8/13/2019 THE_CONE

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THE CONE

STYLE

MEANING

C C A A P T T T

FORM AND STRUCTURE

SENTENCELEVEL

WORD LEVEL

PHONOLOGY TYPOGRAPHY

Think about it like this… Just as we need a fairly tasteless, dry cone toenjoy an ice cream so we need fairly dry linguistic and literary terms andapproaches to help us explore the meaning of a text. Most of us don’tbuy an ice cream for the cone, and most of us don’t read a text simply todescribe its linguistic or literary features. lways relate what you find in atext to how meaning is created. !o try to eat the whole cone though"#se all the approaches and terms a$ailable.

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Sentence level/Grammar *entence types

*yntax +word order

+especially- parallelism, foregroundingend focus non/standard features

Mood +!eclarati$e, 0nterrogati$e,0mperati$e

Tense

Standard/Non-standard features/Dialect

Ellipsis

Overview(&1T21T (&1T23T #!021(2

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Phonology

ccent84ronunciation e.g. elision,phonemes 88, plosi$es, fricati$es, sibilants,04 , 5ecei$ed 4ronunciation, regional

accents..Prosodic features +loudness, stress, pitch,

intonation, etc.Sound alliteration, assonance, rhyme

+couplets, masculine, half/rhyme, eye rhyme ,rhythm, iambic and trochaic feet, sound

effects, onomatopoeia, Typography

9ont, 4unctuation, &rthography, %raphemes:;, 4ictorial elements, #se of colour

<hen we analyse texts we areprimarily exploring meaning. <ithoutkeeping the focus on meaning, youwill be feeding the examiner a drycone of frameworks. =ut without thecone, you are likely to end up withmeaning melting and running throughyour fingers. 6uk"Remember: you can get ice creamswith different scoops of flavour:always try to explore differentways of reading a text

5emember you don’t ha$e to follow the order abo$e, but youshould always ha$e a clear plan and structure.!&1’T 9&5%2T- 1*<25 T72 >#2*T0&1 *2T

!ord level/"exis

Modifiers

5egister

<ord classes +e.g. pronouns, $erbs, abstractnouns

'exical sets, (onnotations

*tandard81on/standardfeatures8!ialect80dioms8 rchaisms

'iterary and 5hetorical techni?ues including-metaphor, simile, allusion, imagery, symbolism,

personification, anthropomorphism, patheticfallacy, listing, antithesis, paradox, oxymoron, juxtaposition, tripling, repetition, hyperbole,

litotes, apostrophe

#orm and structure/$iscourse

%enre, narrati$e stance +first person, thirdperson, second person address , narrati$e$oice, dialogue, $erse type e.g. sonnet+4etrarchan8*hakespearean , ballad, lyric,free $erse, epistolary form, prose8$erse

&rder of content de$elopment ofideas8argument, chronology, juxtaposition of

content, chapters, flashback, stan@astructure +couplet ?uatrain, sestet, octa$e,enjambment, caesura, $olta rhyme scheme,metre, scansion, enjambment, turn/taking, pausing, non/fluency, o$erlapping, latching

Style6our own written and spoken expressionhas an impact on how your ideas arepercei$ed by others. lways use anappropriate style and register for thecontext in which you are writing orspeaking. 4unctuation and $ocabularyneed to be used accurately.