THEA OBJECTIVE #4

Idea Relationships I and II

the manner in which the author organizes his or her

information.

Time order Pattern (sequence) Addition pattern (list)

Compare-Contrast Pattern Cause /Effect Pattern Definition/example pattern (illustration)

Problem/Solution Pattern

• Sequence Pattern(time)- The ideas presented by the author must be in order.

• List Pattern (addition)-In this pattern, the author organizes his/her information by making a list. This list does not need to be in any order.

• Definition Pattern(illustration) -In this pattern, the author defines a particular term, idea, or concept and follows it with examples.

• Cause – Effect Pattern -The author explains the reason why something happened or the results of something. (the cause happens first!)

• Compare-Contrast Pattern -This pattern shows how two things are alike and how they are different ,or both.

• Problem – Solution- a problem is presented and either a solution or a possible solution is given

COMPARE-CONTRAST PATTERN

Comparison: how 2 things are alike

Contrast: how they are different

TRANSITION WORDS THAT HELP

Page 222 (green book) Page 266 (red book)

Mark It!

Transitions are words or phrases (like another) that show relationships between ideas. They are “bridge” words, carrying the reader across from one idea to the next:

LIST PATTERN-MORE TRANSITION WORDS

characteristics, elements, features, types, ways letters (a, b, c) or bullets to list

information

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

A Note on Main Ideas and Patterns of Organization

A paragraph’s main idea often indicates its pattern of organization.

Paying close attention to the main idea can give you a quick sense of a paragraph’s pattern of organization.

CHAPTER 4 Relationships I

/ Two Final PointsPatterns of Organization

2 Remember that not all relationships between ideas are signaled by transitions.

As you read, watch for the relationships themselves, not just the transitions.

An author may present a list of items, for example, without using addition words.

READ the PASSAGE, don’t just look for key words!

CAUSE/EFFECT -WHICH IS WHICH?

Cause Effect

Many students find it difficult to make the transition from high school to college. In high school, teachers often treat students like children. For instance, teachers may require homework to be done in a certain color ink, or they may call parents when children misbehave. On the other hand, college teachers treat students as adults. No one other than the students themselves is expected to take responsibility for learning. Also, adjusting to greater independence can be a challenge for many college freshmen. Students in high school usually live at home. In college, however, many students live on their own and have no one to answer to or depend on but themselves.

1Psychologists use several theories to explain different sides of human behavior. 2Best-known is the psychoanalytic theory, which holds that people are driven largely by needs and desires that they are not aware of—the so-called “subconscious” mind. 3Another theory, behaviorism, suggests that people’s actions are based largely on past experiences of reward and punishment. 4We do things that brought us pleasant results in the past and avoid things that brought unpleasant results. 5Yet another theory, “gestalt” psychology, emphasizes the role of overall patterns in our thinking. 6For example, we find it much easier to remember a tune than a series of unconnected musical notes.

1Projection is an unconscious process of seeing one’s own shortcomings in others. 2For example, a greedy shop owner may cheat many of his customers, yet consider himself a pillar of the community and a good Christian. 3How does he justify to himself his greed and dishonesty? 4He believes that everyone who enters his store is bent on cheating him any way he or she can. 5In reality, few, if any, of his customers share his motives, but he projects his own greed and dishonesty onto them.

About 5% of all babies born alive, or 175,000 babies per year, have a significant defect. Such birth defects account for about 15% of deaths among newborns. Recall from the genetics chapters that birth defects may be caused by genetic as well a environmental factors, or by a combination of the two.

According to the selection, which of the following is a result of birth defects?

a. Fifteen percent of newborns die

b. Five percent of babies born alive have significant birth defects

c. Poor social development results.