The World in the 1920s: Challenges to The World in the 1920s: Challenges to European DominanceEuropean Dominance

Chapter 29Chapter 29

The Roaring TwentiesThe Roaring Twenties

Jazz AgeJazz Age Cubist MovementCubist Movement Art DecoArt Deco Kellogg-Briand PactKellogg-Briand Pact

Italy and MussoliniItaly and Mussolini

In many places in Europe – discontent In many places in Europe – discontent after WWI and fear of the threat of after WWI and fear of the threat of spreading Communism led many to spreading Communism led many to embrace far right dictatorial embrace far right dictatorial movements.movements.

In Italy, unemployed veterans of WWI In Italy, unemployed veterans of WWI flocked around Benito Mussolini and his flocked around Benito Mussolini and his political party – FASCI DI political party – FASCI DI COMBATTIMENTO – Fascist Party.COMBATTIMENTO – Fascist Party.

What was the Fascist Party – what are What was the Fascist Party – what are the qualities of governments/movements the qualities of governments/movements now called fascist?now called fascist? Ultra nationalisticUltra nationalistic Anti-democraticAnti-democratic Anti-MarxistAnti-Marxist Anti-parliamentarianAnti-parliamentarian They very often wanted to avoid the class They very often wanted to avoid the class

debates of Marxism and the party divisions debates of Marxism and the party divisions of liberal governmentsof liberal governments

Mussolini and the “Black Shirts” were initially unclear Mussolini and the “Black Shirts” were initially unclear as to their political stands. They did act as gangs of as to their political stands. They did act as gangs of thugs beating up socialists and Communists and thugs beating up socialists and Communists and disrupting their meetings. They graduated to arson disrupting their meetings. They graduated to arson and murder.and murder.

1921 – Mussolini and the Fascists elected in large 1921 – Mussolini and the Fascists elected in large numbers to the Chamber of Deputies. numbers to the Chamber of Deputies.

The Fascists organized a March on Rome – King Victor The Fascists organized a March on Rome – King Victor Emmanuel III refused to sign an order that would Emmanuel III refused to sign an order that would have blacked the march. His government resigned in have blacked the march. His government resigned in protest. protest.

October 29, 1921, King Victor Emmanuel III asked October 29, 1921, King Victor Emmanuel III asked Mussolini to form a government.Mussolini to form a government.

Victor Emmanuel IIIVictor Emmanuel III His refusal to His refusal to

denounce Mussolini denounce Mussolini led to the end of the led to the end of the Italian monarchy Italian monarchy after WWII – after WWII – although one of his although one of his daughters died in the daughters died in the Nazi death camp of Nazi death camp of Buchenwald in 1944.Buchenwald in 1944.

Fascist Rule in ItalyFascist Rule in Italy

1922 – Victor Emmanuel and the Italian 1922 – Victor Emmanuel and the Italian parliament gave Mussolini dictatorial powers parliament gave Mussolini dictatorial powers for one year – in order to bring political for one year – in order to bring political stability to Italy.stability to Italy.

1924 – representation in parliament no longer 1924 – representation in parliament no longer based on percentage of vote – largest party based on percentage of vote – largest party received 2/3 of the seatsreceived 2/3 of the seats

1926 – Fascists running parliament and 1926 – Fascists running parliament and Mussolini ruling by decree.Mussolini ruling by decree.

Fascist Party and government became Fascist Party and government became shadows of each other – Italy became a fascist shadows of each other – Italy became a fascist state – political enemies exiled or murderedstate – political enemies exiled or murdered

Lateran Accords 1929 – Lateran Accords 1929 – since 1870 when French since 1870 when French troops left the Vatican and troops left the Vatican and Italy absorbed the Papal Italy absorbed the Papal States – the popes had not States – the popes had not left the Vatican.left the Vatican.

Mussolini agreed to pay the Mussolini agreed to pay the papacy for the land – papacy for the land – Catholic Church recognized Catholic Church recognized as official religion – church as official religion – church law governed marriage – law governed marriage – the church exempt from taxthe church exempt from tax

Mussolini gained prestige.Mussolini gained prestige. Pius XIPius XI

BUT…… Mussolini got the trains to BUT…… Mussolini got the trains to run on time….run on time….

Mexico – The Mexican RevolutionMexico – The Mexican Revolution

Mexican Revolution – internal Mexican Revolution – internal struggles for power – but struggles for power – but impacted by WWIimpacted by WWI

The iron fisted rule of The iron fisted rule of PORFIRIO DIAZ was PORFIRIO DIAZ was weakening by 1910 when he weakening by 1910 when he allowed some political allowed some political opposition.opposition.

