskarna, M.Hum.
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LEMBAR PERYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama : Alexander Dhias Gracianto
Nomor Mahasiswa : 144214107
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
THEME ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN AND FILIPINO
NEWSPAPER HEADLINES ON COVID-19
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan
dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data,
mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain
untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada sya maupun memberikan
royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal Juli 21, 2021
Yang menyatakan,
Alexander Dhias Gracianto
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously
submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that, to the best of
my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by
any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate
thesis
Yogyakarta, July 21, 2021
Alexander Dhias Gracianto
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THE LORD
MAKES FIRM
THE STEPS
OF THE ONE
WHO DELIGHTS
IN HIM
Psalm 37:23
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This page is dedicated for my parents
Eustachius Budhy W
&
Bernadeta Aprilia Dewi A
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I send my deepest praises to Jesus Christ, the one who given me the bless and
love in my life. I thank Jesus, who gives me the opportunity to live in this world. The
one who give me strength to live the life. I thank to God for giving me such a lovely
family and friend who always support me in my good and bad times.
I would express my gratitude to my thesis advisor Ariana Isti’anah, S.Pd.,
M.Hum., who guide me during the process of writing my thesis. Without her guidance,
I will not be able to find the thesis topic that is suitable with me. Moreover, I would
like to extend my gratitude to my co-advisor, Anindita Dewangga Puri, S.S., M.A, who
give advices and suggestions that make my thesis better. Furthermore, I would like to
thank all the faculty members in English Letters Department of Sanata Dharma
University. They share priceless knowledge to me during my study in English Letters
Department.
I would also express my gratitude to my family. I would never be in this state
if they were not here to give support and love. Thank you for always accepting me no
matter what situation goes around me. It is a huge source of comfort to know how much
I am genuinely loved. Last but not least, I would like to thank Hadrian, Ega, Adong,
Sharon, Siska, Bella, and Nadia for the support they give since the beginning of the
college life.
Alexander Dhias Gracianto
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE .............................................................................................................. ii
APPROVAL PAGE ................................................................................................... iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE .............................................................................................. iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .. vi
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY .......................................................................... v
MOTTO PAGE ......................................................................................................... vii
DEDICATION PAGE .............................................................................................. viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ x
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... xii
ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................ xiii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1
A. Background of the Study .................................................................................... 1
B. Problem Formulation ......................................................................................... 5
C. Objectives of the Study ...................................................................................... 6
D. Definition of Terms ............................................................................................ 6
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .......................................................... 8
A. Review of Related Studies ................................................................................. 8
B. Review of Related Theories ............................................................................. 12
1. Critical Discourse Analysis .......................................................................... 12
2. Systematic Functional Linguistics ................................................................ 14
3. Textual Metafunction ................................................................................... 15
4. Headline ........................................................................................................ 19
C. Theoretical Framework .................................................................................... 20
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ........................................................................ 22
A. Object of the Study........................................................................................... 22
B. Approach of the Study ..................................................................................... 23
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C. Method of the Study ......................................................................................... 23
1. Data Collection ............................................................................................. 24
2. Data Analysis ............................................................................................... 25
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS (RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS) ............................ 27
A. The types of Themes Used in The Jakarta Post and The Manila Time............ 27
1. Themes in The Jakarta Post Headlines ......................................................... 29
2. Themes in The Manila Times Headlines ...................................................... 38
B. Ideological Perspectives Revealed from the Use of the Themes in
Headlines ................................................................................................................ 49
1. Responsibilities Revealed from The Jakarta Post Headlines ....................... 50
2. Responsibilities Revealed from The Manila Times headlines ..................... 53
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ................................................................................ 58
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 60
APPENDICES ........................................................................................................... 63
Appendix 1: Actor as the participant of Theme in The Jakarta Post ....................... 63
Appendix 2: Goal as the participant of Theme in The Jakarta Post ........................ 65
Appendix 3: Sayer as the participant of Theme in The Jakarta Post ....................... 66
Appendix 4: Verbiage as the participant of Theme in The Jakarta Post ................. 66
Appendix 5: Carrier as the participant of Theme in The Jakarta Post..................... 68
Appendix 6: Actor as the participant of Theme in The Manila Times .................... 68
Appendix 7: Goal as the participant of Theme in The Manila Times ..................... 74
Appendix 8: Senser as the participant of Theme in The Manila Times .................. 74
Appendix 9: Receiver as the participant of Theme in The Manila Times .............. 75
Appendix 10: Verbiage as the participant of Theme in The Manila Times ............ 75
Appendix 11: Carrier as the participant of Theme in The Manila Times ............... 75
Appendix 12: List of selected headlines from The Jakarta Post ............................. 76
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ABSTRACT
GRACIANTO, ALEXANDER DHIAS. (2021). Theme Analysis of Indonesian and
Filipino Newspaper Headlines on COVID-19. Yogyakarta: Department of English
Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
At the beginning of 2020, most of the news portal publish the news about
COVID-19 pandemic. The news about COVID-19 pandemic can be found in one of
the news portals which is newspaper. The newspaper summarizes the main idea of the
news through the headlines. The headlines as the starting point of the news inform the
reader what the news is going to be about. The headlines of the newspaper consist of
Theme and Rheme. This study focuses on the analysis of the Theme used in headlines
which function as a signpost to the reader about the main idea of the news.
There are two objectives of the study, the first is to figure out the types of the
Theme that are used in Indonesian and Filipino newspaper headlines related to COVID-
19. Second, the writer figures out the ideological perspectives implied from the use of
Theme in Indonesian and Filipino newspaper headlines related to COVID-19.
This study employed a purposive sampling method to collect the data. Thirty
headlines are collected from The Jakarta Post newspaper and forty-six headlines are
collected from The Manila Times. The total of seventy-six headlines from both
Indonesian and Filipino newspaper headlines analyzed through Fairclough’s Critical
Discourse Analysis since it utilizes the textual function of language offered by
Halliday. Moreover, Hallidayan Systemic Functional Linguistics is employed to
analyze the Theme used in the headlines.
According to the analysis, the total of seventy-six headlines from both
Indonesian and Filipino newspaper are categorized as a topical Theme. The participant
used in The Jakarta Post headlines consist of seventeen participants of Actor, three
participants of Goal, one participant of Sayer, six participants of Verbiage, and three
participants of Carrier. In other hand, the participant used in The Manila Times consist
of thirty-six participants of Actor, three participants of Goal, one participant of Senser,
one participant of Receiver, three participants of Verbiage, and two participants of
Carrier. The ideological perspectives revealed from the Theme of the headlines from
both Indonesian and Filipino newspaper are responsibility. Both of the newspapers
focus on showing the government deed which to depress the spread of COVID-19
disease.
Keywords: Headlines, COVID-19, Theme, Critical Discourse Analysis
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ABSTRAK
GRACIANTO, ALEXANDER DHIAS. (2021). Theme Analysis of Indonesian and
Filipino Newspaper Headlines on COVID-19. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra
Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Pada awal tahun 2020, sebagian besar portal berita menerbitkan berita tentang
pandemi COVID-19. Berita tentang pandemic COVID-19 dapat ditemukan pada salah
satu portal berita yaitu surat kabar. Surat kabar merangkum ide pokok sebuah berita
melalui tajuk berita. Tajuk berita sebagai pembuka dari sebuah berita
menginformasikan pembaca berita apa yang akan dimuat. Tajuk berita surat kabar
terdiri dari Tema dan Rema. Penelitian ini berfokus kepada Analisa Tema yang
digunakan pada tajuk utama yang berfungsi sebagai penanda bagi pembaca tentang ide
pokok berita.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah, yang pertama untuk mengetahui tipe Tema
yang digunakan pada tajuk berita dari surat kabar Indonesia dan Filipina terkait dengan
COVID-19. Yang kedua, untuk mengetahui ideologis yang tersirat dari penggunaan
Tema dala tajuk berita dari surat kabar Indonesia dan Filipina terkait dengan COVID-
19.
Pengumpulan data dilakukan berdasarkan purposive sampling method, data
dikumpulkan berdasarkan kriteria tertentu. Tiga puluh tajuk berita dikumpulkan dari
surat kabar The Jakarta Post dan empat puluh enam tajuk berita dikumpulkan dari surat
kabar The Manila Times. Tujuh puluh enam total tajuk berita di analisa melalui Analisa
Wacana Kritis Fairclough karena menggunakan fungsi tekstual Bahasa yang
dianjurkan Halliday. Selanjutnya, Systemic Functional Linguistics digunakan untuk
menganalisa Tema yang digunakan dalam tajuk utama.
Berdasarkan hasil Analisa, tujuh puluh enam total tajuk berita dari surat kabar
Indonesia dan Filipina dikategorikan sebagai topikal Tema. Partisipan yang digunakan
dalam The Jakarta Post terdiri dari tujuh belas partisipan pelaku, tiga partisipan
tujuan,satu partisipan pengindera, tiga partisipan perkataan, dan dua partisipan
penyandang. Di sisi lain, partisipan yang digunakan dalam The Manila Times terdiri
dari tiga puluh partisipan pelaku, tiga partisipan tujuan, satu partisipan pengindera, satu
partisipan penerima, tiga partisipan perkataan, dan dua partisipan penyandang.
Ideologis tersirat yang terungkap dari surat kabar Indonesia dan Filipina adalah
tanggung jawab. Kedua surat kabar secara focus menunjukan tindakan pemerintah
untuk menekan penyebaran COVID-19.
Keywords: Headlines, COVID-19, Theme, Critical Discourse Analysis
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Language is used in human life as a tool in delivering people’s thoughts and
messages. The use of language is very important in the communication. Finegan (2004)
mentions that the function of language is asserted “to be so crucial in communicating
and interpreting utterances” (p.7). Therefore, it is used by people to deliver a message
or a purpose in everyday life. Language takes an important role in every human activity.
Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2013) state that “Whatever else people do when they
come together—whether they play, fight, make love, or make automobiles—they talk.
We live in a world of language” (p.1). People need to understand their language before
delivering or receiving the message accurately. There are many languages that exist in
the world. People who speak different languages need a connection to be able to
understand the message. The message that is delivered by people can only be
understood in the same language. In order to make people around the world understand
in communicating with each other, English Language is used as an international
language. Therefore, it is spoken by most people around the world. Freeman (1991)
defines English language as “A second language for most of the people of the world,
has increasingly become the international language for business and commerce, science
and technology and international relationship and diplomacy” (p.1).
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The uses of English in everyday life are found in mass media. “The media are
part of the communication process, that is to say they are part of the special and unique
process by which human communities are formed and in which their life” (Sorlin, 1994,
p.5). Mass media contains a message or a purpose which is to give information to the
audience. Sorlin states that “one of the reasons why all media were at first is included
in the same conceptual entity was that, for some time, because they were used to deliver
message” (1994, p.5). The message that is implied in the sentence can be distributed
widely by using both electronic and printed mass media in order to cover larger target
audiences. The newspaper is an example of electronic and printed mass media which
is distributed daily or weekly. It contains news, articles of opinion, features, and
advertising. It uses a set of sentences to deliver the information. The newspapers
usually report the actual event in some countries or places. For example, in the
beginning of 2020 most of news portals publish the news about COVID-19 pandemic.
The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by a coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2. The first
human cases of COVID-19 were first reported from Wuhan City, China, in December
2019 (WHO, 2020). The COVID-19 news that is published in the newspapers has an
important part in giving information and raising awareness to the society during the
COVID-19 outbreak. World Health Organization (WHO) states that “If COVID-19 is
spreading in your community, stay safe by taking some simple precautions, such as
physical distancing, wearing a mask, keeping rooms well ventilated, avoiding crowds,
cleaning your hands, and coughing into a bent elbow or tissue” (WHO, 2021).
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Therefore, online mass media can be a solution in getting a news without having a
physical contact with others.
Elly Ifantidou (2009) states that in journalism and desktop publishing textbooks,
headlines are viewed as a riveting short-cut to the contents of newspapers (p.699). The
title simply covers the information that is delivered in the newspaper. Accordingly, the
headline of the newspaper plays an important role in delivering information to the
people. Van Djik also states that “Topics may be expressed and signaled by headlines,
which apparently act as summaries of the news text (1988, p. 35). It means the
headlines is important to direct the reader attention and direct the emotion or feeling
through the messages behind the headlines. The writer has chosen several headlines
from Indonesian newspaper (The Jakarta Post) and Filipino newspaper (The Manila
Times) as the data of this study. Indonesia and Philippines are chosen due to their
struggle dealing with the most COVID-19 cases in South-East Asia. According to
WHO, there are 2.053.995 COVID-19 cases occurrences in Indonesia and 1.372.232
COVID-19 cases occurrences in Philippines (retrieved from covid19.who.int on June
2021).
Both The Jakarta Post and The Manila Times have their own ways presenting
their ideological perspectives through the headlines in term of language use. Although,
Turner (2009) states that “Headlines can be notoriously misleading, inaccurate or
ambiguous” (cited in Metila, 2013). To analyze the ideological perspectives of the
headlines without being inaccurate or ambiguous, Critical Discourse Analysis will be
employed. Richardson (2007) argue that “CDA approaches discourse as a circular
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process in which social practices influence text, via shaping the context and mode in
which they are produced, and in turn texts help influence society via shaping the
viewpoints of those who read or otherwise consume them” (p. 37). Therefore, the use
of Critical Discourse Analysis helps the reader shaping the viewpoints toward the
ideological perspectives of the headlines. The writer will use Systemic Functional
Linguistics to support CDA analyze the ideological perspectives that is implied in The
Jakarta Post and The Manila Times headlines. Almurashi (2016) mentions that “the
SFL approach is used world-wide, especially in language education, and for a number
of purposes like discourse analysis”.
