The Worlds of Islam
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Transcript of The Worlds of Islam
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The Worlds of Islam
Chapter 9How Islam became the dominating
religion of the 3rd Wave Era
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Food for Thought:
• Islam in the 21st Century = read the quote from Malcolm X – what does he reveal in his pilgrimage to Mecca? What world events have occurred in the 20th and 21st century that has painting a negative image of Islam amongst Americans?
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Growth of Islam from 600 – 1600:
• expansive – encompass Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. Chinese culture and Buddhism – anchor in East Asia, Christianity in Europe, Islam in the Afro-Eurasian world
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The Birth of a New Religion
• The Rise of Religions compared to one another = Confucianism and Daoism established from China, Hinduism and Buddhism established from India, Greek philosophy in the Mediterranean region, Zoroastrianism from Persia.
• Christianity and Islam emerged from the margins, from small regions. Christianity in remote part of Roman empire, Islam along cities and deserts of the Arabian peninsula
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The Homeland of Islam
i. Geography of the Arabian Peninsula = • Arabian Peninsula – nomadic Bedouins• Highlands of Yemen and Interior mountain –
sedentary village-based agriculture• Northern and Southern regions – small
kingdoms• Location to important trade routes - connect
Indian Ocean to Mediterranean – rise to cities
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ii. Bedouins
= nomads in central of Arabian Peninsula. Herded sheep and cattle in seasonal migrations. Fierce, independent, fueds, variety of gods, ancestors, spirits
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iii. Mecca
• = Kaaba = Quraysh = Mecca was the site of the Kaaba – the most religious shrine in Arabia, destination for many pilgrims. Mecca’s dominant tribe – Quraysh – controlled access to the Kaaba – taxed the local trade that accompanied the pilgrimage season. Mecca became home to people of all wealth – outlaws, exiles, foreign merchants, but power was in hands of the few ruling Quraysh
•
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Proximity to the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Empire =
• Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians lived amongst the Arab. Connection of Allah – called Yahweh – Jewish name for High God, Allah/Yahweh only God
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The Messenger and the Message
• i. Muhammad = • Muhammad Ibn Abdullah – 570 – 632 C.E., born in
Mecca to a Quraysh family, lost parents, became shepherd
• Like Jesus and Buddha, had a powerful religious experience – he was Allah’s messenger to the Arabs – bring them scripture in their own language – Muhammad’s revelations were recorded in the Quran, Muhammad same line as Jesus, Abraham, and Moses
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ii. Quran
= became the sacred scriptures of Islam, the very words of God, core of Islamic faith, intended to be recited, monotheistic – Allah the only God, all-powerful creator – good, just, merciful, compassionate, caring, invitation to return to the old and pure religion of Abraham – that Jews, Christians, and Arabs had deviated
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iii. Primary objective• Submission to Allah, achieve a God-conscious
life in the world, spoke against hoarding wealth, exploiting the poor, corrupt business, abuse of women, demanded social justice
• 1. Solidarity, 2. Equality, 3. Concern for the poor
• Challenged ancient polytheism
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iv. Umma
• = community of all believers, replace ethnic, tribal, or racial identities, women too had an equal place spiritually, Umma bound by belief versus territory, language, or tribe
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v. The 5 Pillars of Islam = • 1. No God but Allah• 2. ritual prayer – 5x a day• 3. Almsgiving – give generously to the poor• 4. month of fasting during Ramadan• 5. Pilgrimage to Mecca - Hajj
• The 6th Pillar…• 6. Jihad – “struggle” – authorized armed
struggle against the forces of unbelief and evil – this is a huge issue of controversy in today’s society
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The Transformation of Arabia
• i. Attraction to Islam = • lower-class dependents, freed slaves, and
member of poorer class – attraction against the Quraysh
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ii. Resistance from the Quraysh
• = dislike Muhammad because of his social reform, end to corrupt business, viewed Muhammad as disloyal to his own tribe…so Muhammad moved to Yathrib, known as Medina
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iii. Yathrib = Medina = city of the Prophet
• = Muhammad moved the capital to Yathrib – Medina – to excape the Quraysh
• Membership of belief vs birth• Usury was outlawed – tax-free markets – mandatory payment to
support the poor• Independent movement from Judaism – at one point had followers
face Jerusalem, but when some Jewish groups allied with Muhammad’s enemies, Muhammad exiled and enslaved or killed Jews – switch prayer direction to Mecca.