FRANCISCO MADERO FRANCISCO MADERO promoted reforms that would promoted reforms that would allow the government to allow the government to continue its control of the continue its control of the economy – BUT Diaz had economy – BUT Diaz had Madero arrested and a rigged Madero arrested and a rigged election continued Diaz’s election continued Diaz’s regime.regime.

Madero called for a revolt.Madero called for a revolt.

In the north of In the north of Mexico, small Mexico, small farmers, farmers, railroaders, and railroaders, and cowboys supported cowboys supported a former bandit – a former bandit – PANCHO VILLAPANCHO VILLA

In the south of In the south of Mexico, where Mexico, where native Indian native Indian communities communities worked large worked large estates - EMILIANO estates - EMILIANO ZAPATA led a ZAPATA led a movement for land movement for land reform.reform.

Madero assumed power Madero assumed power for a brief time before for a brief time before he was assassinated he was assassinated and replaced in a and replaced in a military coup d’etat.military coup d’etat.

VICTORIANO HUERTA VICTORIANO HUERTA established a brutal established a brutal military dictatorship military dictatorship until he was deposed – until he was deposed – after American after American intervention.intervention.

Alvaro Obregon – a Alvaro Obregon – a general who had general who had fought Villa for fought Villa for power – became power – became president in 1920.president in 1920.

For four years he For four years he tried to reform tried to reform Mexico – only to be Mexico – only to be toppled from power toppled from power and assassinated.and assassinated.

Results of the Mexican RevolutionResults of the Mexican Revolution

1.5 million people dead1.5 million people dead Major industries destroyedMajor industries destroyed Ranching and farming hurtRanching and farming hurt Increased hostilities with the USIncreased hostilities with the US MEXICAN CONSTITUTION OF 1917MEXICAN CONSTITUTION OF 1917

Promised land reformPromised land reform Limited foreign ownership of major industriesLimited foreign ownership of major industries Guaranteed the rights of workersGuaranteed the rights of workers Restriction on the Catholic church ***perceived Restriction on the Catholic church ***perceived

secularization of Mexico was countered by the secularization of Mexico was countered by the CRISTEROS – conservative peasants who backed CRISTEROS – conservative peasants who backed traditional church roles in Mexicotraditional church roles in Mexico

Mexican nationalism and INDIGENISM portrayed in artMexican nationalism and INDIGENISM portrayed in artDIEGO RIVERADIEGO RIVERA

The Russian RevolutionThe Russian Revolution

19181918

Russian discontent Russian discontent centuries of oppressioncenturies of oppression

No political freedomNo political freedom

Massive povertyMassive poverty

Industrially backwardIndustrially backward

No well develop oppositionNo well develop opposition

Weak tsarWeak tsar

8 million losses in World War I8 million losses in World War I

The February Revolution The February Revolution 1917 1917

(sometimes March!)(sometimes March!)

Discontent with the war effort and food Discontent with the war effort and food shortages in urban areas led the people of shortages in urban areas led the people of PETROGRAD to strike.PETROGRAD to strike.

The soviets – workers councils – joined the The soviets – workers councils – joined the revoltrevolt

Troops sent to put down the rebellion join it.Troops sent to put down the rebellion join it. Nicholas II abdicated and a new government Nicholas II abdicated and a new government

was established by ALEXANDER KERENSKY. was established by ALEXANDER KERENSKY. He decided to keep Russia in the war.He decided to keep Russia in the war.

Alexander KerenskyAlexander Kerensky

The problems that caused the February The problems that caused the February Rebellion did not go away with the Rebellion did not go away with the change of government.change of government.

The Germans took the Russia The Germans took the Russia communist leader in exile – VLADIMIR communist leader in exile – VLADIMIR LENIN – and placed him in a train car LENIN – and placed him in a train car and sent him to Petrograd. They hoped and sent him to Petrograd. They hoped his presence in Russia would take his presence in Russia would take Russia out of the war.Russia out of the war.

The BolsheviksThe Bolsheviks

Lenin controlled the Communist group the Lenin controlled the Communist group the BOLSHEVIKS. They believed that an elite group of BOLSHEVIKS. They believed that an elite group of revolutionaries should run the government.revolutionaries should run the government.