There are three functions of language in the SFL theory that is called
metafunctions. Halliday states that the basic functions of language are ideational
function, interpersonal function, and textual function (Halliday & Matthiesen, 2004, p.
29-30). The hidden messages in the headlines will be analyzed using the textual
function of language. Textual function is also needed to analyze the clause in the
headlines since the clause is a message in language use. In English, as in many other
languages, the clause is organized as messages by having distinct status assigned to one
part of it (Halliday & Matthiesen, 2004, p. 64). Halliday and Matthiesen, adds that
“One part of the clause is enunciated as the Theme; this then combines with the
remainder so that the two parts together constitute a message” (p. 64). Thus, the textual
function of the clause is that of constructing clause as message and the Theme-Rheme
structure is the basic form of the organization of the clause as message (Halliday as
cited in McCabe & Heilman, 2007). Therefore, the Theme-Rheme structure is seen as
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the appropriate way to analyses the clause to find the ideological perspectives of
headlines.
This study focuses on figuring out the Themes that is developed by The Jakarta
Post and The Manila Times as well as how Theme reveal their ideological perspectives
regarding COVID-19 outbreak using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). CDA
approach is applied toward this study to facilitates the news discourse analysis. In
addition, SFL is an appliable linguistics theory which designed to solved problems that
emerge in communities around the world, including both reflection and activity
(Matthiessen, 2012), is applied to support CDA analyzing the ideological perspectives.
As the case of COVID-19 in both Indonesia and Philippines are the highest among
other Southeast-Asia countries, the writer is looking forward that there will be some
similarities among the media.
B. Problem Formulation
In this study there are two problem that will be analyzed. The problems are
formulated as follows:
1. What types of Themes are used in an Indonesian and Filipino newspaper headline
of COVID-19?
2. What are the ideological perspectives can be revealed from the Theme in the
headlines?
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C. Objectives of the Study
Based on the problem formulation above, this study has two objectives. The first
is to reveal the types of Themes that are used in Indonesian and Filipino newspaper
headlines of COVID-19. The second objective is to figure out the ideological
perspectives from the use of Theme in Indonesian and Filipino newspaper Headlines.
D. Definition of Terms
Defining some terms which are related to this study is necessary to avoid
misunderstanding on certain terms. The followings are several terms which are used in
this study.
The first term that is used in this study is headlines. According to Harcup,
“Headlines is the text placed above a story in print or online journalism and the brief
top line of an item about to be featured in a TV and radio news bulletin. Headlines are
typically a combination of the big, the brief, the bold, and the dramatic, all aimed at
attracting the attention of an audience” (Harcup, 2014, p. 124). In the newspaper, the
headlines become the most crucial in summarizing the contain of the news. It reviews
the content of a story, and attracts an audience into reading the article. According to
Ungerer (2000), "A headline describes the essence of a complicated news story in a
few words. It informs quickly and accurately and arouses the reader's curiosity" (p. 48).
News headlines are particularly important for the way readers understand a news text,
they are markers that direct attention, perception and the reading process (Van Dijk,
1988).
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The second term is Theme. According to Halliday and Matthiesen, “A clause has
meaning as a message, a quantum of information; the Theme is the point of departure
for the message” (2004, p. 58). In other words, Theme is the element that is selected
by the speaker for grounding what the speaker is going to convey. Theme in the textual
function of a language is identified as a linguistic feature that is used to signpost the
speaker’s meaning. A clause consists of a Theme that is accompanied by Rheme.
Theme is placed in the first position of the clause contain textual meanings because it
signposts the development of a text and give signal to their audience what the message
is about (Butt et al, 2003, p. 135). Butt et al also add that Theme is the first element of
the clause and the rest of the clause is a Rheme (p. 135). In other words, Theme is the
starting point of a clause while Rheme is the remainder of the clause. Furthermore,
Rheme is supporting the first element of the clause by providing additional information
to define the message of the Theme.
The last term is ideological perspectives. According to Verdonk, ideological
perspectives is “The writer’s point of view with respect to his or her sociopolitical
beliefs and values (2002, p. 38, 75). In this study, the writer analyzes the point of view
of the media toward COVID-19 pandemic. Simpson defines that “ideology has a wide
scope of reference. It refers to the matrix of beliefs we use to comprehend the world
and to the value systems through and by which we interact in society. It follows then
that the concept of point of view on the ideological plane refers to the way in which a
text mediates a set of particular ideological beliefs (2004, p.78). It means that the
ideological perspectives are a set of beliefs to understand the interaction in society.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter consists of three parts which are review of related studies, review of
related theories, and theoretical framework. The review of related studies discuss the
use of Critical Discourse Analysis and Systemic Functional Language. This part also
identifies the similarities and differences of the related studies done previously. The
review of related theories discusses the theories that help the writer elaborate the
discussion. The last part is theoretical framework that is applied to explains the
contribution of the theories and the reviews in solving the problem in this study.
A. Review of Related Studies
The writer observes, reads, and analyzes the reports in some related studies which
more or less have the same topic, approach and method with this study. The writer
collects three undergraduate thesis and one journal which are used in this study.
The first study is “Theme Analysis to Reveal Messages in Indonesian and
Singaporean Newspaper Headline of Forest Fires in Indonesia” which is conducted by
Tuan (2020). Tuan focuses on how Themes are used in Indonesian and Singaporean
newspaper headlines that specifically discussing forest fire. Moreover, she identifies
the message from the use of Theme in Indonesian and Singaporean newspaper
headlines of forest fire in Indonesia. Based on her analysis, Tuan (2020) figures out the
type of Theme used in all the 64 headlines is topical Theme. There are 6 types of
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participants of the theme use in both newspapers, which are Actor, Goal, Carrier, Sayer,
Senser, and Verbiage.
The similarity with this study is both of the study are analyzing the Theme that
is used in headlines. Moreover, both of the study is using textual function in Systematic
Functional Linguistics to analyze the clause in headlines. On the other hand, this study
differs from Tuan’s study. Tuan’s study uses Stylistics approach while this study uses
Critical Discourse Analysis in analyzing the news discourse. Besides, the difference
lies on the issue of the object of the study. Tuan’s study focusses on forest fires issue
while this study focusses on COVID-19 outbreak. According to Tuan, her research is
able to reveals the message implied in Indonesian and Singaporean newspaper
headlines related to forest fire in Indonesia through the analysis of the use of the
Themes in the headline.
The second study is “Theme-Rheme Analysis of The Jakarta Post Headlines on
Covid-19 Issue” which is conducted by Kalotong (2021). Kalotong focuses on the
identification of the Theme and Rheme usage in The Jakarta Post newspaper headlines.
Moreover, she figures out how the use of Theme-Rheme reveals the representation of
COVID-19 issue in Indonesia. Based on her analysis, she figures out that there is only
one type of Theme which is a topical theme. She also finds out that The Jakarta Post
uses 6 types of participants which are Actor, Verbiage, Sayer, Senser, Carrier and Goal.
Katalong concludes that The Jakarta Post is giving awareness to the public about
COVID-19, showing government’s responsibility to deal with the pandemic, showing
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the number of COVID-19 cases, showing the victim of COVID-19. Lastly, the media
shows the impact and views of society on COVID-19.
The similarities between Katalong’s study and this study are both of them focus
on the Theme analysis in revealing message which is implied in the newspaper
headlines. In addition, both of Katalong’s study and this study use Critical Discourse
Analysis in analyzing the news discourse. However, this study differs from Katalong’s
study. In her study, she focuses on how the use of Theme-Rheme reveals the
representation of COVID-19 issue in Indonesia while this study focusses on how the
use of Theme reveals the ideological perspectives that is implied in The Jakarta Post
and The Manila Times toward COVID-19.
The third study is “Rohingya in Media: Critical Discourse Analysis of Myanmar
and Bangladesh Newspaper Headlines” which is conducted by Isti’anah (2018). In her
study, she focuses to figure out Themes that is used in the newspaper headlines from
Myanmar and Bangladesh portraying Rohingya issues, and find out the differences and
similarities of the ideological perspectives implied in the headlines. Based on her
analysis, Isti’anah (2018) found that Topical Theme is used in both Myanmar and
Bangladesh newspaper headlines. Although, the participants that is used in both
newspaper headlines are different. Myanmar newspaper headlines use Actor, Goal,
Sayer, and Verbiage as the participants of the Theme. In other hand, Bangladesh
newspaper headlines use Actor, Goal, Carrier, Token and Sayer as the participants of
the Theme. She also figures out that the ideological perspectives shared by Myanmar
newspaper headlines is showing the good deeds of the Myanmar government while
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Bangladesh newspaper headline is showing the action done by Rohingyans to save
themselves.
The similarities between Isti’anah study and this study are the Theme analysis on
newspaper headlines to figure out the ideological perspectives. Moreover, both of the
study uses Critical Discourse Analysis in analyzing the news discourse. This study
differs in the choice of the topic of the headlines. Isti’anah focuses on the issue of
Rohingya while this study focusses on the issue of COVID-19. Her study helps the
analysis of this study by giving information on the suitable approach to analyze
ideological perspectives.
The last study is “Themes in South-East Asian Newspaper Headlines on
Rohingya Issue: Critical Discourse Analysis” which is conducted by Isti’anah (2019).
In her study, she focuses on Critical Discourse Analysis that determine the choice of
Theme in newspaper headlines from different countries. Her study aims to show the
similarities and differences of South-East Asian newspaper in portraying their
headlines toward Rohingya issues. Isti’anah figures out that the similarities are seen
from the reflected ideologies and the types of employed Themes. Moreover, she finds
out that all of the media agree to show their responsibility to end and solve Rohingya
crisis to achieve peace and harmony amongst South-East Asian countries.
The similarities between Isti’anah and this study are the approach of the study
which is Critical Discourse Analysis to determine the choice of the Theme in
newspaper headlines. Moreover, both of the study utilizes textual function which is
Theme and Rheme as the theory. Although, this study differs in the choice of the topic
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of the headlines. Isti’anah focuses on the issue of Rohingya while this study focusses
on the issue of COVID-19.
B. Review of Related Theories
The writer will explain some theories to support the study. The theory chosen
will help the study to elaborate the problem of the study. The theories are Critical
Discourse Analysis (CDA), Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), Textual
Metafunction, headline.
1. Critical Discourse Analysis
In order to know the meaning of a context, discourse analysis will be conducted.
According to Verdonk (2002), “CDA is a branch of linguistics which aims to reveal
the implicit ideological forces at work in spoken or written text (p. 75). In other words,
Critical Discourse Analysis focus on revealing the implied ideological perspectives in
spoken or written text. Wodak (1995) states that the purpose of CDA is to analyze
opaque as well as transparent structural of dominance, power and control as manifested
in the language. CDA plays a role as methods and tools to analyze the relation between
discourse, society, and culture (Fowler, Hodge, and Kress, 1979). In addition,
Fairclough and Wodak (1997) state that the critical approach is distinctive in its view
of a relationship between language and society. Fairclough (2003) also explain that
“CDA is the study of causality and determination between discursive practice, events
and texts, and wider social and cultural structures, relations and processes, to
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investigate how such practices, events and texts arise out of and are ideologically
shaped by relations of power and struggles over power, and to explore how opacity of
these relationships between discourse and society is itself a factor securing power and
hegemony”. It means CDA works as the analysis that share a view of language as a
social construct, it also marks the role of language in society and the ways society
influence language.
Based on Fairclough explanation above, CDA aims to raise awareness toward
social events, cultural events and discursive practice. CDA explains how these social
power relations are exercised and negotiated through discourse (Fairclough and
Wodak, 1997). It indicates that the discourse is the means used to exercise the hidden
power relations from which the social practices are constructed. Text analysis can help
to comprehend how ideologies are produced by relating the texts with the discursive
practices; how the texts are interpreted and perceived, and the effects that the texts
cause in society (Fairclough and Wodak, 1997).
Furthermore, Richardson argues that CDA approaches discourse as a circular
process in which social practices influence texts, via shaping the context and mode in
which they are produced, and in turn texts help influence society via shaping the
viewpoints of those who read or otherwise consume them. This process is relatively
straight forward to grasp theoretically; the idea that newspaper is the product of specific
people working in specific social circumstances and that, in turn, the news can have
social effects are common-sense assumptions (2007, p. 37). The use of CDA helps this
study to emphasizes the cultural and historical aspects of meaning.
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2. Systematic Functional Linguistics
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is applied in this study to ease CDA by
considering language as vehicle to express people’s thought in various ways and
purpose by means of wording (Mathiesen and Halliday as cited in Isti’anah, 2019).
Systemic Functional Linguistics is a theory of language that is strongly oriented in
description of how language makes meaning in context. SFL interprets language as
meaning potential where all strata of linguistic system contribute to the making of
meaning. It also shows how particular grammatical units are functioning (i.e., making
meaning) within particular clause, within particular text, and within particular socio-
cultural situation (Heine et al, 2015)
Young and Harrison add that SFL is a functionally based theory which examines
the functions that language has evolved to serve society. Such a view involves the
examination of ‘real’ language events to understand the purposes language serves in a
variety of contexts, and to understand the way language itself function. Systemic
Functional Linguistics, then, study how meanings are made in different contexts (2004,
p. 1). Moreover, Matthiessen and Halliday describe that SFL with regards to data, does
not tackle the manner of language representation or process in the human brain, but
would rather try to see discourses produced in the form of written or oral language and
what is contained in the test that are produced (Matthiessen and Halliday as cited in
Almurashi, 2016).
According to Eggins (2005), there are three different functional roles in SFL
which are “the interpersonal, the ideational, and textual function - are known as
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metafunctions”. Each metafunction is realized through choices from major systems at
the lexico-grammatical stratum, with experiential metafunction realized through
Transitivity choices, the interpersonal metafunction is realized through Mood choices,
and the textual metafunction through Theme choices. Furthermore, this study will focus
on the textual metafunction.