• 630 return to Mecca – purge the Kaaba, Kaaba become the shrine dedicated to Allah
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iv. Islam compared to Christianity =
• Islam from the beginning was a state, not a separate entity like the Christian church and state
• Islam did not give rise to a separate religious organization – no teachers, religious scholars, prayer leaders had a prestigious religious role over others
• Sharia – laws that regulated every aspect of life “path to water” • Had roots in Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Judaism, Islam
became independent in which it spread throughout the3 3rd wave civilizations
• Ability to bring peace to the warring tribes of Arabia
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War, Conquest, and Tolerance • i. Spread of Islam after Muhammad’s Death = • Arab Empires defeated the Sassanid Empire by 644, Byzantium
lost the southern ½ of its territories – Islam spread • Prevent expansion of Chinese culture to the West
• ii. Motives driving the creation of the Arab Empire = • Trade routes• Wealthy agricultural regions• Individuals found expansion to give wealth and social promotion
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War, Conquest, and Tolerance
• iii. Idea of “Believers” = • Umma – everyone can believe
• iv. Dhimmas = • protected by law, but second class citizens
• v. Jiyza = • can keep own religion, but have to pay a special tax
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Conversion• i. Social Conversion = • Cultural identity bound with Allah, monotheism, cleansing and ritual prayer,
fasting, divine revelations, idea of heaven and hell• • ii. Those who didn’t convert = • Berbers of N. Africa – Christian• Some Persian Zoroastrians fled to avoid Muslim rule• • iii. Case of Persia – “Islamized” without “Arabizing” =• 80% of Persian became Muslim• Still speak Persian language of Farsi (spoken today in Iran)• Kept Persian cultural identity = keep art, traditions, culture, but embraced
Muslim religion
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Diversions and Controversies
• i. Caliph = • Successor to Muhammad as the political ruler of the
umma
• ii. 1st Four Caliphs = The Rightly Guided Caliphs (632-661)
• “companions of the Prophet”• Selected by the Muslim elders of Medina• Leads to division of the Muslim World – led to civil war
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Sunni VS Shia• iii. Sunni VS Shia = • Sunni – believe that that caliphs were rightful political and military
leaders, selected by the Muslim community• Shia – believe leadership should come from blood relative – the line of
Ali and his son Husayn – relatives of Muhammad• Sunni emerged as the larger community – religious scholars known as
ulama, advocated established order• Leaders of the Shia – imamas – Shia saw themselves as the minority,
defenders of the oppressed• Shia continued to split further• • Caliphs transformed from Arab chiefs to absolute monarchs – came into
incredible wealth
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Dynasties• iv. The First Dynasty - The Umayyad Family = 661-750• expanded Arab empire• Capital in Damascus, Syria• Problems…Shia viewed as illegitimate, non-Arabs resented their
second class status, against lavish living of the Umayyad• Overthrow in 750, the Abbasids took over• • v. The Abbasids = • lacked political unity• ended with the Mongol takeover in 1258• Islamic world divided and ruled by Persian or Turkish military
dynasties
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Sharia
• vi. Sharia = • The body of Islamic Law – blueprint for Islamic
society – guidance for prayer, ritual cleansing, marriage, divorce, inheritance, slaves, political life
• Debates among the Ulama creation of 4 schools for Sunni and other schools for Shia
• Living as a Muslim meant following the sharia
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Sufi
• v. Sufis = • represented Islams mystical dimension – renounce
material world, meditation of Quran, chant, music and dance – interior life
• Sufism = tame ego and achieve spiritual life with Allah
• Widely popular by the 9th and 10th centuries
• Spiritual practices an element of popular Islam
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Women and Men• i. Spiritual Level = • Men and women were equal
• ii. Social Terms – Marriage = • viewed women as inferior and subordinate – “Men have
authority over women”• Quran – mix of rights and restrictions for women – infanticide
forbidden, women control property, dowries, rights of inheritance
• Marriage was a contract, cannot be captured• Only one husband, but husband can have multiple wives
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Women and Men
• iii. Women under Umar and Mansur =• Umar = women pray at home• viel and secluded• position of women became more limited• remove women from public• • Mansur = carried separation even further =
building separate bridge for women to cross
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Women and Men• iv. Other Signs of Patriarchy = • -killing women if violate sexual taboos• Hadiths – spoke of the evils of women• Adam and Eve interpretation – blamed Eve for the fall of Adam
• v. View of Women in relation to Sufi practice = • Sufi allowed for greater role of women vs main stream islam• Sufi within Shia allowed for women to be teachers – mullahs• Women could interact with other women at bath houses.
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The Case of Spain
• Biggest Islamic encounter with Christianity• Spain conquered by Arab and Berber forces – early 8th
century• Often portrayed as a place of harmony between
Muslim rulers and Christian and Jewish peoples• Spain’s agricultural economy was the most prosperous
in Europe – capital of Cordoba – one of the largest cities in the world – Christians, Jews, and Muslims all contributed to the growth and wealth of the city = astronomy, medicine, arts, architecture, literature
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The Case of Spain• Elites of society and different faiths would socialize• By 1000, 75% had converted to Islam – remaining Christians
learned Arabic and veiled their women• Christianity never dissolved – second class Christians lost
tolerance by the late 10th century – Cordoba broke into rival states
• Under the rule of al-Mansur – 981-1002 – no longer tolerant of Christians, turned to persecution of the Christians
• Social life also changed – Muslims avoided contact with Christians
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The Case of Spain• Christians intensified their re-conquest of Spain after 1200
and gained strength• Isabella and Ferdinand, catholic monarchs, took Grenada in
1492 – the last Muslim stronghold on the Iberian Peninsula• Christian triumph, Muslim catastrophe• Muslims were forced to emigrate after the conquest – Spain
no longer tolerant of other religions – Jews and Muslims• Christian churches replaced mosques, use of Islamic art and
architecture• Spain experienced a religious reversal