The MENSHEVIKS were communists who wanted The MENSHEVIKS were communists who wanted to use the electoral system for change.to use the electoral system for change.

The Bolsheviks received public backing through The Bolsheviks received public backing through the phrase “LAND, PEACE AND BREAD”the phrase “LAND, PEACE AND BREAD”

The Bolsheviks’ power base was in urban areasThe Bolsheviks’ power base was in urban areas

The October Revolution 1917The October Revolution 1917(sometimes it is November)(sometimes it is November)

Lenin and the leader of the Communist Lenin and the leader of the Communist RED GUARD – LEON TROTSKY – organized RED GUARD – LEON TROTSKY – organized the storming of government offices and the storming of government offices and overthrew the government of Kerensky.overthrew the government of Kerensky.

A civil War broke out between the anti-A civil War broke out between the anti-Communists – THE WHITE ARMY – and the Communists – THE WHITE ARMY – and the Communists – THE RED ARMYCommunists – THE RED ARMY

After heavy losses – the Bolsheviks After heavy losses – the Bolsheviks achieved complete power by 1920.achieved complete power by 1920.

Leon TrotskyLeon Trotsky

Lenin’s RuleLenin’s Rule

Lenin established a dictatorship Lenin established a dictatorship through the Communist Party.through the Communist Party.

The capital was moved from Petrograd The capital was moved from Petrograd to Moscow.to Moscow.

The secret police - CHEKA – helped to The secret police - CHEKA – helped to establish a police state.establish a police state.

1922 the nation was renamed – THE 1922 the nation was renamed – THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS.REPUBLICS.

Lenin and the EconomyLenin and the Economy

1918 – WAR COMMUNISM – all industries were 1918 – WAR COMMUNISM – all industries were nationalizednationalized

1921 – NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP) Lenin 1921 – NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP) Lenin announced the ability of individuals to buy and announced the ability of individuals to buy and sell some products themselves and he sell some products themselves and he encouraged the investment of foreign capital.encouraged the investment of foreign capital.

The government encouraged peasants to form The government encouraged peasants to form COLLECTIVES – where they combined land for COLLECTIVES – where they combined land for greater efficiency. After centuries of serfdom – greater efficiency. After centuries of serfdom – few peasants wanted to give up their own land.few peasants wanted to give up their own land.

Lenin died in 1924 – he left the future of Lenin died in 1924 – he left the future of communist Russia in doubt.communist Russia in doubt.

ChinaChina

1911 - present1911 - present

1911 – the final Qing emperor was deposed 1911 – the final Qing emperor was deposed For many years the weakness of the Qing For many years the weakness of the Qing

Dynasty allowed the rise of rural warlords – Dynasty allowed the rise of rural warlords – the fall of the Qing exacerbated the problem the fall of the Qing exacerbated the problem – YUAN SHIKAI was a warlord who hoped to – YUAN SHIKAI was a warlord who hoped to establish himself as emperor – BUT urban establish himself as emperor – BUT urban merchants and bankers moved to establish a merchants and bankers moved to establish a western style government.western style government.

1912 – Chinese nationalists formed a 1912 – Chinese nationalists formed a government in the city of Nanjing/Naking government in the city of Nanjing/Naking under the leadership of Dr. Sun Yixian (Yat-under the leadership of Dr. Sun Yixian (Yat-sen)sen)

Dr. Sun YixianDr. Sun Yixian Father of the first Father of the first

Chinese republicChinese republic Western educatedWestern educated

GUOMINDANGGUOMINDANG

The Chinese Nationalist Party The Chinese Nationalist Party (Guomindang) under Dr. Sun Yixian tried (Guomindang) under Dr. Sun Yixian tried to unite China.to unite China.

After centuries of weak imperial rule and After centuries of weak imperial rule and abuse by foreigners – large parts of China abuse by foreigners – large parts of China were ruled by local warlords – with their were ruled by local warlords – with their own armies and rules.own armies and rules.

Yixian needed to defeat the warlords, Yixian needed to defeat the warlords, feudalism, and regionalism in order to feudalism, and regionalism in order to develop Chinese nationalism.develop Chinese nationalism.

The May Fourth MovementThe May Fourth Movement

1919 – Treaty of Versailles ending World 1919 – Treaty of Versailles ending World War I – Japan is given control over large War I – Japan is given control over large sections of Chinasections of China

4 May 1919 – students in Beijing 4 May 1919 – students in Beijing demonstrate against Japan and foreign demonstrate against Japan and foreign involvement in China.involvement in China.