3. Textual Metafunction
The textual metafunction is a strand of meaning made in the clause, is described
as the ‘relevance’ of the ‘enabling’ metafunction. This is the level of organization of
the clause which enables the clause to be packaged in ways which make it effective
given its purpose and its context. The textual strand of meaning is not adding new
reality nor alerting interpersonal dimensions of the clause but concerning with the
potential the clause offers for its constituents to be organized differently, to achieve
different purpose. In English, the textual meaning is expressed largely through the
ordering of constituents that is what gets put first (and last) in English clause that
realizes textual choice. Moreover, all languages will somehow encode textual meaning,
since language users depend on signals which indicate the cohesive relations between
the clause, its context and its purpose (Halliday as cited in Eggins, 2005, p. 298).
Eggins states that there are two key systems enter into the expression of textual
meaning in the clause, the system of Theme, and the system of Information Structure.
Information Structure is realized through intonation choices (Eggins, 2005, p. 298).
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However, this study will only focus in the system of Theme to examine the meaning in
the clause.
a. Theme and Rheme
The system of Theme is a structure of clause which is divided into two
constituents. The constituents are Theme and Rheme. According to Butt et al, the first
position in clause contains textual meaning because it signposts the development of a
text. to analyze and discuss textual meanings we need a simple and distinct
metalanguage: we call the first element Theme and the rest of the clause Rheme (2003,
p.135). Lynne and Harrison define Theme as the element which serves as the point of
departure of message and Rheme as the part of clause which develops the Theme
(Halliday as cited in Lynne and Harrison, p. 269). In order to analyze the message that
is implied in the clause, the system of Theme is needed. Eggins mentions that Theme
is the element served as the starting point in the clause containing a message which
reveals what the clause is going to be about. Theme contains information which has
already been mentioned somewhere in the text or is familiar from the context (2005, p.
299). It means an important kind of meaning is expressed by what comes first in a
clause. Theme as the first elements in the clause facilitates speakers and writers to
signal their audience what the message is about.
There are three different types of Themes in textual metafunction. Eggins (2005)
argues that reflecting the three-dimensional metafunction structure of clause, we can
identify three different types of elements of clause structure that can get to be Theme:
topical elements, interpersonal elements, and textual elements.
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i. Topical Theme
According to Butt et al, topical Theme contains experiential meanings which
means that the division between Theme and Rheme in a Finite clause always comes at
the end of the first group or phrase relevant to the experiential function and meaning,
whether this first element is Participant, Process, or Circumstances because it is the
place where experiences in the beginning of the clause (2003, p. 136). In other words,
topical Themes is the starting point of a clause which consist of three functional
constituents: Participant, Process, or Circumstances. Participants is realized by nominal
groups or preposition phrases, Process interacts through a variety of participant roles,
the Circumstances is realized by adverbial groups, prepositional phrases and nominal
groups functioning as if they were adverbs (Butt et al, 2003).
Furthermore, Eggins states that there are two most frequent participants roles in
material process clause are the Actor and the Goal. Actor is the constituent of the clause
who does the deed or performs the action. When the clause only has one participant
and is active, the participant will be Actor. Goal is the participant whom the process is
directed or whom the action is extended. Goal is usually what becomes subject in the
passive. In mental process clause must be a conscious human participant. This
participant is called Senser who feels, think or perceives, must either human or an
anthropomorphized non-human. Behavioral process expresses a form of doing that
does not usually extend to another participant. This one obligatory participant is
Behaver. Verbal process typically contains three participants: Sayer, Receiver, and
Verbiage. The Sayer is responsible for the verbal process and capable of putting a
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signal. The Receiver is the one whom the verbal process is directed. The Verbiage is a
nominalized statement of the verbal process or a noun expressing some kind of verbal
behavior (Eggins, 2005). Relational process is relating a participant to it identify or
description. This process has two main types: relational attributive which relate
participant to its general characteristics or description and relational identifying which
relate a participant to its identity, role or meaning. The relational attributive clause the
participant carrying the characteristics or attributes is known as Carrier and the
characteristics is known as Attribute (Butt et al, 2003, p.58).
ii. Interpersonal Theme
Butt, Fahey, Spinks, and Yallop explains that the times when we begin clause
with interpersonal meaning indicating the kind of interaction between speaker or the
position which they are taking, the Interpersonal Theme is used. The most common
Interpersonal Theme is the Finite in interrogative clause that precedes the subject and
immediately signal the speaker is demanding information. Other interpersonal Theme
include initial Vocatives, and Mood and Comment Adjunct. The WH element at the
beginning of a non-polar interrogative can also be considered an interpersonal Theme
(2003).
iii. Textual Theme
Textual Themes connects its experiential meaning to the meanings of
neighboring clauses. Prefacing experiential meaning with a group or phrase whose
function is to connect our message to the previous text can be done in order to create a
cohesive text with well-signposted connections between messages. Conjunctions are
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most likely to occur at the beginning of clause and when they do, they must be
considered thematic. Even so, they do not fulfil the primary requirement of Theme
which is to signal the point of departure for the experiences in the clause. We refer to
these text-creating meanings as textual Themes in order to distinguish them from the
experiential meaning in the topical Theme. The textual Themes are likely to come from
a different set of connecting words. In discussion text, for example, conjunctions such
as if, although, unless, because, and in order to are likely to introduce dependent clause
which enhance the argument. Other conjunction adjuncts such as therefore,
nevertheless, in addition, finally and in conclusion may also be thematic if they are
used at the beginning of a clause to signpost the development of the discussion (Butt et
al, 2003, p. 137)
4. Headline
The newspaper headlines are an important feature of the newspaper itself.
Aitchison and M. Lewis mentions that “Headlines summarize a whole event in a few
words, and dense noun phrases pack a variety of descriptive facts into a small portion
of a sentence” (2003, p.1). Miller states that “Correctness of news writing style implies
not only accuracy in grammar, spelling, and diction but also conformity to canons of
good tastes as well” (Miller as cited in Mott, 1958, p. 50). Therefore, it means headlines
in the newspaper can be a first major in order to understand the whole news. Headlines
must be written in a good grammar for readers to catch the interpretation of the news,
As Djik states that “Interpretation of the headline may lead to a decision to continue or
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to stop reading the rest of a news report”. In other words, headlines help the reader to
perceives the interpretation and the representation of the whole news.
Djik also gives some insights about media news in everyday usage. Djik (1988)
mentions that “News information can be about events, things, or persons, a TV or radio
program type in which news are presented, and a news item or news report in the
newspaper” (p.4). Furthermore, this study will focus on headline news taken from
Indonesian and Filipino newspaper.
C. Theoretical Framework
This part defines the function of the theories in solving the problems formulated
in this study. This study has two problems. The first is to figures out the types of the
Theme used in the in The Jakarta Post and The Manila Times headlines of COVID-19.
The second is to figure out the ideologies revealed through the use of the Theme in the
headlines. The writer applies two theories in order to analyze Theme in The Jakarta
Post and The Manila Times headlines on COVID-19 issues. The theories are Critical
Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL). Both of them
become the basic theory in analyzing Theme in Headlines.
The Theme system proposed by Halliday (2004) facilitate the writer in
identifying Theme in headlines. Moreover, the textual metafunction in SFL theory is
used to analyze the Theme and the participants of the Theme in the headlines. The
textual metafunction help the writer categorizing the types of the Theme as well as
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identifying the type of the Theme participants in The Jakarta Post and The Manila
Times headlines.
Furthermore, Critical Discourse Analysis is used to analyze the news discourse
in the headlines to discover the hidden message implied by the media. CDA is used to
analyze the relation of events, texts, social, and cultural structure which helps in
determining the ideological perspectives from the relation itself. The ideological
perspectives can be revealed from the use of the Theme and the Theme participants in
The Jakarta Post and The Mania Times associate to COVID-19 issue in Indonesia by
analyzing the content of each headline.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter consists of three parts. The first is the object of the study that
analyze the data of this study. The second is the approach of the study shows the
approach applied to analyze the data that has been collected by the writer. The last is
the method of the study that presents the way the writer collects and analyzes the
data.
A. Object of the Study
The object of the study focused on the newspaper headlines related to COVID-
19 in The Jakarta Post and The Manila Times. Both of the newspapers represent
Indonesian and Philippines mass media, it can be seen from the word “Jakarta” as the
capital city of Indonesia and the word “Manila” as the capital city of Philippines. The
COVID-19 pandemic was caused by a coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2. This virus
caused massive chaos throughout many countries and become a global pandemic. It
becomes the most frequent topic that is reported by the news media. The newspaper is
one of the media that report the COVID-19 pandemic. This study focused to find out
the ideological perspective which implied in The Jakarta Post and The Manila Times
newspaper headlines. The writer chooses The Jakarta Post and The Manila Times
newspaper as the data because of Indonesia and Philippines have the highest case of
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COVID-19 among South-East Asian countries based on the World Health Organization
(WHO).
The writer chose 30 headlines from each newspaper. The data taken from official
website of both newspaper which are (www.thejakartapost.com) and
(www.themanilatimes.com). The chosen headlines were published on June 2021. The
writer selects the headline that related to COVID-19 outbreak.
B. Approach of the Study
This study applied Critical Discourse Analysis as the approach in analyzing the
object of this study which was the headlines from The Jakarta Post and The Manila
Times. This study used the Critical Discourse Analysis to analyze the news discourse
and revealed the ideological perspectives. Fairclough and Wodak state that it indicates
that the discourse is the means used to exercise the hidden power relations from which
the social practices are constructed. Text analysis can help to comprehend how
ideologies are produced by relating the texts with the discursive practices; how the texts
are interpreted and perceived, and the effects that the texts cause in society (Fairclough
and Wodak, 1997). It means that CDA helps to reveal the ideologies through the
analysis the relation of events, texts, social, and cultural structure.
C. Method of the Study
This part explains the data which are used in this study. There are two subtopics
in this part. The first part is data collection and the second part is data analysis.
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1. Data Collection
The data were collected by using the purposive sampling technique. Wimmer and
Dominick define that purposive sampling is a method that justifies and uses the
researcher’s subjective judgement in the process choosing the data needed for the study
(Wimmer and Dominick, 2011, p. 94). Anaekwe mentions that purposive sampling is
done with a purpose in mind. Purposive sampling can be very useful for situations
where one needs to reach a targeted sample quickly and where sampling for
proportionality is not the primary concern. With purposive sample, it is likely to get
opinions of ones’ target population (Anaekwe, 2002). The criteria of the data are can
be searched from the search column in both The Jakarta Post and The Manila Times
online newspapers website using COVID-19, corona virus, vaccine, lockdown and
pandemic as the keywords. The data were collected by identifying the Theme that
contained the reference about COVID-19 in the headlines of online newspaper in
Indonesia and Philippines. The data selected for this study were the newspaper
headlines from The Jakarta Post and The Manila Times related to COVID-19
pandemic. Headlines with irrelevant topic was not included in this study.
The study was arranged by several steps as follow. First, the newspaper headlines
were searched in The Jakarta Post and The Manila Times official website. Second, the
writer focused only on headlines related to COVID-19 pandemic published in June
2021. Third, the writer figured out the headlines related to COVID-19 pandemic by
using COVID-19, corona virus, vaccine, lockdown and pandemic as the keywords. The
data of this study were the Theme used in the headlines.
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To ease the analysis of the data, the writer used codes for each headline. The
headlines taken from The Jakarta Post coded as “JP.H.1” and the headlines taken from
The Manila Times coded as “MT.H.1”. The first code “JP” refers to The Jakarta Post,
it means data which coded as “JP.H.1” is the headline taken from The Jakarta Post.
The second code “MT” refers to The Manila Times, it means the data chich coded as
“MT.H.1” is the headline taken from The Manila Times. The presence of “H.1” in the
code is presenting the order or the data. As an example, “JP.H.1” is first data taken
from The Jakarta Post, “JP.H.2” is the second data, and so on.
2. Data Analysis
In order to analyze the first problem of this study, the writer examined the starting
point of the headlines to figure out the Theme. Moreover, the theory of SFL facilitated
this study to categorize the Theme of the headlines to figure out what type of Theme
they were belong, whether the headlines is textual, interpersonal or topical Theme.
After the type of the Theme were categorized, the writer determined the Theme into
their participant roles which were Actor, Goal, Sayer, Senser, Verbiage, and Carrier
based on the SFL theory.
The next step was analyzing the second problem of the study. the writer revealed
the ideological perspectives of the headlines based on the Theme and Participant of the
headlines. Critical Discourse Analysis was conducted to analyze the Theme and
Participant of the headlines. For example, JP.H.1 Indonesia sticks with ‘micro-
lockdown’ amid COVID-19 tsunami. The word “Indonesia” functions as the Theme of
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the headlines. This Theme is categorized as Topical Theme as the first element appears
in the headline is Participant. The Participant Roles of “Indonesia” as the Theme is an
Actor. The word “Indonesia” refers to the government. Indonesian government
represents Actor as the doer signifies the government’s responsibility to cope with the
COVID-19 outbreak. It means that the media is trying to convey that Indonesian
government is taking their responsibility to overcome the COVID-19 waves on June.
The ideologies that the media is trying to convey is the answer of the second problem
of this study.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter is divided into two parts. The writer will discuss the first problem
formulation of the study which is determining the types of Themes in Indonesian and
Filipino newspaper headlines related to COVID-19. Moreover, the Themes used in
headlines will be analyzed to answer the second problem formulation of the study
which is the ideological perspectives revealed from the use of Theme in the headlines.
A. The types of Themes Used in The Jakarta Post and The Manila Time
The writer will analyse the types of Themes used in The Jakarta Post and The
Manila Times headlines news. Based on Halliday’s theory of textual metafunction, the
system of Theme is a structure of clause which is divided into two constituents. The
constituents are Theme and Rheme. In this study, the writer will focus on analyzing the
Theme used in the headlines. Eggins (2005) argues that reflecting the three-
dimensional metafunction structure of clause, there are three different types of
elements of clause structure that can get to be Theme: topical, interpersonal, and
textual. This study analyzes 76 headlines from both The Jakarta Post and The Manila
Times. The writer does not find any other type of Theme in both newspaper headlines
except topical Themes. Eggins (2005) describes topical Theme as an element of the
clause to which a transitivity function can be assigned occurs in first position in a
clause. Theme are categorized into types of participants. The writer found that the
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participants occurred in the headlines are Actor, Goal, Carrier, Sayer, Senser, Receiver
and Verbiage.
The occurrences of the participants of the Theme found in The Jakarta Post and
The Manila Times headlines can be shown in the table below.
Table 1. The Summary of Participants of the Theme in The Jakarta Post and
The Manila Times
Participants The Jakarta Post The Manila Times
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Actor 17 57% 36 78%
Goal 3 10% 3 7%
Senser - - 1 2%
Sayer 1 3% - -
Receiver - - 1 2%
Verbiage 6 20% 3 7%
Carrier 3 10% 2 4%
Total 30 100% 46 100%
The table above shows there are seven types of participants of Themes found in
76 headlines taken from The Jakarta Post and The Manila Times newspaper. The 76
data are the headlines published in June 2021 related to COVID-19 pandemic. The
occurrences of the participants in both The Jakarta Post and The Manila Times
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29
newspaper are dominated by Actor since it has the most number. The participant of
Goal, Carrier, and Verbiage are present in both of the newspaper. The participant of
Senser and Receiver are only present in The Manila Times. Meanwhile, the participant
of Sayer is only present in The Jakarta Post. Types of participants of the Theme will
be analyzed in the following discussion.
1. Themes in The Jakarta Post Headlines
There are thirty headlines of The Jakarta Post related to COVID-19. The
transitivity function of participants present in the headlines are Actor, Goal, Sayer,
Carrier, and Verbiage. The participant Actor is the dominating participant of The
Jakarta Post with sixteen number of occurrences.
a. Actor as the Participant of Theme
The writer finds out that there are seventeen headlines in The Jakarta Post that
used Actor as the participant of the Themes. The type of the process is used to
categorize the participant of Actor. Eggins states that Actor is the constituent of the
clause who does the deed of performs the action (Eggins, 2005, p. 216). The participant
Actor as the Theme presents differently in The Jakarta Post headlines. The words
choice in the first constituent of the headlines are related to how the participant Actor
presents in each headline. The data below employ Actor as the Theme in The Jakarta
Post headlines.
JP.H.2 Indonesia sticks with ‘micro-lockdown’ amid COVID-19 tsunami
Theme as the first constituent in the headlines is represented in the form of noun
phrase which an element of a clause. Eggins (2005) mentions that when an element of
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30
a clause to which a transitivity function can be assigned occurs in first position in a
clause it can be described as a topical Theme (p. 301). The Theme in the headline above
is represented by the word “Indonesia”. The participant role of the word “Indonesia” is
Actor. The participant role is determined by the process which is “sticks”. In other
word, the first constituent of the clause is the one who doing something. The rest of the
constituent of the headline “with ‘micro-lockdown’ amid COVID-19 tsunami”
categorized as Rheme.
JP.H.3 Indonesia passes 2 million cases amid record daily raise
The Theme in the headline above is represented by the word “Indonesia”. The
participant role of this headline is similar to JP.H.2 which present as an Actor or doer.
The word “passes” is the process that show the action of the doer. The remaining
constituent of the headline “2 million cases amid record daily raise” categorized as
Rheme.
JP.H.9 Health minister leads push for stricter COVID-19 curbs
The Theme in the headline is represented by the noun phrase “Health minister”.
The noun phrase is categorized as an Actor. The verb “leads” show the action of the
participant actor. Moreover, the rest of the clause “push for stricter COVID-19 curbs”
is categorized as Rheme.
JP.H.10 Static positivity rate highlights gaps in testing capacity
The writer identifies the words “Static positivity rate” as the Theme of the
headline. The verb “highlights” is determining the participant role of the first
constituent of the clause. It shows the action that the doer does. By that, the words
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“Static positivity rate” can be described as an Actor. The rest of the constituent of the
headline “gaps in testing capacity” is the Rheme of the headline.
JP.H.12 Indonesia receives 10 million Sinovac vaccines
The first constituent of the headline refers to the same constituent found in JP.H.2
and JP.H.3. Both of the headlines mentioned before use the word “Indonesia” as the
Theme of the headline. In this headline, the process “receives” show the action of the
doer. It means the participant role of the Theme is an Actor. The remaining clause
“receives 10 million Sinovac vaccines” is the Rheme of the headline.
JP.H.13 Hospitals ‘collapse’ as second wave engulfs Indonesia
The word “Hospitals” in the headline occurs as the Theme. The participant role
of the Theme is Actor. It can be seen from the use of the verb “collapse”. The remaining
clause “as second wave engulfs Indonesia” is the Rheme.
JP.H.14 Bali vaccine tourism plan meets scepticism amid COVID-19 surge
The first constituent in the headline above which is a noun phrase “Bali vaccine
tourism plan” identified as the Theme of the headline. The participant of the Theme is
classified as an Actor from the action expressed in the verb “meets”. The rest of the
headline “meets scepticism amid COVID-19 surge” is categorized as Rheme.
JP.H.17 Jokowi sticks to his gun as daily COVID-19 cases soar past 15,000
The Theme in the headline above is represented by the word “Jokowi”. The
participant of the Theme in the headline is categorized as an Actor. The participant of
Actor is doing an action expressed in the verb “sticks”. The rest of the clause in the
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headline “to his gun as daily COVID-19 cases soar past 15,000” is the Rheme of the
headline.
JP.H.18 Jokowi snubs call for large-scale curbs
The first constituent of the headline “Jokowi” is identified as the Theme of the
headline. Participant role attached in the word “Jokowi” is Actor. The process in the
headline which is “snubs” is showing the deed of the Actor. The constituent other than
the word “Jokowi” is categorized as the Rheme of the headline.
JP.H.19 COVID-19 surge dampens Jakarta’s anniversary celebrations
In the headline above, the Theme is identified in the noun phrase “COVID-19
surge”. The process of the headline which is “dampens” is showing an action that the
Theme does. By that, the participant of the Theme in this headline is categorized as an
Actor. The rest of the clause “dampens Jakarta’s anniversary celebrations” in the
headline is categorized as a Rheme.
JP.H.20 Govt receives additional 1 million doses of Sinopharm vaccine
In the headline above, the writer identifies the word “Govt” as the Theme of the
headline. The participant role of the Theme in this headline is categorized as an Actor.
The writer determines the participant role of the Theme based on the process “receives”
that is showing the action of the doer. The rest of the clause in this headline which is
“receives additional 1 million doses of Sinopharm vaccine” is categorized as the
Rheme.
JP.H.23 Aceh to focus vaccination drive on elderly
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The writer identifies the word “Aceh” as the Theme of the headline. The process
in the headline which is “to focus” shows that the participant role of the Theme is an
Actor. The rest of the constituent “to focus vaccination drive on elderly” is categorized
as the Rheme in the headline.
JP.H.25 Indonesia reports highest rise in COVID-19 cases in over three months
This headline is similar with JP.H.2, JP.H.3 and JP.H.12. The word “Indonesia”
in this headline is the first constituent of the clause which can be categorized as a
Theme. However, the process of the clause is different with JP.H.2 and JP.H.3. The
verb “reports” is the process that show the action of the doer. By that, the participant
role of the Theme is categorized as an Actor. The remaining clause “reports highest
rise in COVID-19 cases in over three months” is the Rheme of the headline.
JP.H.26 Indonesia faces post-Idul Fitri COVID-19 surge from Central Java, East
Java
The word “Indonesia” in the headline above is another example of Theme similar
with the Theme used in JP.H.2, JP.H.3, JP.H.12 and JP.H.25. The process in the
headline “faces” is showing action that determines the participant role of the Theme.
The writer conclude that the participant of the Theme is an Actor. The rest of the clause
in the headline which is “faces post-Idul Fitri COVID-19 surge from Central Java, East
Java” is categorized as the Rheme.
JP.H.28 Gojek, Grab bank on driver vaccine rollouts to revive demand
The writer identifies the word “Gojek, Grab” in the headline as the Theme. The
use of the process “bank” in the headline shows the action of the doer. By that, the
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participant role of the Theme is an Actor. The remaining constituent in the clause “bank
on driver vaccine rollouts to revive demand” is categorized as Rheme.
JP.H.29 Hippindo launches Indonesia’s second-largest vaccine drive
The Theme in the headline is represented by the word “Hippindo”. The
participant role of the Theme is an Actor. The process “launches” in the headline show
what is performed by the doer. The remaining clause “launches Indonesia’s second-
largest vaccine drive” is categorized as Rheme.
JP.H.30 New vaccine arrival boosts govt readiness for 1 million vaccinations
per day
The noun phrase “New vaccine arrival” is represent the Theme of the headline.
The writer categorizes the participant role of the Theme as an Actor. The noun phrase
“New vaccine arrival” is also function as a participant. The participant role of the noun
phrase is an Actor. The process “boosts” indicates the action of the doer. The clause
“boosts govt readiness for 1 million vaccinations per day” in the headline is the Rheme.
b. Goal as the Participant of Theme
The writer finds out there are four headlines from The Jakarta Post that
categorized as the participant Goal. The participant Goal point out to whom the process
is directed or extended.
JP.H.5 Public policies for tourism during COVID-19 pandemic
The Theme in the headline is represented by “Public policies for tourism”. The
Theme is considered as a Goal even though the process is missing in the headline.
“Public policies for tourism” are a result of an action that has been done by the
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government. By that, the clause mentioned before is categorized as a Goal of the
headline. Moreover, the remaining clause “during COVID-19 pandemic” is the Rheme
of the headline.
JP.H.15 Emergency tents erected outside Jakarta hospitals as virus cases surge
The writer identifies the words “Emergency tents” as the Theme of the headline.
The verb “erected” in the headline shows to whom the process is directed. The writer
categorizes the participant role of the Theme as Goal. The emergency tents are erected
by public facility maintenance worker to treat more COVID-19 patients. The remaining
clause “erected outside Jakarta hospitals as virus cases surge” is the Rheme of the
headline.
JP.H.16 Indonesia official caught with COVID-19 in Italy as cases spike at home
The Theme of the headline is represented by the words “Indonesia official”. The
participant role of the Theme is Goal. The Theme is categorized Goal as the result of
the action “caught” in the headline. The Rheme is the remaining clause in the headline
which is “caught with COVID-19 in Italy as cases spike at home”.
c. Sayer as the Participant of Theme
The writer only finds one headline in The Jakarta Post that used Sayer as the
participant of the Theme. According to Halliday, the participant Sayer is associated
with verbal process. Eggins (2005, p. 235) states that Sayer is the participant
responsible for the verbal process, does not have to be a conscious participant, but
anything capable of putting out a signal.
JP.H.8 COVID-19 survivors ask people to obey health protocols, get vaccinated
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The first constituent in the headline “COVID-19 survivor” is identified as the
Theme of the headline. Sayer is the participant of the Theme in the headline. The theme
is categorized Sayer as the result of the signal given by COVID-19 survivor. The word
“ask” in the headline is considered as verbal process. The remaining clause “ask people
to obey health protocols, get vaccinated” is the Rheme in the headline.
d. Verbiage as the Participant of Theme
The writer figures out six headlines in The Jakarta Post that used Verbiage as the
Participant of the Theme. The participant Verbiage is associated with verbal process.
Eggins (2005, p. 235) mentions that Verbiage is a nominalized statement of verbal
process: a noun expressing some kind of verbal behaviour. In other words, Verbiage is
the signal that is expressed by the Sayer. The example of the use of Verbiage as the
participant of the Theme will be explained below.
JP.H.4 Bali reopening to foreign tourists delayed as COVID surges: Sandiaga
The Theme in the headline above is represented by “Bali reopening to foreign
tourists delayed as COVID surges”. The Theme is considered as a Verbiage because it
is the signal or message expressed by Sandiaga. The word “Sandiaga” is categorized
as the Rheme of the headline.
JP.H.6 Indonesia’s COVID-19 situation nears ‘catastrophe’: Red Cross
In the headline above, the Theme is represented by “Indonesia’s COVID-19
situation nears ‘catastrophe’”. The Theme in the headline is the topic which is conveyed
by Red Cross. The word “Red Cross” is the Rheme of the headline.
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JP.H.7 Best ways to prevent COVID-19 infection is vaccination, avoiding
crowds: Experts
The clause “Best ways to prevent COVID-19 infection is vaccination, avoiding
crowds” is represented as the Theme of the headline. The Theme in the headline contain
the message said by Experts. The remaining constituent “Experts” is the Rheme of the
headline.
JP.H.11 ‘We will emerge more resilient’: Local communities find strength amid
second virus wave
The first constituent of the headline “We will emerge more resilient” is
considered as the Theme. The Theme in this headline is the message that is conveyed
by local communities. The rest of the clause in the headline “Local communities find
strength amid second virus wave” is categorized as the Rheme.
JP.H.21 Delta variant behind Indonesia’s recent COVID-19 surge, officials
say
JP.H.24 Delta variant behind Kudus COVID-19 spike, officials say
The clause “Delta variant behind Indonesia’s recent COVID-19 surge” and
“Delta variant behind Kudus COVID-19 spike” is categorized as the Theme of the
headline. Both of the clause is considered as a Verbiage since it contains the message
said by officials. The words “officials say” in both headlines is categorized as the
Rheme.