Japanese goods are boycotted – Japanese Japanese goods are boycotted – Japanese owned businesses are attacked – Japanese owned businesses are attacked – Japanese in China are attackedin China are attacked

The May Fourth Movement spreads The May Fourth Movement spreads throughout Chinathroughout China

Anti-Japanese sentiment led to calls Anti-Japanese sentiment led to calls by the students for China to by the students for China to modernize and abandon old ways of modernize and abandon old ways of thinking.thinking.

Sun Yixian used the sentiment of the Sun Yixian used the sentiment of the students to rally support against the students to rally support against the warlords. warlords.

The Guomindang – under Yixian’s The Guomindang – under Yixian’s leadership – made a controversial leadership – made a controversial move when it began to accept move when it began to accept money from the Soviet Union and to money from the Soviet Union and to bring the Chinese communists into bring the Chinese communists into the Guomindang.the Guomindang.

Dr. Sun Yixian died in 1925 and was Dr. Sun Yixian died in 1925 and was succeeded by Chiang Kaishek.succeeded by Chiang Kaishek.

CHIANG KAISHEK – was a CHIANG KAISHEK – was a conservative nationalist.conservative nationalist.

He believed in the power of the He believed in the power of the military and was not an advocate of military and was not an advocate of advanced democracy.advanced democracy.

Kaishek did not believe in the unity Kaishek did not believe in the unity between the Nationalist and the between the Nationalist and the Communists that Yixian had Communists that Yixian had espoused.espoused.

The Chinese Communists under the leadership of The Chinese Communists under the leadership of Mao Zedong began to separate themselves from Mao Zedong began to separate themselves from the Guomindang. The Communist in China – like the Guomindang. The Communist in China – like those in 1918 Russia – failed to worry about the those in 1918 Russia – failed to worry about the disconnect between Marx’s call for a proletariat disconnect between Marx’s call for a proletariat revolt against the bourgeois and the fact that revolt against the bourgeois and the fact that China was rural and feudal. LI DAZHAO re-China was rural and feudal. LI DAZHAO re-interpreted Marx and promoted the rural interpreted Marx and promoted the rural peasants as the force behind Communist peasants as the force behind Communist revolution in China.revolution in China.

The Guomindang and the Communists began a The Guomindang and the Communists began a civil war for control of China.civil war for control of China.

The Long March 1934-1935The Long March 1934-1935

The smaller Communist army began to The smaller Communist army began to move into the interior of the nation in 1934.move into the interior of the nation in 1934.

For over one year – Mao and the For over one year – Mao and the communists marched through the country.communists marched through the country.

They attracted new followers and Mao They attracted new followers and Mao honed his own theories of Marxism while honed his own theories of Marxism while fleeing the Guomindang army. Mao saw fleeing the Guomindang army. Mao saw the Chinese peasants as key to the success the Chinese peasants as key to the success of the Chinese Communist Party.of the Chinese Communist Party.

While fighting the Communists, Kaishek and While fighting the Communists, Kaishek and the Nationalists tried to modernize China.the Nationalists tried to modernize China.

Better and more modern industry was Better and more modern industry was developeddeveloped

Schools and universities grewSchools and universities grew Foreign influence diminishedForeign influence diminished BUT – China had been so poor and backward BUT – China had been so poor and backward

that these reforms were not enough.that these reforms were not enough.

The JapaneseThe Japanese

When the Japanese began to attack China When the Japanese began to attack China in the 1930s, the Guomindang and the in the 1930s, the Guomindang and the Communists put aside their civil war and Communists put aside their civil war and both sides attacked the Japanese.both sides attacked the Japanese.

The Allies recognized Chiang Kaishek as The Allies recognized Chiang Kaishek as the leader of China and worked with him the leader of China and worked with him to defeat Japan.to defeat Japan.

Mao and the Communists also fought the Mao and the Communists also fought the Japanese during the war.Japanese during the war.

When World War II was over, When World War II was over, Mao and the Communists Mao and the Communists revived the civil war.revived the civil war.

Weakened by World War II Weakened by World War II and massive corruption – the and massive corruption – the Nationalists under Chafing Nationalists under Chafing Kaishek abandoned the Kaishek abandoned the mainland and took refuge on mainland and took refuge on the island of Formosa/Taiwan.the island of Formosa/Taiwan.

1 October 1949 – Mao 1 October 1949 – Mao declared the creation of the declared the creation of the People’s Republic of ChinaPeople’s Republic of China