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e. Carrier as the Participant of Theme
The writer figures out three headlines in The Jakarta Post that used Carrier as the
participant of the theme. Carrier is associated with relational process. Relational
process involves the process of being. According to Eggins (2005) Carrier is realized
by a noun or nominal group which a quality, classification or attribute can be assigned
(p. 239).
JP.H.1 School reopening plan in doubt amid COVID-19 surge
JP.H.22 Jakarta in ‘critical phase’ as COVID-19 cases surge
The words “School reopening plan” and “Jakarta” in the headline above is
categorized as the Theme. The verb in both headline is omitted or missing. The verb
“is” is considered as the suitable verb for the headlines above. The remaining
constituent in both of the headline function as the Attribute to the Carrier and also the
Rheme of the headline.
JP.H.27 RI has sufficient vaccines but it will take discipline to beat COVID-19
The theme in the headline above is represented by the word “RI”. The relational
process “has” in the headline is showing the Attribute of the Theme which is “sufficient
vaccines but it will take discipline to beat COVID-19”. The Attribute of the Carrier is
considered as the Rheme in the headline.
2. Theme in The Manila Times Headlines
The writer figures out that the Theme used in The Manila Times is dominated by
the participant Actor. The participant actor is used in thirty seven out of forty-six
headlines related to COVID-19. The other types of participants found in The Manila
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Times headlines are Goal, Senser, Receiver, Carrier, and Verbiage. The discussion of
the Theme found in The Manila Times headlines will be explained below.
a. Actor as the Participant of Theme
The participant Actor is dominating in term of the participant role of the Theme
found in The Manila Times headlines.
MT.H.2 PH extends travel ban on 7 countries
MT.H.7 PH extends travel ban on India, 6 other countries until July 15
MT.H.12 PH posts 1.4M infections
MT.H.28 PH to get 1M vaccine doses from US
MT.H.30 PH detects 4 more Delta variant cases
MT.H.31 PH buys 40M doses of Pfizer vaccine
The writer finds out six headlines in The Manila Times that use the same word as
the first constituent of the clause. The first constituent “PH” is identified as the Theme
of the headline. The Theme is categorized as an Actor since the material process in
each headline is showing the action of the doer. In spite of the fact that the Themes of
those headlines above are the same, each headline is followed by different Rheme.
MT.H.4 DoH welcomes probe into Covid-19 fund use
MT.H.37 DoH vouches for vaccines’ safety
In the datum above the Theme is represented by the word “DoH”. The participant
role of the Theme in the headline is identified as an Actor. The verb “welcomes” and
“vouches” in the headline is the process that showing the action of the doer. The
remaining clause in the headline is categorized as the Rheme.
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MT.H.5 Senate prodded to pass vital measures
The Theme of the headline above is represented by the word “Senate”. The
process used in the headline which is the verb “prodded” is showing which types of
participants role the Theme belong. The verb “prodded” shows the action of the doer,
then the participant role is categorized as an Actor. The theme is followed by the Rheme
in the clause “prodded to pass vital measures”.
MT.H.8 PhilHealth launches vaccine compensation plan
The writer identifies the word “PhilHealth” as the Theme of the headline. The
type of the participant role of the Theme is determined by the verb “launches” in the
headline. It shows the action of the doer, thereby the participant role of the Theme is a
Actor. The rest of the clause “launches vaccine compensation plan” is categorized as
the Rheme of the headline.
MT.H.9 Bong Go sends aid to workers in Aurora
MT.H.20 Bong Go assures elderly of support
MT.H.34 Bong Go sends aid to tour guides, drivers
MT.H.42 Bong Go sends support to vendors in Himamaylan
The writer finds another example of similar constituent appear in the beginning
of the clause. Four of the headlines above similarly used the words “Bong Go” as the
Theme of the headline. The Theme is followed by different kind of process in each
headline. Each process used in the headline shows the action of the doer. It means the
participant of the Theme can be categorized as an Actor. Moreover, the remaining
clause which follows the Theme is categorized as the Rheme of the headline.
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MT.H.10 BPI-Philam encourages protection for OFWs
The first constituent of the headline “BPI-Philam” is identified as the Theme in
the headline above. The use of the verb “encourages” shows that the participant role of
the Theme is an Actor. The remaining clause “encourages protection for OFWs” in the
headline is considered as the Rheme.
MT.H.11 Vaccine deliveries hit 17 million doses
The Theme in the headline is represented by the words “Vaccine deliveries”. The
participant role of the Theme is an Actor. The process “hit” in the headline is showing
the action of the doer. The remaining clause “hit 17 million doses” which follows the
Theme is considered as the Rheme of the headline.
MT.H.13 Moderna, Sinovac vaccines arrive
In the headline above, the Theme of the headline is represented by the words
“Moderna, Sinovac vaccines”. The Theme is followed by the process “arrive” that
shows the action of the doer. Thereby, the participant role of the Theme is categorized
as an Actor. The process “arrive” is following the Theme of the headline which can
also be considered as the Rheme.
MT.H.15 ‘Govt to balance health, economic recovery’
MT.H.21 Govt strengthens measures to top spread of delta variant
MT.H.36 Govt mulls uniform quarantine protocols for Filipinos vaccinated in
PH, abroad
The writer figures out another example of headlines that use the same word as
the Theme in the headline. The use of verb “to balance”, “strengthens”, and “mulls” in
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those headlines show the action that is directed by the Theme. Thereby, the participant
role of the Theme in the headlines above is categorized as an Actor. The remaining
clause that follows the Theme in the headlines above is considered as the Rheme.
MT.H.17 Las Pinas vaccination program accelerates with more jabs a day
The clause “Las Pinas vaccination program” is identified as the Theme of the
headline. The clause “Las Pinas vaccination program” is selected as the Theme since
it appears as the starting point in the clause. The process “accelerates” marks the
participant role of the Theme as an Actor. Therefore, the remaining clause “accelerates
with more jabs a day” is considered as the Rheme of the headline.
MT.H.19 Poe warns against unpaid Phillhealt claims of hospitals
The word “Poe” appears in the beginning of the clause. Thereby, the word “poe”
is identified as the Theme of the headline above. The participant role of the Theme is
categorized as an Actor. The verb “warns” marks the Theme as the doer. The remaining
clause “warns against unpaid Phillhealt claims of hospitals” is the Rheme of the
headline above.
MT.H.22 10 cities get priority vaccine allocation
The Theme in the headline above is represented by the words “10 cities” since it
appears as the starting point of the headline. The participant role of the Theme is
categorized as an Actor. The action of the doer is marked by verb “get” in the headline.
The rest of the clause “get priority vaccine allocation” is the Rheme of the headline.
MT.H.23 SMC officially starts nationwide vaccination program for employees
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The word “SMC” in the beginning of the headline is identified as the Theme. The
participant role of the Theme is an Actor. The action of the doer is marked by verb
“starts” in the headline. The remaining clause “officially starts nationwide vaccination
program for employees” that follows the Theme is considered as the Rheme.
MT.H.24 City of Manila receives additional 400,000 doses of Sinovac
The datum above uses noun phrase “City of Manila” as the starting point in the
headline. Therefore, it is identified as the Theme of the headline. The verb “receive”
marks the action of the doer. The participant role of the Theme is categorized as an
Actor. The remaining clause “receives additional 400,000 doses of Sinovac” in the
headline is the Rheme.
MT.H.25 2M doses of Sinovac vaccines arrive in PH
The datum above begins with the clause “2M doses of Sinovac vaccines”. The
writer concludes that the clause appears in the beginning of the headline as the Theme.
The use of verb “arrive” shows the action of the doer in the datum above. Therefore,
the participant role of the Theme is categorized as an Actor. The rest of the clause
“arrive in PH” is the Rheme of the headline.
MT.H.26 DoTr orders 7th day swabbing for arriving seafarers, OFWs
The word “DoTr” is the starting point of the headline above. It shows that the
word “DoTr” is the Theme of the headline. The use of verb “orders” marks the
participant role of the Theme as an Actor. The clause “orders 7th day swabbing for
arriving seafarers, OFWs” that follows the Theme is considered as the Rheme of the
headline above.
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MT.H.27 Duterte threatens to jail people who refuse jabs
MT.H.29 Duterte rejects holding of limited face-to-face classes
MT.H.41 Duterte seeks speedy invermectin trials
MT.H.44 Duterte urges Filipinos to be ‘heroes in our own right’
The word “Duterte” appears in four of The Manila Times headlines. The word
“Duterte” as the starting point of the headline can be identified as the Theme. The use
of verb “threatens”, “rejects”, “seeks”, and “urges” mark the action in each headline
which is an Actor. The remaining clause which follows the Theme in each headline is
considered as the Rheme.
MT.H.32 Rule requiring wearing of face shields stays
The headline above begins with the clause “Rule requiring wearing of face
shields”. The clause as the starting point of the headline is identified as the Theme. The
participant role of the Theme is categorized as an Actor. The participant Actor is doing
an action expressed in the verb “stays”. The verb “stays” is the constituent which
follows the Theme of the headline. Therefore, the verb “stays” is Rheme of the
headline.
MT.H.33 Robredo seeks more jabs, Covid testing
The word “Robredo” appears as the starting point of the headline. Thereby, the
writer identifies the word “Robredo” as the Theme of the headline. The participant role
of the Theme is categorized as an Actor. The verb “seeks” in the headline is expressing
the action of the Actor. The remaining clause “seeks more jabs, Covid testing” in the
headline is considered as the Rheme.
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MT.H.43 Metro Manila mayors shorten curfew hours
The datum above begins with the clause “Metro Manila mayors” as the starting
point of the headline. It shows that the Theme of the clause is represented in the clause
“Metro Manila mayors”. The participant role of the Theme is categorized as an Actor.
The participant Actor is doing an action expressed by verb “shorten”. The rest of the
clause “shorten curfew hours” is the Rheme of the headline.
MT.H.45 Manila resumes Covid-19 mass vaccination
The word “Manila” appears as the beginning of the headline above. The writer
identifies the word “Manila” as the Theme of the headline. The participant role of the
headline is categorized as an Actor. The verb “resumes” is expressing the action of the
Actor. The clause “resumes Covid-19 mass vaccination” which follows the Theme in
the headline above is the Rheme.
MT.H.46 Most Filipinos still follow Covid-19 health protocols
The headline above starts with the noun phrase “Most Filipinos”. The noun
phrase “Most Filipinos” as the beginning of the headline is identified as the Theme.
The participant role of the Theme is categorized as an Actor. The participant Actor is
doing an action expressed in verb “follow”. The remaining clause “still follow Covid-
19 health protocols” in the headline is the Rheme.
b. Goal as the Participant of Theme
The writer figures out three headlines in The Manila Times related to COVID-
19 which used participant Goal as the theme.
MT.H.1 100% of health workers vaccinated
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The Theme of the headline above is represented by the clause “100% of health
workers”. The participant role of the Theme is categorized as a Goal. The clause “100%
of health workers” appears as the constituent which the process “vaccinated” is
directed. The remaining clause “vaccinated” is the Rheme of the headline.
MT.H.16 A1 vaccination for airline crew pushed as govt reopens tourism
The headline above begins with the clause “A1 vaccination for airline crew”. The
clause “A1 vaccination for airline crew” as the starting point of the headline is
identified as the Theme. The participant role of the Theme is categorized as a Goal.
The clause “A1 vaccination for airline crew” is the constituent which the process
“pushed” is directed. The rest of the clause “pushed as govt reopens tourism” is the
Rheme of the headline.
MT.H.35 Lockdown of BPOs in Davao City lifted
The headline above starts with the clause “Lockdown of BPOs in Davao City”.
The clause “Lockdown of BPOs in Davao City” as the beginning of the headline is
identified as the Theme. The participant role of the Theme is categorized as a Goal.
The clause “Lockdown of BPOs in Davao City” is the constituent which the process
“lifted” is directed. The remaining clause “lifted” is the Rheme of the headline.
c. Senser as the Participant of Theme
The writer finds one headline in The Manila Times related to COVID-19 that
used Senser as the participant of the Theme. According to Eggins (2005) The Senser is
the participant who feels, thinks, or perceives.
MT.H.14 Baguio City mayor wants ramped-up vaccination
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The headline above begins with the noun phrase “Baguio City Mayor”. The noun
phrase “Baguio City Mayor” is identified as the Theme of the headline. The participant
role of the Theme is categorized as a Senser. The clause “ramped-up vaccination” is
something felt, thought, or perceived by the Theme. The process “wants” expressed
what is being feel, think, and perceived by the Theme. The clause “ramped-up
vaccination” is following the Theme which can be considered as the Rheme of the
headline.
d. Receiver as the Participant of Theme
There is only one headline in The Manila Times that used Receiver as the
participant of the Theme. Eggins (2005) states that Receiver is the one whom verbal
process is directed (p. 235).
MT.H.38 Gov’t asked to prioritize ‘commuter towns’ near NCR in Covid-19
vaccination
The headline above begins with the word “Gov’t”. The word “Gov’t” is identified
as the Theme since it appears in the beginning of the headline. The participant role of
the Theme is categorized as a Receiver. The word “Gov’t” is the one whom verbal
process “asked” is directed. The rest of the clause “asked to prioritize ‘commuter
towns’ near NCR in Covid-19 vaccination” in the headline is the Rheme of the
headline.
e. Verbiage as the Participant of the Theme
The Manila Times used Verbiage as the participant of the Theme in three of the
headlines related to COVID-19.
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MT.H.3 Monitor pandemic situation as Olympic near – Go
The headline above begins with the clause “Monitor pandemic situation as
Olympic near”. The clause “Monitor pandemic situation as Olympic near” as the
starting point of the headline is identified as the Theme. The participant role of the
Theme is a Verbiage since it contains the message which is conveyed by the Sayer
“Go”. The word “Go” is the Rheme of the headline.
MT.H.18 Duterte fully vaccinated vs Covid-19 – PSG chief
The clause “Duterte fully vaccinated vs Covid-19” is the starting point of the
headline above. It is identified as the Theme of the headline. The participant role of the
Theme is categorized as a Verbiage since it contains the message which is expressed
by the Sayer “PSG chief”. The words “PSG chief” is the Rheme of the headline.
MT.H.40 Vaccines deployed to high-risk areas – Go
The datum above begins with “Vaccines deployed to high-risk areas”. The clause
“Vaccines deployed to high-risk areas” is identified as the Theme of the headline. The
participant role of the Theme is Verbiage. The clause “Vaccines deployed to high-risk
areas” contains what is being said by the Sayer “Go”. The rest word which is following
the Theme “Go” is the Rheme of the headline.
f. Carrier as the Participant of Theme
The last participant that used in The Manila Times headline is Carrier. There are
only two headlines that used Carrier as the participant of the Theme.
MT.H.6 Metro Manila Covid situation ‘very fragile’
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The Theme of the headline is represented by the clause “Metro Manila Covid
situation” since it is the starting point of the headline above. The participant role of the
Theme is categorized as a Carrier. The Theme as a Carrier is followed by the Attribute
“very fragile” in the form of adjective phrase. The process in the headline is omitted or
missing. The suitable process of the headline is the verb “is”. The adjective phrase
“very fragile” is considered as the Rheme of the headline as it appears after the Theme.
MT.H.39 NCR hospital utilization rate ‘manageable’
The headline above begins with the clause “NCR hospital utilization rate”. The
clause “NCR hospital utilization rate” is identified as the Theme of the headline. The
participant role of the Theme is categorized as a Carrier since the clause “NCR hospital
utilization rate” is followed by an adjective phrase “manageable”. The adjective phrase
“manageable” is considered as the Rheme of the headline.
B. Ideological Perspectives Revealed from the Use of the Themes in Headlines
This part contains the writer explanation toward the ideological perspectives of
the headlines based on the use of the Theme. The Theme appears in the beginning of
the headline used as the signpost to help the writer defines the ideological perspectives.
The Theme and its types of participants is analysed in order to determine the ideological
perspectives of The Jakarta Post and The Manila Times newspaper. The word choices
used as the Theme in the headline is showing the point that the media wants to convey.
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1. Responsibilities Revealed from The Jakarta Post Headlines
In this part, the writer explains the Theme which reveal the ideological
perspective of The Jakarta Post newspaper. The writer figures out that The Jakarta
Post newspaper focused on showing the responsibility of Indonesian government and
other communities such as experts, COVID-19 survivor, and transportation company
to depress the spread of COVID-19. The Theme which shows the responsibility of the
communities mentioned before appears in different types of participants such as Actor,
Goal, Sayer, and Verbiage.
The writer collects 30 headlines from The Jakarta Post related to COVID-19.
The analysis of this study reveals that total of 67% of the Theme in the headline is
showing the Indonesian community responsibilities to depress the spread of the
COVID-19 disease. The example of the responsibilities revealed through the Theme
can be seen from the discussion below.
The participant Actor revealed the government and other communities’
responsibility.
JP.H.2 Indonesia sticks with ‘micro-lockdown’ amid COVID-19 tsunami
JP.H.23 Aceh to focus vaccination drive on elderly
JP.H.28 Gojek, Grab bank on driver vaccine rollouts to revive demand
JP.H.29 Hippindo launches Indonesia’s second-largest vaccine drive
The Theme in each headline above is analysed as the Actor or the doer. The
words “Indonesia”, “Aceh”, “Gojek, Grab” and “Hippindo” are the representation of
the participant Actor. In JP.H.2, the media shows how the Indonesian government
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reacts toward the COVID-19 case surge. It shows the Indonesian government
responsibility to depress the spread of the COVID-19 disease. The media intends to
show public the action taken by the government towards the COVID-19 case.
Moreover, the media wants the community to obey the micro-lockdown regulation
made by the government.
The second data JP.H.23 used the word “Aceh” which is one of the provinces in
Indonesia as the Theme. In JP.H.23, the media shows how Indonesian government
which is represented in the word “Aceh” is taking a preventive action to depress the
spread of the COVID-19 disease. It shows that the government focuses on elderly
vaccination which more vulnerable to corona virus. The media intends to persuade the
public to be cooperative with the elderly vaccination program as it is mandatory healing
effort to decrease the number of contraction and death toll in the province.
The third data JP.H.28 used the words “Gojek, Grab” as the Theme of the
headline. Based on the news context, Gojek and Grab are a transportation services
company. In JP.H.28, the media shows how the transportation services company rely
on vaccine not only to protect both drivers and customers but also to revive the service
demand. The media intends to show the public that the drivers and the customers are
safe during their travel.
The last data that used participant of actor to reveals the communities’
responsibility is JP.H.29. In the data, the word “Hippindo” represents the Theme of the
headline. Based on the news context, Hippindo is The Indonesia Retail and Tenant
Association. In JP.H.29, the media shows the Hippindo effort to revive the industry
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which has been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The media intends to show the
public that the community is doing its job to prevent the spread of COVID-19 disease.
The participant Goal revealed the responsibility will be discussed below.
JP.H.15 Emergency tents erected outside Jakarta hospitals as virus cases surge
The headline above uses the words “Emergency tents” as the Theme of the
headline. The participant role of the Theme is categorized as Goal. In JP.H.15, the
media uses the clause “Emergency tents” as the target whom the action is directed by
Indonesian government to boost hospital capacity amid the COVID-19 surge.
Moreover, the media intends to show public that the government is doing its
responsibility amid a spike in COVID-19 cases.
The participant Sayer revealed the responsibility will be discussed below.
JP.H.8 COVID-19 survivors ask people to obey health protocols, get vaccinated
In the datum above the Theme is represented in the clause “COVID-19 survivor”.
The participant role of the Theme is categorized as a Sayer. In J.P.H.8, the media is
showing the responsibility of COVID-19 survivors as a community to depress the
spread of COVID-19 disease. The COVID-19 survivor is showing its responsibility by
persuades people not only to maintain discipline toward health protocols but also to get
vaccinated.
The participant Verbiage revealed the responsibility will be discussed below.
JP.H.4 Bali reopening to foreign tourists delayed as COVID surges: Sandiaga
JP.H.7 Best ways to prevent COVID-19 infection is vaccination, avoiding
crowds: Experts
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The headline in JP.H.4 used the clause “Bali reopening to foreign tourists delayed
as COVID surges” as the theme in the headline. The participant role of the Theme is
categorized as a Verbiage. It is categorized as a Verbiage as the result of a verbal
process expressed by “Sandiaga”. Based on the news context, Sandiaga is the Tourism
and Creative Economy Minister of Indonesia. The media shows the government
responsibility through the message stated by Sandiaga. Bali reopening to foreign
tourists is postponed to decrease the risk of COVID-19 contraction from foreign
tourists.
The headline in JP.H.7 used the clause “Best ways to prevent COVID-19
infection is vaccination, avoiding crowds” as the Theme. The participant role of the
Theme is categorized as a Verbiage. The Theme is categorized as a Verbiage as the
result of a verbal process expressed by “Experts”. The media shows the community
responsibility to prevent the spread of COVID-19 disease through the message stated
by Experts. The Experts persuade people to get vaccinated and to avoid crowds to
prevent COVID-19 infection.
2. Responsibilities Revealed from The Manila Times headlines
In this part, the writer explains the Theme which reveal the ideological
perspective of The Manila Times newspaper. The writer figures out that The Manila
Times is similar with The Jakarta Post newspaper. The Manila Times also focused on
showing the responsibility of the government. The Theme which shows the
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responsibility of the government appears in different types of participants such as
Actor, Goal, Senser, Receiver, and Verbiage.
The writer collects 46 headlines from The Manila Times related to COVID-19.
The analysis of this study reveals that total of 76% of the Theme in the headline is
showing the government responsibilities to depress the spread of the corona virus
disease. The example of the responsibilities revealed through the Theme can be seen
from the discussion below.
The participant Actor revealed the government responsibility.
MT.H.2 PH extends travel ban on 7 countries
MT.H.20 Bong Go assures elderly of support
MT.H.27 Duterte threatens to jail people who refuse jabs
MT.H.45 Manila resumes Covid-19 mass vaccination
The Theme in each headline above is analysed as the Actor or the doer. The
words “PH”, “Bong Go”, “Duterte”, and “Manila” are the representation of the
participant Actor. In MT.H.2, the word “PH” is the abbreviation of the word
“Philippines”. It shows that the Philippines government responsibility to prevent the
spread of the COVID-19 disease. The media intends to show public the action taken
by the government which is making a travel restriction on 7 countries to prevent the
entry of the COVID-19 Delta variant. In other words, the media is giving information
about the government that is doing its duty to protects the country from the COVID-19
disease.
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The second headline MT.H.20 used the word “Bong Go” as the representation of
the Actor. The word “Bong Go” is the name of the senate Christopher Lawrence
“Bong” Go. It means that the senate is doing its responsibility toward senior citizens.
The senate assure that the elderly get protection against COVID-19. In the news context
the supports given by the government are in the form of vaccine, masks, face shields,
and vitamins. The media intends to show the public that the elderly health is one of the
concerns during COVID-19 pandemic.
The third headline MT.H.27 used the word “Duterte” as the representation of
participant Actor. The word “Duterte” represents the name of the president Rodrigo
Duterte. The president is doing its responsibility to prevent the spread of the COVID-
19 disease by threatens to jail people who refuse to be vaccinated. The media intends
to aware the public to get vaccinated to stop the COVID-19 pandemic.
The last headline MT.H.45 used the word “manila” as the representation of the
participant Actor. The world “Manila” represent the Philippines government. In this
headline, the government responsibility can be seen from the action of mass
vaccination done by the government to prevent the spread of COVID-19 disease.
The participant Goal revealed the responsibility will be discussed below.
MT.H.1 100% of health workers vaccinated
The headline above uses the clause “100% of health workers” as the Theme of
the headline. The participant role of the Theme is categorized as a Goal. In MT.H.1,
the media uses the clause “100% of health workers” as the target whom the action is
directed by Philippines government. The media intends to show the responsibility of
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the government which ensure the integrity of the health care system amid COVID-19
pandemic by giving vaccination to all of the health worker.
The participant Senser revealed the responsibility will be discussed below.
MT.H.14 Baguio City mayor wants ramped-up vaccination
The headline above is an example of the use of participant Senser as the Theme
of the headline. Eddgins (2005) states that Senser is a conscious human participant who
feels, thinks or perceives. The theme above which is the clause “Baguio City Mayor”
represents the Philippines government. The verb “wants” marks the Theme as Senser.
The use of the clause “Baguio City Mayor” drive the reader interest to know the
government thoughts due to the reopening of tourism sector.
The participant Receiver revealed the responsibility will be discussed below.
MT.H.38 Gov’t asked to prioritize ‘commuter towns’ near NCR in Covid-19
vaccination.
In the headline above the participant role of the Theme is Receiver which is
marked by the word “Gov’t”. it is considered as a Receiver since the word “Gov’t” is
the participant whom the verbal process is directed. The media shows that the
government is asked for the responsibility to prioritize vaccination in commuter town
near NCR such as Rizal, Bulacan, Laguna, and Cavite to prevent the spread of the
COVID-19 disease.
The participant Verbiage revealed the responsibility will be discussed below.
MT.H.40 Vaccines deployed to high-risk areas – Go
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The headline MT.H.40 used the clause “Vaccines deployed to high-risk areas” as
the Theme that represents the participant role Verbiage. It is considered as a Verbiage
since the clause “Vaccines deployed to high-risk areas” is the point of verbal process
expressed by senator Christoper Lawrence “Bong” Go. The media show the
government responsibility through the message stated by Go. Vaccines are deployed in
high-risk area to depress the infection of COVID-19 disease.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
In the last chapter of the study, the writer provides the conclusion of the two
discussions in chapter three as the answer of the problem in this study. The first
problem of the study is to figure out the Theme used in Indonesian and Filipino
newspaper headlines related to COVID-19. The writer chooses the headlines taken
from Indonesian newspaper The Jakarta Post and Filipino newspaper The Manila
Times as the data of the study. The second problem of the study is to reveal the
ideological perspectives from the use of the Theme in Indonesian and Filipino
newspaper headlines.
In the first problem, the writer figures out that The Jakarta Post and The Manila
Times only use topical Theme in the headlines. After analysing the Theme, the writer
analyses the participant role of the Theme. There are seven types pf participant of the
Theme found in the headlines which are Actor, Goal, Senser, Sayer, Receiver,
Verbiage, and Carrier. The writer finds out that The Jakarta Post newspaper used 17
participants of Actor, 3 participants of Goal, 1 participants of Sayer, 6 participants of
Verbiage, and 3 participants of Carrier in the headlines. In other hand, The Manila Time
used 36 participants of Actor, 3 participants of Goal, 1 participant of Senser, 1
participants of Receiver, 3 participants of Verbiage, and 2 participants of Carrier in the
headlines. The participant of Actor appears as the dominating participant of Theme in
both Indonesian and Filipino newspaper headlines.
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In the second problem, the writer reveals the ideological perspective of
Indonesian and Filipino newspaper as responsibility. The writer concludes that
Indonesian and Filipino newspaper share the same ideology since both of the country
are facing the most COVID-19 cases among other South-East Asian countries.
Indonesian and Filipino newspaper show the deed done by the government which to
depress the spread of COVID-19 disease. The Indonesian government is marked by the
words Indonesia, Jokowi, Govt, Aceh, Hippindo, etc. Meanwhile, the Filipino
government is marked by the words PH, Bong Go, Govt, Duterte, Manila, etc.
The writer concludes that the types of the Theme, the types of the participant
of the theme, and the ideological perspective of the headline can be drawn from the
analysis of the use of the Theme in Indonesian and Filipino newspaper headlines. The
Theme as the starting point of the headlines appears as the signpost to the readers what
the news is going to be about. Moreover, this study shows that the critical discourse
analysis eases the analysis of ideological perspectives. Furthermore, the writer suggests
other researchers to discuss different analysis such as transitivity, mood and modality
analysis within the same object of this study to enrich the present findings on the use
of the Theme in newspaper headlines related to COVID-19.
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Internet Source:
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Actor as the participant of Theme in The Jakarta Post
JP.H.2 Indonesia sticks with ‘micro-lockdown’ amid COVID-19 tsunami
Indonesia sticks With ‘micro-lockdown’ amid COVID-19
tsunami
Participant Process Participants Circumstances
Actor Material Goal Circum. of cause
Theme Rheme
JP.H.3 Indonesia passes 2 million cases amid record daily raise
Indonesia passes 2 million cases amid record daily
raise
Participant Process Participants Circumstances
Actor Material Goal Circum. of cause
Theme Rheme
JP.H.9 Health minister leads push for stricter COVID-19 curbs
Health minister leads push for stricter COVID-19 curbs
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
JP.H.10 Static positivity rate highlights gaps in testing capacity
Static positivity rate highlights gaps in testing capacity
Participants Process Participants
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
JP.H.13 Hospitals ‘collapse’ as second wave engulfs Indonesia
Hospitals ‘collapse’ as second wave engulfs Indonesia
Participant Process Circumstances
Actor Material Circum. of cause
Theme Rheme
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JP.H.14 Bali vaccine tourism plan meets scepticism amid COVID-19 surge
Bali vaccine tourism
plan
meets scepticism amid COVID-19
surge
Participants Process Participant Circumstances
Actor Material Goal Circum. of cause
Theme Rheme
JP.H.17 Jokowi sticks to his gun as daily COVID-19 cases soar past 15,000
Jokowi sticks to his gun as daily COVID-19 cases soar
past 15,000
Participant Process Participants Circumstances
Actor Material Goal Circum. of cause
Theme Rheme
JP.H.18 Jokowi snubs call for large-scale curbs
Jokowi snubs call for large-scale curbs
Participant Process Participants
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
JP.H.19 COVID-19 surge dampens Jakarta’s anniversary celebrations
COVID-19 surge dampens Jakarta’s anniversary celebrations
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
JP.H.20 Govt receives additional 1 million doses of Sinopharm vaccine
Govt receives additional 1 million doses of Sinopharm
vaccine
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
JP.H.23 Aceh to focus vaccination drive on elderly
Aceh to focus vaccination drive on elderly
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
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JP.H.25 Indonesia reports highest rise in COVID-19 cases in over three months
Indonesia reports highest rise in COVID-19 cases in over three months
Participant Process Participant Circumstances
Actor Material Goal Circum. of location
Theme Rheme
JP.H.26 Indonesia faces post-Idul Fitri COVID-19 surge from Central Java, East Java
Indonesia faces post-Idul Fitri COVID-19
surge
from Central Java,
East Java
Participant Process Participant Circumstances
Actor Material Goal Circum. of location
Theme Rheme
JP.H.28 Gojek, Grab bank on driver vaccine rollouts to revive demand
Gojek, Grab bank driver vaccine rollouts to revive demand
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
JP.H.29 Hippindo launches Indonesia’s second-largest vaccine drive
Hippindo launches Indonesia’s second-largest vaccine drive
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
JP.H.30 New vaccine arrival boosts govt readiness for 1 million vaccinations per day
New vaccine arrival boosts govt readiness for 1 million vaccinations
per day
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
Appendix 2: Goal as the participant of Theme in The Jakarta Post
JP.H.12 Indonesia receives 10 million Sinovac vaccines
Indonesia receives 10 million Sinovac vaccines
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
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JP.H.5 Public policies for tourism during COVID-19 pandemic
Public policies for tourism during COVID-19 pandemic
Participants Circumstances
Goal Circumstance of location
Theme Rheme
JP.H.15 Emergency tents erected outside Jakarta hospitals as virus cases surge
Emergency tents (are) erected outside Jakarta
hospitals
as virus cases
surge
Participant Process Circumstances Circumstances
Goal Material Circum. of place Circum. of cause
Theme Rheme
JP.H.16 Indonesia official caught with COVID-19 in Italy as cases spike at home
Indonesia official (are) caught with COVID-19 in Italy as cases spike at
home
Participant Process Participant Circumstances
Goal Material Actor Circum. of place
Theme Rheme
Appendix 3: Sayer as the participant of Theme in The Jakarta Post
JP.H.8 COVID-19 survivors ask people to obey health protocols, get vaccinated
COVID-19 survivors ask people to obey health protocols, get
vaccinated
Participants Process Participant
Sayer Projecting Verbiage
Theme Rheme
Appendix 4: Verbiage as the participant of Theme in The Jakarta Post
JP.H.4 Bali reopening to foreign tourists delayed as COVID surges: Sandiaga
Bali reopening to foreign tourists delayed as
COVID surges
(said by) Sandiaga
Participants Process Participant
Verbiage Verbal Sayer
Theme Rheme
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JP.H.6 Indonesia’s COVID-19 situation nears ‘catastrophe’: Red Cross
Indonesia’s COVID-19 situation nears
‘catastrophe’
(said by) Red Cross
Participants Process Participant
Verbiage Verbal Sayer
Theme Rheme
JP.H.7 Best ways to prevent COVID-19 infection is vaccination, avoiding crowds:
Experts
Best ways to prevent COVID-19 infection is
vaccination, avoiding crowds
(said by) Experts
Participants Process Participant
Verbiage Verbal Sayer
Theme Rheme
JP.H.11 ‘We will emerge more resilient’: Local communities find strength amid
second virus wave
‘We will emerge
more resilient’
(said by) Local communities find strength amid
second virus wave
Participant Process Participant Circumstances
Verbiage Verbal Sayer Circum. of cause
Theme Rheme
JP.H.21 Delta variant behind Indonesia’s recent COVID-19 surge, officials say
Delta variant behind Indonesia’s recent
COVID-19 surge
officials say
Participant Participant Process
Verbiage Sayer Verbal
Theme Rheme
JP.H.24 Delta variant behind Kudus COVID-19 spike, officials say
Delta variant behind Kudus COVID-19 spike officials say
Participant Participant Process
Verbiage Sayer Verbal
Theme Rheme
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Appendix 5: Carrier as the participant of Theme in The Jakarta Post
JP.H.1 School reopening plan in doubt amid COVID-19 surge
School reopening
plan
(is) in doubt amid COVID-19 surge
Participants Process Participants Circumstances
Carrier Relational Attribute Circum. of cause
Theme Rheme
JP.H.22 Jakarta in ‘critical phase’ as COVID-19 cases surge
Jakarta (is) in ‘critical phase’ as COVID-19 cases
surge
Participant Process Participants
Carrier Relational Attribute
Theme Rheme
JP.H.27 RI has sufficient vaccines but it will take discipline to beat COVID-19
RI has sufficient vaccines but it will take
discipline to beat COVID-19
Participant Process Participant
Carrier Relational Attribute
Theme Rheme
Appendix 6: Actor as the participant of Theme in The Manila Times
MT.H.2 PH extends travel ban on 7 countries
PH extends travel ban on 7 countries
Participant Process Participant Circumstances
Actor Material Goal Circum. of locatiom
Theme Rheme
MT.H.4 DoH welcomes probe into Covid-19 fund use
DoH welcomes probe into Covid-19 fund use
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
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MT.H.5 Senate prodded to pass vital measures
Senate prodded to pass vital measures
Participant Process Participants
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
MT.H.7 PH extends travel ban on India, 6 other countries until July 15
PH extends travel ban on India, 6 other countries until
July 15
Participant Process Participant Circumstances
Actor Material Goal Circum. of location
Theme Rheme
MT.H.8 PhilHealth launches vaccine compensation plan
PhilHealth launches vaccine compensation plan
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
MT.H.9 Bong Go sends aid to workers in Aurora
Bong Go sends aid to workers in Aurora
Participant Process Participants Circumstances
Actor Material Goal Circum. of
location
Theme Rheme
MT.H.10 BPI-Philam encourages protection for OFWs
BPI-Philam encourages protection for OFWs
Participant Process Participants
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
MT.H.11 Vaccine deliveries hit 17 million doses
Vaccine deliveries hit 17 million doses
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
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MT.H.12 PH posts 1.4M infections
PH posts 1.4M infections
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
MT.H.13 Moderna, Sinovac vaccines arrive
Moderna, Sinovac vaccines arrive
Participant Process
Actor Material
Theme Rheme
MT.H.15 ‘Govt to balance health, economic recovery’
‘Govt to balance health, economic recovery’
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
MT.H.17 Las Pinas vaccination program accelerates with more jabs a day
Las Pinas vaccination program accelerates with more jabs a day
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
MT.H.19 Poe warns against unpaid Phillhealt claims of hospitals
Poe warns against unpaid Phillhealt claims of hospitals
Participant Process Circumstance
Actor Material Circum. of cause
Theme Rheme
MT.H.20 Bong Go assures elderly of support
Bong Go assures elderly of support
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
MT.H.21 Govt strengthens measures to stop spread of delta variant
Govt strengthens measures to top spread of delta variant
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
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MT.H.22 10 cities get priority vaccine allocation
10 cities get priority vaccine allocation
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
MT.H.23 SMC officially starts nationwide vaccination program for employees
SMC officially starts nationwide vaccination program for
employees
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
MT.H.24 City of Manila receives additional 400,000 doses of Sinovac
City of Manila receives additional 400,000 doses of Sinovac
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
MT.H.25 2M doses of Sinovac vaccines arrive in PH
2M doses of Sinovac vaccines arrive in PH
Participant Process Circumstance
Actor Material Circum. of location
Theme Rheme
MT.H.26 DoTr orders 7th day swabbing for arriving seafarers, OFWs
DoTr orders 7th day swabbing for arriving seafarers,
OFWs
Participant Process Participants
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
MT.H.27 Duterte threatens to jail people who refuse jabs
Duterte threatens to jail people who refuse jabs
Participant Process Participants
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
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MT.H.28 PH to get 1M vaccine doses from US
PH to get 1M vaccine doses from US
Participant Process Participant Circumstances
Actor Material Goal Circum. of location
Theme Rheme
MT.H.29 Duterte rejects holding of limited face-to-face classes
Duterte rejects holding of limited face-to-face classes
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
MT.H.30 PH detects 4 more Delta variant cases
PH detects 4 more Delta variant cases
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
MT.H.31 PH buys 40M doses of Pfizer vaccine
PH buys 40M doses of Pfizer vaccine
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
MT.H.32 Rule requiring wearing of face shields stays
Rule requiring wearing of face shields stays
Participant Process
Actor Material
Theme Rheme
MT.H.33 Robredo seeks more jabs, Covid testing
Robredo seeks more jabs, Covid testing
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
MT.H.34 Bong Go sends aid to tour guides, drivers
Bong Go sends aid to tour guides, drivers
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
73
MT.H.36 Govt mulls uniform quarantine protocols for Filipinos vaccinated in PH,
abroad
Govt mulls uniform quarantine protocols for
Filipinos vaccinated
in PH, abroad
Participant Process Participant Circumstances
Actor Material Goal Circum. of
location
Theme Rheme
MT.H.37 DoH vouches for vaccines’ safety
DoH vouches for vaccines’ safety
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
MT.H.41 Duterte seeks speedy invermectin trials
Duterte seeks speedy invermectin trials
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
MT.H.42 Bong Go sends support to vendors in Himamaylan
Bong Go sends support to vendors in Himamaylan
Participant Process Participant Circumstances
Actor Material Goal Circum. of location
Theme Rheme
MT.H.43 Metro Manila mayors shorten curfew hours
Metro Manila mayors shorten curfew hours
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
MT.H.44 Duterte urges Filipinos to be ‘heroes in our own right’
Duterte urges Filipinos to be ‘heroes in our own right’
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
74
MT.H.45 Manila resumes Covid-19 mass vaccination
Manila resumes Covid-19 mass vaccination
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
MT.H.46 Most Filipinos still follow Covid-19 health protocols
Most Filipinos still follow Covid-19 health protocols
Participant Process Participant
Actor Material Goal
Theme Rheme
Appendix 7: Goal as the participant of Theme in The Manila Times
MT.H.1 100% of health workers vaccinated
100% of health workers (are) vaccinated
Participants Process
Goal Material
Theme Rheme
MT.H.16 A1 vaccination for airline crew pushed as govt reopens tourism
A1 vaccination for airline
crew
(is) pushed as govt reopens tourism
Participant Process Circumstance
Goal Material Circum. of cause
Theme Rheme
MT.H.35 Lockdown of BPOs in Davao City lifted
Lockdown of BPOs in Davao City (is) lifted
Participants Process
Goal Material
Theme Rheme
Appendix 8: Senser as the participant of Theme in The Manila Times
MT.H.14 Baguio City mayor wants ramped-up vaccination
Baguio City mayor wants ramped-up vaccination
Participant Process Participant
Senser Mental Phenomenon
Theme Rheme
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Appendix 9: Receiver as the participant of Theme in The Manila Times
MT.H.38 Gov’t asked to prioritize ‘commuter towns’ near NCR in Covid-19
vaccination
Gov’t asked to prioritize ‘commuter towns’ near NCR in
Covid-19 vaccination
Participant Process Participants
Receiver Verbal Verbiage
Theme Rheme
Appendix 10: Verbiage as the participant of Theme in The Manila Times
MT.H.3 Monitor pandemic situation as Olympic near – Go
Monitor pandemic situation as Olympic
near
(said by) Go
Participants Process Participant
Verbiage Verbal Sayer
Theme Rheme
MT.H.18 Duterte fully vaccinated vs Covid-19 – PSG chief
Duterte fully vaccinated vs Covid-19 (said by) PSG chief
Participant Process Participant
Verbiage Verbal Sayer
Theme Rheme
MT.H.40 Vaccines deployed to high-risk areas – Go
Vaccines deployed to high-risk areas (said by) Go
Participant Process Participant
Verbiage Verbal Sayer
Theme Rheme
Appendix 11: Carrier as the participant of Theme in The Manila Times
MT.H.6 Metro Manila Covid situation ‘very fragile’
Metro Manila Covid situation is ‘very fragile’
Participant Process Participant
Carrier Relational Attribute
Theme Rheme
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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MT.H.39 NCR hospital utilization rate ‘manageable’
NCR hospital utilization rate (is) ‘manageable’
Participant Process Participant
Carrier Relational Attribute
Theme Rheme
Appendix 12: List of selected headlines from The Jakarta Post
JP.H.1 School reopening plan in doubt amid COVID-19 surge
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/06/22/school-reopening-plan-in-doubt-
amid-covid-19-surge.html
JP.H.2 Indonesia sticks with ‘micro-lockdown’ amid COVID-19 tsunami
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/06/21/indonesia-announces-stricter-
covid-19-restrictions-amid-public-pressure.html
JP.H.3 Indonesia passes 2 million cases amid record daily raise
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/06/21/indonesia-passes-2-million-cases-
amid-record-daily-rise.html
JP.H.4 Bali reopening to foreign tourists delayed as COVID surges: Sandiaga
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/06/29/bali-reopening-to-foreign-tourists-
delayed-as-covid-surges-sandiaga-.html
JP.H.5 Public policies for tourism during COVID-19 pandemic
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/06/29/public-policies-for-tourism-during-
the-covid-19-pandemic.html
JP.H.6 Indonesia’s COVID-19 situation nears ‘catastrophe’: Red Cross
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/06/29/indonesias-covid-19-situation-
nears-catastrophe-red-cross.html
JP.H.7 Best ways to prevent COVID-19 infection is vaccination, avoiding crowds:
Experts
https://www.thejakartapost.com/adv/2021/06/29/best-ways-to-prevent-covid-19-
infection-is-vaccination-avoiding-crowds-experts.html
JP.H.8 COVID-19 survivors ask people to obey health protocols, get vaccinated
https://www.thejakartapost.com/adv/2021/06/28/covid-19-survivors-ask-people-to-
obey-health-protocols-get-vaccinated.html
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
77
JP.H.9 Health minister leads push for stricter COVID-19 curbs
https://www.thejakartapost.com/paper/2021/06/28/health-minister-leads-push-for-
stricter-covid-19-curbs.html
JP.H.10 Static positivity rate highlights gaps in testing capacity
https://www.thejakartapost.com/paper/2021/06/28/static-positivity-rate-highlights-
gaps-in-testing-capacity.html
JP.H.11 ‘We will emerge more resilient’: Local communities find strength amid
second virus wave
https://www.thejakartapost.com/paper/2021/06/27/we-will-emerge-more-resilient-
local-communities-find-strength-amid-second-virus-wave.html
JP.H.12 Indonesia receives 10 million Sinovac vaccines
https://www.thejakartapost.com/adv/2021/06/27/indonesia-receives-10-million-
sinovac-vaccines.html
JP.H.13 Hospitals ‘collapse’ as second wave engulfs Indonesia
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/06/25/hospitals-collapse-as-second-wave-
engulfs-ri.html
JP.H.14 Bali vaccine tourism plan meets scepticism amid COVID-19 surge
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/06/24/bali-vaccine-tourism-plan-meets-
skepticism-amid-covid-19-surge.html
JP.H.15 Emergency tents erected outside Jakarta hospitals as virus cases surge
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/06/25/emergency-tents-erected-outside-
jakarta-hospitals-as-virus-cases-surge.html
JP.H.16 Indonesia official caught with COVID-19 in Italy as cases spike at home
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/06/24/ri-official-caught-with-covid-19-
in-italy-as-cases-spike-at-home.html
JP.H.17 Jokowi sticks to his gun as daily COVID-19 cases soar past 15,000
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/06/23/jokowi-sticks-to-his-guns-as-daily-
covid-19-cases-soar-past-15000.html
JP.H.18 Jokowi snubs call for large-scale curbs
https://www.thejakartapost.com/paper/2021/06/23/jokowi-snubs-calls-for-large-scale-
curbs.html
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
78
JP.H.19 COVID-19 surge dampens Jakarta’s anniversary celebrations
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/06/22/covid-19-surge-dampens-jakartas-
anniversary-celebrations.html
JP.H.20 Govt receives additional 1 million doses of Sinopharm vaccine
https://www.thejakartapost.com/adv/2021/06/16/govt-receives-additional-1-million-
doses-of-sinopharm-vaccine.html
JP.H.21 Delta variant behind Indonesia’s recent COVID-19 surge, officials say
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/06/15/delta-variant-behind-indonesias-
recent-covid-19-surge-officials-say.html
JP.H.23 Aceh to focus vaccination drive on elderly
https://www.thejakartapost.com/adv/2021/06/15/aceh-to-focus-vaccination-drive-on-
elderly.html
JP.H.22 Jakarta in ‘critical phase’ as COVID-19 cases surge
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/06/15/jakarta-in-critical-phase-as-covid-
19-cases-surge.html
JP.H.24 Delta variant behind Kudus COVID-19 spike, officials say
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/06/14/delta-variant-behind-kudus-covid-
19-spike-officials-say.html
JP.H.25 Indonesia reports highest rise in COVID-19 cases in over three months
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/06/09/indonesia-reports-highest-rise-in-
covid-19-cases-in-over-three-months.html
JP.H.26 Indonesia faces post-Idul Fitri COVID-19 surge from Central Java, East Java
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/06/08/indonesia-faces-post-idul-fitri-
covid-19-surge-from-central-java-east-java.html
JP.H.28 Gojek, Grab bank on driver vaccine rollouts to revive demand
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/06/18/gojek-grab-bank-on-driver-
vaccine-rollouts-to-revive-demand.html
JP.H.29 Hippindo launches Indonesia’s second-largest vaccine drive
https://www.thejakartapost.com/paper/2021/06/11/hippindo-launches-indonesias-
second-largest-vaccine-drive.html
JP.H.30 New vaccine arrival boosts govt readiness for 1 million vaccinations per day
https://www.thejakartapost.com/adv/2021/06/03/new-vaccine-arrival-boosts-govt-
readiness-for-1-million-vaccinations-per-day.html
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Appendix 13: List of selected Headlines from The Manila Times
MT.H.1 100% of health workers vaccinated
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/30/news/national/100-of-health-workers-
vaccinated/1805111
MT.H.2 PH extends travel ban on 7 countries
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/30/news/national/ph-extends-travel-ban-on-7-
countries/1805115
MT.H.3 Monitor pandemic situation as Olympic near – Go
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/30/news/national/monitor-pandemic-situation-
as-olympic-nears-go/1805108
MT.H.4 DoH welcomes probe into Covid-19 fund use
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/29/news/doh-welcomes-probe-into-covid-19-
fund-use/1805078
MT.H.5 Senate prodded to pass vital measures
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/30/news/national/senate-prodded-to-pass-vital-
measures/1805106
MT.H.6 Metro Manila Covid situation ‘very fragile’
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/29/news/doh-ncr-covid-19-situation-remains-
fragile/1805061
MT.H.7 PH extends travel ban on India, 6 other countries until July 15
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/29/news/ph-extends-travel-ban-on-india6-
other-countries-until-july-15/1805066
MT.H.8 PhilHealth launches vaccine compensation plan
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/29/news/philhealth-launches-package-for-
patients-with-severe-reactions-to-covid-19-vaccines/1805058
MT.H.9 Bong Go sends aid to workers in Aurora
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/29/news/regions/bong-go-sends-aid-to-
workers-in-aurora/1804957
MT.H.10 BPI-Philam encourages protection for OFWs
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/29/public-square/bpi-philam-encourages-
protection-for-ofws/1804990
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
80
MT.H.11 Vaccine deliveries hit 17 million doses
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/29/news/national/vaccine-deliveries-hit-17-
million-doses/1805020
MT.H.12 PH posts 1.4M infections
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/28/news/ph-posts-14m-infections/1804941
MT.H.13 Moderna, Sinovac vaccines arrive
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/28/news/moderna-sinovac-vaccines-
arrive/1804931
MT.H.14 Baguio City mayor wants ramped-up vaccination
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/28/news/regions/baguio-city-mayor-wants-
ramped-up-vaccination/1804876
MT.H.15 ‘Govt to balance health, economic recovery’
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/28/news/govt-to-balance-health-economic-
recovery/1804908
MT.H.16 A1 vaccination for airline crew pushed as govt reopens tourism
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/26/news/a1-vaccination-for-airline-crew-
pushed-as-govt-reopens-tourism/1804788
MT.H.17 Las Pinas vaccination program accelerates with more jabs a day
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/26/public-square/las-pias-vaccination-program-
accelerates-with-more-jabs-a-day/1804655
MT.H.18 Duterte fully vaccinated vs Covid-19 – PSG chief
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/25/news/duterte-fully-vaccinated-vs-covid-19-
psg-chief/1804610
MT.H.19 Poe warns against unpaid Phillhealt claims of hospitals
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/26/news/national/poe-warns-against-unpaid-
philhealth-claims-of-hospitals/1804672
MT.H.20 Bong Go assures elderly of support
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/25/news/national/bong-go-assures-elderly-of-
support/1804561
MT.H.21 Govt strengthens measures to stop spread of delta variant
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/25/news/national/govt-strengthens-measures-
to-stop-spread-of-delta-variant/1804564
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
81
MT.H.22 10 cities get priority vaccine allocation
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/25/news/national/10-cities-get-priority-
vaccine-allocation/1804565
MT.H.23 SMC officially starts nationwide vaccination program for employees
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/25/public-square/smc-officially-starts-
nationwide-vaccination-program-for-employees/1804524
MT.H.24 City of Manila receives additional 400,000 doses of Sinovac
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/24/public-square/city-of-manila-receives-
additional-400000-doses-of-sinovac/1804478
MT.H.25 2M doses of Sinovac vaccines arrive in PH
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/24/news/2m-doses-of-sinovac-vaccines-arrive-
in-ph/1804452
MT.H.26 DoTr orders 7th day swabbing for arriving seafarers, OFWs
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/23/business/maritime/dotr-orders-7th-day-
swabbing-for-arriving-seafarers-ofws/1804282
MT.H.27 Duterte threatens to jail people who refuse jabs
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/23/news/national/duterte-threatens-to-jail-
people-who-refuse-jabs/1804264
MT.H.28 PH to get 1M vaccine doses from US
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/23/news/national/ph-to-get-1m-vaccine-doses-
from-us/1804249
MT.H.29 Duterte rejects holding of limited face-to-face classes
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/22/news/duterte-rejects-holding-of-limited-
face-to-face-classes/1804177
MT.H.30 PH detects 4 more Delta variant cases
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/22/news/national/ph-detects-4-more-delta-
variant-cases/1804144
MT.H.31 PH buys 40M doses of Pfizer vaccine
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/21/news/ph-buys-40m-doses-of-pfizer-
vaccine/1804014
MT.H.32 Rule requiring wearing of face shields stays
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/21/news/rule-requiring-wearing-of-face-
shields-stays/1804112
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
82
MT.H.33 Robredo seeks more jabs, Covid testing
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/21/news/robredo-seeks-more-jabs-covid-
testing/1804010
MT.H.34 Bong Go sends aid to tour guides, drivers
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/20/news/regions/bong-go-sends-aid-to-tour-
guides-drivers/1803900
MT.H.35 Lockdown of BPOs in Davao City lifted
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/20/news/lockdown-of-bpos-in-davao-city-
lifted/1803894
MT.H.36 Govt mulls uniform quarantine protocols for Filipinos vaccinated in PH,
abroad
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/19/news/govt-mulls-uniform-quarantine-
protocolsfor-filipinos-vaccinated-in-ph-abroad/1803824
MT.H.37 DoH vouches for vaccines’ safety
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/19/news/national/doh-vouches-for-vaccines-
safety/1803782
MT.H.38 Gov’t asked to prioritize ‘commuter towns’ near NCR in Covid-19
vaccination
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/18/latest-stories/govt-asked-to-prioritize-
commuter-towns-near-ncr-in-covid-19-vaccination/1803691
MT.H.39 NCR hospital utilization rate ‘manageable’
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/17/news/national/ncr-hospital-utilization-rate-
manageable/1803524
MT.H.41 Duterte seeks speedy invermectin trials
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/16/news/national/duterte-seeks-speedy-
ivermectin-trials/1803375
MT.H.40 Vaccines deployed to high-risk areas – Go
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/16/news/national/vaccines-deployed-to-high-
risk-areas-go/1803380
MT.H.42 Bong Go sends support to vendors in Himamaylan
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/15/news/regions/bong-go-sends-support-to-
vendors-in-himamaylan/1803193
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
83
MT.H.43 Metro Manila mayors shorten curfew hours
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/14/news/metro-manila-mayors-shorten-curfew-
hours/1803167
MT.H.44 Duterte urges Filipinos to be ‘heroes in our own right’
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/12/news/duterte-urges-filipinos-to-be-heroes-
in-our-own-right/1802934
MT.H.45 Manila resumes Covid-19 mass vaccination
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/12/news/manila-resumes-covid-19-mass-
vaccination/1802915
MT.H.46 Most Filipinos still follow Covid-19 health protocols
https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/06/12/news/national/most-filipinos-still-follow-
covid-19-health-protocols/1802882
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI