The Wind River Arboretum: 1912-1956.conditions of the arboretum (left) and on a watered lawn...

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RESEARCH PAPER 33 OCTOBER 1959

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Research Paper 33

THE WIND RIVE;;R ARBORETUM

1912.--:-1956

Roy R. Silen

and

Leonard R. Woike

... . .

Qctobe 1959

PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION

R. W. Cowlin, Director Portland, Oregon · ·

·· ·FOREST SERVICE U. S . ·DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE


12 24 26

27 28

30

30 31 31

31 32 32

49

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ' ' ' I I 1

LOCATION . I t ! 2

SITE . . . . . . , ' . . . 2

CLIMATE ' I ' . . , . ' . 3

HISTORY I ' ' II' • • • t 4 Arrangement and Treatment of Arboretum Trees 4 Source of Seed and Planting Stock , . , . 6 Acquisition of Seed or Stock, 1947 -56 . . . . . 7 Disease and Pest Control . , . , I 7 Damaging Factors ' 10 t •

PERFORMANCE OF CONIFERS The Pines (Pinus). . . , . , , .

The Larches (Larix) , . . , . , , . . . . . , . I •

27The Spruces (Picea) . , 1

The Hemlocks (Tsuga) . . . . 1 , • • • • • •

The Douglas- Firs (Pseudotsuga) . . . .

The Firs (Abies) . . . 1 • • • • 1 1 • , 1 • 29 The Cedars (Cedrus) . • 1 • 1 1 • , • 30,

The Sequoias (Sequoia) . . , ,

30Incense-Cedar (Libocedrus) . , . , , , .

Thujopsis (Thujopsis) . . . , . I • • • •

The Thujas (Thuja) . . . . . 1 • , • • , • 1 • • , ,

The White-Cedars (Chamaecyparis) , . . I • , • • ,

31The Cypresses (Gupressus) . . . . . . , , . , , , ,

The Junipers (Juniperus) . , I • , , • • , • , , • ,

The Yews (Taxus) . . . . 1 • , , •

The Araucarias (Araucaria) . . , . . . , , , . ,

PERFORMANCE OF BROAD- LEAVED TREES • . , . 32. .

CONIFERS FOUND UNSUITED TO THE WIND RIVER SITE 35

GENERAL COMMENTS ONPERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . 40

LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . I • • • • I '


INTRODUCTION

Wind River Arboretunl, located in the Wind River valley near Carson, Wash., was established in 1 9 1 2 with the planting of a few species of introduced trees on stunlp land adjacent to the Wind River Nursery, It is the oldest arboretunl in the Northwest and ranks among the earliest furestr projects of an experimental nature still yin existence in the region,_/ The initial objective was to test the suitability of trees from all parts of the world for forest planting under conditions generally prevailing west of the Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington. This objective was later broadened to include establishment of as many forest-tree species as possible to serve for dendrological study and exhibition purposes, In more recent years, the objective has been broadened still further to provide for planting different races of species in an attempt to determine racial variation within certain species and hybrid strains,

The arboretunl is best known as an area for testing suitability of introduced species for forest plantings. The study may be broadened

}:_/ Hunlan persistence and vision have been major factors in sustaining the 44 years of effort at the Wind River Arboretum. Names of many prominent foresters of the Northwest are recorded in the files. Thornton T. Munger had overall supervision from 1 9 1 2 to 1 9 1 9 and from 1 9 24 to 1 94 6 . J. V, Hofmann was in immediate charge from 1 9 1 3 to 1 9 24. Leo A, Isaac and Ernest L. Kolbe had immediate charge from 1 9 24 to 1 9 3 0 and from 1 9 3 0 to 1 9 38 , respectively.A. Gael Simson was resident officer from 1 9 20 to 1 940. Charles J. Kraebel helped in early establishment and R. H, Westveld made the first systematic plan in 1 9 2 5 . Large contributions in effort were made by R, W, Steele, G. S. Meagher, E. G, Dunford, L. Bransford, R. N. Young, W. Peterson, W. Allyn, E. Lofgren, T, Kachin, and E. Elm, James Hutchins and George Lopez assisted in the field work in 1 9 5 6 ,

The authors are indebted to T, T. Munger, L. A. Isaac, and E. L. Kolbe for critical technical review of this report.


eventually to include every species in the world that has reasonable promise for this climate, To date, the study covers 621 lots of seed or planting stock, and is well along toward attaining this goaL

The arboretum occupies 11 acres and is arranged systematically to include space for species from most genera of conifers, A few hardwood species still remain from early plantings; but, because of very poor results w:ith almost all hardwoods, no attempt has been made since 1 928 to establish additional species.

Previously published reports (Munger and Kolbe, 1 9 3 2; Mungerand Kolbe, 1 9 3 7; Munger, 194 7 ) give a detailed description of the locality and history of the Wind River Arboretum, A brief summary of the most pertinent information from these previous reports is included in the present reporL

LOCATION

Wind River Arboretum is situated at an elevation of 1 , 150 feet at the western edge of Wind River valley, which extends in a northsouth direction in the Cascade Range in western Washington. It is surrounded by forested hills that rise 1, 0 0 0 to 3 , 0 0 0 feet above the valley floor, Located 1 0 miles northwest of Carson, Wash., the ar boretum may be reached by way of the Wind River road, which junctions with U, S, Highway 8 3 0 a few miles east of Stevenson, Wash. Wind River Forest Nurseryi Hemlock Ranger Station, and Wind River Experimental Forest--all U.S, Forest Service installations--are immediateLy adjacenL

SITE

The site now occupied by the arboretum was originally a Douglas fir forest, It was logged in 1 908 or 1 9 0 9, and the slash was .broadcast burned, In 1 9 3 4 and 19 35, CCC workers cut the stUinps and removed much of the debris from the area.

The soil is a deep, coarse, sandy loam that is stony in places. It was deposited as an alluvial bench or fan on an approximate 1 0 percent slope along the edge of the valley, bordering the steep hills. The soil is fairly porous, appears to have no hardpan subsoil, and dries out very rapidly . It has a Douglas-fir site index of 1 3 0 .

Annual dense grovvth of bracken, a fern, has covered the floor of the arboretum since its establishment. No attempt has been made


3 6 , 5

34

to remove the bracken except around very small trees when it might cause damage by shading or by lodging upon and weighting down you.ng trees, Other competing vegetation includes vine maple, hazel, whortleberry, huckleberry, alder, chinkapin, blueberry elder, and volunteer native and introduced conifer seedlings, These have been cut down periodically since the arboretum was established and have never been allowed to become serious competitors of arboretum trees,

CLIMATE

The climate is typical of much of the area along the west slopes of the Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington, It is characterized by heavy precipitation occurring mostly between October and May; acute summer drought with hot, dry days; absence of excessively cold winters; accumulation of 6 to 1 0 inches of heavy, wet snow; a rather short frost free period; and cool nights, even in summer, Because the valley is surrounded by mountains, precipitation is somewhat heavier than would be expected at this altitude and the frost-free period is shorter because of cold-air drainage common to these valleys, Climatological data from the Wind River weather station for 1 9 1 1 to 1 9 5 0 are summarized as follows:

Mean annual precipitation 8 9 , 8 9 inches Maximum annual precipitation 1 42, 60 11

Minimum annual precipitation 54o 1 5 fl

Mean annual temperature 48 , 1 ° F, Mean maximum annual temperature 59 , 7 II

Mean minimum annual temperature ! I

Highest recorded temperature Lowest recorded temperature

Average July temperature Average January temperature

Average length of season without frost Shortest season without frost Longest season without frost

1 07 ° F, 11- 1 8

63 , 8 ° F, 3 1 , 5 I I

1 3 1 days II7 3 I I1 9 3

Clear days per year percentPardy cloudy days per year 2 2 il

Cloudy days per year 44 I I

- 3


It should be pointed out that similar conditions are common at this elevation from southern Oregon to northern Washington in narrow valleys along the west slopes of the Cascades. For instance, climatological records at Prospect and McKenzie Bridge in Oregon and Darrington and Kosmos in Wa hington show similar temperature minimums and frost-free periods, Wide-valley locations, such as Albany and Corvallis in Oregon and Centralia in Washington, have recorded lower minimum temperatures? even at elevations under 500 feet. Apparently the location of the arboretum, within 1 2 miles of the Columbia Gorge, has had little effect on extremes of weather as reflected in climatological data,

HISTORY

ARRANGEMENT AND TREATMENT OF

Because the trees moved were quite

ARBORETUM TREES

As mentioned earlier, a few species of introduced trees were planted in 1 9 1 2 . Additions were made every year until 1 9 2 5 , with little regard to uniformity of treatment or systematic arrangement. During these early trials, plantings of hardwoods were made in at least equal proportion to the conifers. Their almost universal ea:dy failure strongly indicated that introduced hardwoods are poor risks in the long summer droughts and short growing season of the Cascade Range.

In 1 9 20 , a considerable number of species were moved to an area adjacent to the arboretum with the expectation of spreading the plantations over more area. large, many died. The trees were moved back to the original arboretum in 1 9 24 with more loss resulting, The double transplanting seriously reduced growth rate of survivors for many years.

The plan for planting by a taxonomic arrangement of species was completed in 1 9 2 5 , with a section of the area allocated to each coniferous genus, Most subsequent plantings have followed this plan so that now most species in each genus are found in blocks an acre or more in size (fig. 1). Later plantings provided about 2 , 500 to 3 , 0 0 0 square feet for each species: 1 6 to 2 5 trees (if that many were available) were set 1 2 to 1 5 feet apart, avoiding regular rows where possible.

The trees have usually been set out when about 1 foot high. Care given to new lots is usually limited to removing competition and

- 4


Figure l. --Interior view of the arboreb..un, An acre or more is devoted to each of the more important genera. The pine block shown here contains 38 survivingspecies and varieties of the 63 tested at Wind River.

spading the ground well to give the trees adequate opportunity to become established. Some groups have been shaded during establishment. Snowbent or broken trees have been guyed or braced with splints.

Once established, trees are usually given very limited care in order to test their suitability for planting in this locality (fig. 2). This is especially true for species vigorous enough to show promise as forest trees. Poorer lots that might be lost from representation in the arboretum are given great care, however. Water pipes were

- 5


Figure 2 . - - Two 44- year - old J effrey pines from the s ame s e e d lot show marked differen c e s in growth rate under stand c onditions of the arboretum (left) and on a watere d lawn (right ) . Talle st tre e in the arboretum group i s 54 feet in height and 1 2 . 1 inches d . b. h. The individual spe cimen on the lawn i s 73 feet tall and 30 . 2 inche s d. b. h . Comparative volum e s are 1 7 and 1 38 cubic feet.

laid over most of the area in the 1 9301 s as a C C C proj ect , largely for f ire prote ction. Some s prinkling was done to a s sist in the e stab li shm ent of new lot s , b ut most of the plantings have r e ceived no ar tificial watering. The water system ha s not b e en used in r e cent year s.

SOURCE OF SEED AND PLANTING S TOCK

Most of the planting stock u s e d in the arboretum has been grown from s e e d in nearby nur s ery b e ds. Some s tock , however , has b een shippe d from as far as the East C oast States. Some of the e arlier lots of s eed wer e pur cha s e d from comm er cial s e ed hous e s , b ut almost all of the lat er lots have come from original colle ction s

- 6


of forest experiment stations, agricultural explorers, or arboreta. Many organizations and individuals have contributed seed and seedlings for the Wind River Arboretum, and gratitude is due them for their cooperation.

Of 621 lots of seeds and plants acquired for the arboretum since 1 9 1 2 , 1 9 2 were never adequately tested. Fifty lots, obviously unsuited for the climate, were sent elsewhere for trial. The remaining 1 42 lots either failed to germinate, were destroyed as seedlings by frost heaving or rodents, or arrived in poor condition.

ACQUISITION OF SEED OR STOCK, 1 947 - 56

Only 6 6 new lots were tried during the past 1 0 years because emphasis has been placed on acquiring rare species and those which might do well in the Northwest. A number of species from milder climates have been sent to locations having a less severe climate than that of the Wind River valley so they will have a better chance of becoming established. Acquisitions of the past 1 0 years are numbered 540 to 604. Table 1 gives the present location and condition of the new lots.

DISEASE AND PEST CONTROL

In 1 9 28 , in an attempt to safeguard the nursery and arboretum from white pine blister rust, crews began removing native Ribes species abundant in the locality. Eradication was continued through 1 9 3 1 and repeated in 1 9 3 9 and 1 941 . In spite of these efforts, blister rust has appeared on several species of five-needled pines and new infections continue to appear.

For a number of years between 1 9 3 9 and 1 94 6 , a program of excising stem cankers and removing infected limbs was carried ouL This has been discontinued in more recent years because the disease is too well established in the infected trees.

Aside from the work on blister rust, little has been done to control diseases or other pests. The firs were sprayed in 1 956 to control the balsam woolly aphid (Chermes piceae), and minor effort was made earlier to control the Cooley spruce gall aphid (.Chermes cooleyi) on Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis).

Except for sporadic hunting, little attempt has been made to control the red-bellied sapsucker--a bird which has damaged many

- 7


Table 1 . --Acquisitions to Wind River Arboretum, 194 7-56

540 541 542 543

544 545 546 547

548 549 550 551 552 553

554 555 556

557

558

559 560 561 562 563 564

565 566 567

Lot: No. :

568 569 570 571 Taiwania flousiana Gaussen 572 Abies firma Sieb. & Zucc. 573 Thuja orientalis L. 574 Metasequoia g1yptostroboides

Hu & Cheng 575 Larix lyallii Par!.

Species

Larix lyallii Par!. Larix 1yallii Par!. Juniperus formosana Hayata Chamaecyparis obtusa var.

formosana Hayata Taxus cuspidata Sieb. & Zucc. Juniperus rigida Sieb. & Zucc. Taxus cuspidata Sieb. & Zucc. Fitzroya cupressoides (Molina)

Johnston Libocedrus chilensis Endl. Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Oerst. Laurelia aromatica Fuss. ex Pair. Persea lingue Nees Nothofagus obliqua (Mirb.) Oerst. Metasequoia glyptostroboides

Hu and Cheng Taxus cuspidata Sieb. & Zucc. Juniperus formosana Hayata Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)

Franco Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)

Franco Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)

Franco Tsuga chinensis (Franch.) Pritz. Cunninghamia konishii Hayata Libocedrus formosana Florin Pseudotsuga wilsoniana Hayata Pinus gerardiana Wall. Chamaecyparis pisifera (Sieb. &

Zucc.) Endl. Podocarpus salignus Don Nothofagus obliqua (Mirb. ) Oerst. Araucaria araucana (Molina) K.

Koch (?) Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb,) Oerst. Persea lingue Nees Pinus cembra L.

Range

Pac. NW. Pac. NW. Formosa

Japan E. Asia E. Asia E. Asia

Chile Chile Chile Chile Chile Chile

Gen. China E. Asia Formosa

N. U.S.

N. U.S.

N. -U.S. W. China Formosa Formosa Formosa Himalayas

Japan Chile Chile

Chile Chile Chile

Alps

Present location or condition

No germination No germination Cascade Head, 194 7?

Cascade Head, 1947? No germination No germination No germination

Destroyed Destroyed Destroyed Destroyed No germination Destroyed

Cascade Head, 1 949 No germination No germination

Arboretum, 1952

Arboretum, 1952

Arboretum, 1952 No germination No germination Frost killed in nursery Not known No germination

Arboretum, 1952 No germination Not known

No germination Not known No germination Mice ate seed

China Japan N., W. China

Gen. China Rocky Mt.

-8

Not known Not known Not known

Distributed Mice ate seed


- -

576 577 Jap. ,

w.

587 w.

593

594

597

w.

Table 1 . --Acquisitions to Wind River Arboretwn, 1947-56 ( Continued)

Lot : Present location No. : Species Range or condition

Cupressus lusitanica Mill (?)Cryptomeria japonica (L. f. ) D. Don

Mexico Not known China Sent to Cascade Head

578 Thuja occidentalis L. E. , N. Amer. Not known 579 Picea maximowiczii Reg. Japan Not known 580 Abies homolepis Sieb. & Zucc. Japan No germination 581 Juniperus conferta Parl. Japan Not known 582 Juniperus rigida Sieb. & Zucc. E. Asia Not known 583 Picea glehnii (Fr. Schmidt) Mast. Japan Not known 584 Pseudotsuga japonica (Shiras.) Beiss. Japan Not known 585 Tsuga diversifolia (Maxim.) Mast. Japan Not known 586 Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)

Franco Arboretwn, 1952u.s.

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco Arboretwn, 1952u.s.

588 Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco w. u.s. Arboretum, 1952

589 Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco w. u.s. Arboretum, 1952

590 Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb. ) Franco w. u.s. Not known

591 Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb. ) Franco w. u.s. Died in nursery

592 Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco w. u.s. Not known

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb. ) Franco w. u.s. Arboretwn, 1952

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco w. u.s. Arboretum, 1952



Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb. ) Franco w. u.s. Arboretum, 1952

598 Juniperus occidentalis Hook. w. u.s. Arboretum, 1952 599 Pinus ponderosa Laws. (Hybrid) w. u.s. Arboretum, 1953 600 Pinus ponderosa Laws. (Hybrid) w. u.s. Arboretum, 1953 601 Pinus ponderosa Laws. (Hybrid) w. u.s. Arboretum, 1953

' 602 Pinus ponderosa Laws. ( Hybrid) w. u.s. Arboretum, 1953 603 Pinus ponderosa Laws. (Hybrid) u.s. Arboretum, 1953 604 Pinus contorta Dougl. w .. N.Amer. Arboretum, 1954

9H


cas e s species by pe cking ring s of hol e s around the trunk , in s ome killing t r e e s by girdling (fi g . 3) .

Figure 3 . - - Scotch pine damage d by the red-b ellied s ap s ucke r . Partial girdling by this bird has s e riously deformed s eve ral introduce d s p e ci e s.

Some trapping was done in earli e r years to contr ol rootgnawing rodents .

DAMAGING F AC TORS

At the end of the 1 9 5 6 g rowing s e a s on, all tr e e s in the arb o r etum were r emeas ur e d and checked f o r gene ral vigo r , dis e a s e or ins e ct infe stations , and damage by other agenci e s .

- 1 0


The 1 0-year pe riod 1 94 7-1 9 5 6 probably p rovided the most s eve re test of suitability for introduce d s p e cie s since the e stablishm ent of the arboretum . During this pe riod, many species that had shown considerable promi s e as for e s t tre e s we re s eve rely damaged- and s ome kill ed- -by the ve ry s eve re wint e r of 1 94 9 - 50 and by the exc eptionally e arly and extremely low subfreezing temperatures in Novemb e r 1 9 5 5 .

A severe drought in the s pring and summ er of 1 9 5 1 , during which no appre ciable amount of rain fell from April to early Septem b e r , provided a s eve r e test for drought r e s is tance .

Snowb reak continue s to b e a problem in s ome species, e s p e cially the larche s . Some smalle r tree s b elow snow level have s uf f e r e d s eve rely from freezing of hard- pack e d snow to limb s and sub s e quent tearing of limb s from the trunk .

The b al s am woolly aphid has appe a r e d within the last 1 0 years a s a kille r of Abie s (fi g . 4) . Bli ste r rust has continued as a maj o r

Figure 4 . -- The arboretum s e rve s t o t e s t relative susceptibility to di s ea s e and ins e cts . A, Bal sam woolly aphid inf e station of Fras e r fi r , shown her-;; , has almost de stroyed the arb o retum g roup . Of 24 species of Abie s , 6 have b e en attacked by this ins e ct, with Fras e r fir the most s u s c e ptible. B , Closeup of a -gouted b ranch.

- 1 1


source of mortality among susceptible white pines, and root rot has become established in several promising species of pines since 1 94 6 . Deer browsing has been a problem in the establishment of yew species.

PERFORMANCE OF CONIFERS

Table 2 shows the condition of all living groups of conifers in the Wind River Arboretum at the end of the 1 9 5 6 growing season. Explanations of the column headings are:

Species. Approved names listed in the U.S. Forest Service's "Check List of Native and Naturalized Trees of the United States (including Alaska)" (Little, 1 9 53) have been used for species native to the United States ..?:_/.

Additional references, consulted for introduced species, are:

Dallimore, W. , and Jackson, A. Bruce. 1 948 . A handbook of coniferae. Ed. 3, 68 2 pp. , illus.

London.

Kelsey, Harlan P. , and Dayton, William A. 1 94 2 . Standardized plant names. Ed. 2 , 6 7 5 pp.

Harrisburg, Pa.

Rehder, Alfred 1 940 . Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs hardy in

North America exclusive of the subtropical and warmer temperate regions. Ed. 2 , 9 9 6 pp. , ill us. New York.

Rehder, Alfred 1 949. Bibliography of cultivated trees and shrubs hardy

in the cooler temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. 8 2.5 pp. Jamaica Plain, Mass.

Lot number. The serial number given each acquisition, beginning with number 1 in 1 9 1 2 .

..?:_/ The authors are grateful for the assistance of Dr. Elbert L. Little, Jr., who visited the arboretum to check identification of species and who verified nomenclature used in this report.

-12-


living species,

-------------------------------------------------:num-:Year:alive

...... w

Species

Table 2 .--Status of conifer Wind River Arboretum

:Number :planted;:Average:Tallest: : :Frost

:Lot : :number :height :tree in: :Cone :damage: :in 1956:1956 :Growth:produc-: in

Scientific name Common name :ber :sown:(l956) : (feet) : (feet) :index :tion : 1955

Abies (the firs) : alba MilL

amabills (Dougl.) Forbes

balsamea (L.) Mill. bracteata D. Don

cephalonica Loud.

fabri (Mast .) Craib

fraseri (Pursh) Poir .

grandis (Dougl.) Lindl. "

"

grandis (hybrid) holophylla Maxim.

homolepis Sieb . & Zucc. koreans Wils . lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.

lasiocarpa var. arizonica (Merriam) Lemm.

silver fir 288

Pacific silver fir 190 484

balsam fir 295 bristlecone fir 511

Greek fir 491

Faber fir

Fraser fir

grand fir

"

"

grand fir (hybrid) Manchurian fir

365

286

236 280 300 356 473529

529A 124

1927

1922

1924 1938

1935?

1927

1926 (1/) 1925? (1/) 1931 1942 1950 1925

272 1926

Nikko fir Korean fir subalpine fir

corkbark fir

425 1931

359" 1926 412 1931 276 (1/)485 1933?

294 1927

20/20

19/16 5/4

11/10 16/7

20/15

7/1

21/11

20/7 20/4

7/7 6/57/54/4 1/14/3

2/1

20/5

20/1 21/14 10/7

5/5

21/18

11.5

18.9 11.7 24.4

4.6

4.9

4.0

8.0

15.1 14.7 43.8 43.4 13.8

5.7 2.0 4.3

4.0

2.8

19.0 7.4

20.5

9.8

12.0

22.0

27.0 14.0 35.0

7.0

8.0

4.0

16.0

21.0 26.0 53.0 50.0 22.0 14.0

2.0 6.0

4.0

4.0

19.0 12.5 28.0

12.0

19.0

.40

.41

.57 • 29

.24

.29

.37

.40

.89

.81

.49

.97

.91

.10

.07

.09

.33

.28

.43

.31

.35

N

N

N N

N

N

L

N M M M

N N N

N

N

L M N

N

N

s

s

s

s

s

s

L

L

Condition

Fair; yellowish needles, snowbreak, heavy Chermes without apparent dams.

Good; aphid (probably Mindarus) Good Fair; moderate Chermes infestation Poor; bent; many almost dead;

break Poor; snowbreak, repeated freeze

back Poor; tops of most trees killed

by Chermes Good

-------

Excellent Excellent Excellent Good Good Good

back

back Poor; snowbreak, repeatedly frozen

back Good; snowbreak

Chermes

Chermes

repeatedly frozen back Fair; repeated freezeback, snow

Poor; snowbreak, repeatedly frozen

Poor; snowbreak, repeatedly frozen

Fair; many snowbroken Good; many badly damaged by

Good; many badly damaged by

Fair; 4 of 18 have snowbreak, light Chermes infestation

See footnote at end of table .


living species,

-----------------------------------------------:num-:Year:alive

-------

8/5

19/7 3/2

7.5

5.5

.40

.70

.55

.23

Table 2.--Status of conifer Wind River Arboretum (Continued)

Species :Number :planted;:Average:Tallest: : :Frost


Scientific name Common name :ber :sown: (1956) : (feet) : (feet) :index :tion : 1955

Abies (the firs) --Continued magnifica A. Murr. California red fir 291 1927 20/20 10.3 24.0 .44 N Excellent

Condition

magnifica var. shastensis 6/5 20.0 26.0 N GoodLemm. Shasta red fir 277 (1/)

" " 406 1927 20/19 12.2 29.0 .53 N Good mariesii Mast. Maries fir 464 1931 20/5 10.3 14.0 .31 N Good; snowbroken but recovering nephrolepis (Trautv.)

Maxim. Khingan fir 411 1931 20/5 6.8 11.0 .25 N Good; doing well after repeated snow break

pinsapo Boiss. Spanish fir 492 1935? 21/19 4.3 9.0 .27 s Poor to good; snowbreak and repeated freezeback, light Chermes infestation

procera Rehd. noble fir 34 1913 15/10 36.4 49.0 .59 N Good 189 1922 8/8 29.9 46.0

sachalinensis (Fr •...... Schmidt.) Mast. Sakhalin fir 125 1925 20/5 21.2 39.0 .66 N L Good; crooked stems

I sibirica Ledeb. Siberian fir 463 1931 20/8 2.6 5.0 .11 N s Poor; snowbent veitchii Lindl. Veitch fir 462 1931 25/9 12.8 16.5 .37 M M Fair

Araucaria (the araucarias) :

N Good

araucana (Molina) K. Koch monkey-puzzle 102 1913 2/2 7.5 .09 N s Good; doing well after repeated freezeback

Cedrus (the cedars) : atlantica Manetti Atlas cedar 47 1913 34.8 46.5 N L Good deodara (Roxb.) Loud. deodar cedar 244 1926 13/4 16.9 22.0 .38 N Fair; some crooked boles libani A. Rich. cedar-of-Lebanon 48 1913

" 27.3 35.5 .42 N L Good

5.2 N M Poor528 1938

Chamaecyparis (the whitecedars):

lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl. Port-Orford-cedar 39 1912 13/5 42.6 51.5 .60 L L Good

440 1929 20/16 21.4 30.0 .60 H M Excellent nootkatensis (D. Don)

Spach Alaska-cedar 404 1927 23/20 13.7 24.0 .44 L Excellent

See footnote at end of table.


living species,

-------------------------------------------------:num-:Year:alive

18/17 3/2 2/1

3.0 5.0

12.0

2.5




Scientific name Common name :ber :sown:(l956) :(feet) :(feet) :index :tion : 1955

Condition

.59 L M Fair; some freezeback

Chamaecyparis (the whitecedars) --Continued

pisifera (Sieb. & Zucc.) Endl. Sawara false-cypress 564 1947 27/19 2.0

thyoides (L.) B.S.P. Atlantic white-cedar 480 1931 25/12 2.9 .11 N s Poor; repeated freezeback

Cupressus (the cypresses): 22.7bakeri Jeps.

" Modoc cypress 117 1925

" 33.0 .54 M s Good; 1 tree frost killed

242 1926 24.0 24.0 .42 M Good; 1 tree frost killed macnabiana A. Murr. MacNab cypress 42 1913 15.0 15.0 .18 H Fair; some needles yellowing grad

ually; being shaded out by neighboring pines

Juniperus (the junipers) : .27 VL s Poor; repeated snowbreak chinensis L. Chinese juniper 472 1931 20/17 5.8.....

U"l occidentalis Hook. I western juniper 269 (1/) 6/4 3.3 5.0 .07 N M Fair; snowbreak & twisted stems 279 (f./) 12/11 3.6 6.0 .09 N M Fair; snowbreak & twisted stems 598 i9so 12/8 2.0 1.14 N s Fair

scopulorum Sarg.

virginiana L. "

..

Rocky Mountain juniper

eastern redcedar "

228

40 301 317 481

(!/)

1912 1925? 1926?

?

14/14

13/1 8/7 3/3 6/6

9/2

7.0 6.7 6.3 8.0

15.0

7.0 10.0

7.0 11.0

.22

.08

.17

.12

L

N N

VL N

M

L L L L

Good; some snowbreak; best looking of all junipers in arboretum

Fair to good; snowbreak Fair to good; snowbreak Fair to good; snowbreak Fair to good; snowbreak

Larix (the larches) : decidua Mill.

decidua X leptolepis (X eurolepis Henry)

decidua var. polonica (Racib.) Ostenfeld & Syrach-Larsen

European larch

Dunkeld larch

Polish larch

183

302

308

422

451

1923?

1925?

1925

1931

1932

3/2

6/6

10/10

19/13

20/18

56.5

50.3

40.0

34.2

30.6

58.0

57.0

51.0

45.0

46.0

.91

.96

.86

1.00

1.18

H

H

H

H

M

L

L

L

L

Excellent; some snowbreak, sapsucker injury



Excellent; some crooked trees

Excellent; 7 of 17 snowbroken



living species,

-------------------------------------------------:num :Year:alive

.39

.49

32 .79





Larix (the larches) --Continued decidua var. polonica

(Racib.) Ostenfeld & Syrach-Larsen Polish larch 451A 1933 2/2 29.0 34.0 .87 H

gmelinii (Rupr.) Litvin. Dahurian larch 459 1933 20/13 22.1 33.0 .84 H

459A 1934 15/5 24.5 27.0 .75 N gmelinii var. japonica

(Reg.) Pilger Kurile larch 112 1924 19/18 26.0 51.0 .83 H

" 265 1926 1/1 30.0 30.0 .52 H

gmelinii var. principisrupprechtii (Mayr) Pilger Prince Rupprecht

larch 128 1925 27.5 28.0 .47 L

Condition

Good; both snowbroken Good; snowbreak, sapsucker injury,

epicormic branches common Fair; some snowbend

Good; some snowbreak, sapsucker injury

Good; some snowbreak, sapsucker injury

...... 0'I

6/2 Fair; extreme snowbreak " " 241 1926 14/4 23.8 29.0 .51 L Fair; extreme snowbreak

laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch tamarack 184 1923? 1/1 25.0 25.0""

VL Fair; spike top 530 1939? 13/13 12.9 18.0 .84 VL Good; some snowbend

leptolepis (Sieb. & Zucc.) Gord. Japanese larch 30 1913 10/6 33.3 41.0 M s Fair; snowbend, heavy sapsucker

injury occidentalis Nutt. western larch 192 1922 10/2 17.0 18.0 .27 N s Poor; severe snowbreak

" " 229 (!/) 11/4 22.2 36.0 N s Poor; severe snowbreak sibirica Ledeb. Siberian larch 1913 12/7 49.5 66.0 Good; severe snowbreak, sapsucker

injury M

Libocedrus (incense-cedar): decurrens Torr. incense-cedar

"

Picea (the spruces): abies (L.) Karst. Norway spruce

" "

bicolor (Maxim.) Mayr Alcock spruce breweriana S. Wats. Brewer spruce


36 1912 13/5 44.6 49.5 .58 N s Good; tendency to lean 318 1926 24/23 17.5 25.0 .44 N L Good

26 478A

1912 1936

10/6 8/7

42.0 22.8

55.0 40.0

.64 1.33

M N L

Good; severe sapsucker injury Excellent; 1 tree snowbroken

247 1926 11/4 4.6 7.0 .12 L L Poor; yellowish needles, snowbreak 360 1925? 8/6 11.4 16.0 .27 L Fair; crooked stems 469 1931 16/15 6.0 9.0 .20 N Good; many double tops


living species,

_________________________________________________

cooleyi), cooleyi)

cooleyi)

cooleyi),

cooleyi) -------

cooleyi) -------

532

7.7

2.0 24.3

7.5

3.5 1.0

7.0

.55

.52

.32

.45

.43

.64

.54


:Number Species :planted;:Average:Tallest: : :Frost

:Lot : :number :height :tree in: :Cone :damage: Condition :num-:Year:alive :in 1956:1956 :Growth:produc-: in

Scientific name Common name :ber :sown: (l956) : (feet) : (feet) :index :tion : 1955

Picea (the spruces)--Continued engelmannii Parry Engelmann spruce 25

405

1913

1926

13/10

7/4

33.9

23.2

42.0

29.0

.so

.51

H

H

Good; many spruce galls (Chermes sapsucker inj

Good; spruce gall (Chermes

glauca (Moench) Voss white spruce 24 1914 15/13 33.7 40.0 .49 M L and sapsucker injury

Good; many spruce galls (Chermes -------

glauca var. albertiana western white (S. Brown) Sarg. spruce 495 1937 20/20 15.0 L Good; many spruce galls (Chermes

1 tree snowbe jezoensis (Sieb. & Zucc.)

Carr. Yeddo spruce 470 1931 14/11 4.1 10.0 .56 N Fair; snowbent koyamai Shiras. Koyama spruce 249 1926 20/16 9.8 19.0 L Fair; some snowbreak

..... mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. black spruce 27 1913 4/1 26.5 26.5-J L Fair

467 1931 20/16 12.1 20.0 M Fair; snowbreak and snowbendI 7/6 4.7 7.0 N Good

omorika (Pancic) Purkyne Serbian spruce 474 1929 20/19 23.1 30.0 .60 L Excellent orientalis (L.) Link Oriental spruce 266 1919 21/21 22.5 31.0 M Good; many double trunks polita (Sieb. & Zucc.)

Carr. tigertail spruce 478 1928? 18/3 pungens Engelm. blue spruce 28 1915 14/6

3.0 .06 N L Poor; repeatedly snowbroken 51.0 N Excellent

243 1920 12/4 15.5 23.0 .33 N Good; 1 tree snowbroken rubens Sarg. red spruce 312 1928 5/4 10.0 .19 L Good; some snowbreak

468 1931 19/15 10.0 18.0.. .40 L Good; some snowbreak sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka spruce 29 1913 10/5 29.6 45.0 L Fair; many spruce galls (Chermes

" 11 358 1927 18/12 24.8 36.0 .66 L Good; many spruce galls (Chermes

smithiana (Wall.) Boiss. Himalayan spruce 448A 1933 12/2 523 20/1

4.0 .10 N L Poor; repeated snow damage 1.0 .OS N Poor; repeatedly snowbroken

Pinus (the pines): albicaulis Engelm. whitebark pine 1 1917 10/5 27.0 40.0 .53 M Fair, but all have blister rust aristata Engelm. bristlecone pine 2 1913 12/1 12.5 12.5 .15 N Poor; snowbent

9 1912 7/6 4.2 5.9 .07 N Fair; slow growth; heavy scale on needles

466 1931 20/12 4.2 .14 MF Poor; severely snowbent balfouriana Grev. &

Balf. foxtail pine 498 1938 28/27 2.6 4.0 .16 N Good; 1 killed by blister rust


living s.pecies,

-------------------------------------------------:Lot

1.5

24.5

49.0

2.7

32.5

.70

Table 2. --Status of conifer Wind River Arboretum (Continued)


: :number :height :tree in: :Cone :damage: Condition :num-:Year:alive :in 1956:1956 :Growth:produc-: in

Scientific name Common name :her :sown:(l956) :(feet) :(feet) :index :tion : 1955

Pinus (the pines) --Continued banksiana Lamb. jack pine 8 1914 11/2 51.2 54.0 .66 H L Good; crooked boles, some branches

bungeana Zucc. lacebark pine 209 7 9/1 1.5 1.5 N s girdled by animal gnawing

Almost dead; repeatedly frozen back

contorta Dougl. var. 296 1924 2/1 4.0 4.0 .06 N Almost dead; repeatedly frozen back

contorta shore pine 539 1947 20/20 6.5 8.5 1.67 N Excellent contorta var. latifolia

Eng elm. lodgepole pine 6 1913 11/4 48.4 56.0 .67 H s Poor; diseased foliage, damaged by dry, east winds

604 l/1951 20/19 1.22 N Good densiflora Sieb. & Zucc. Japanese red pine 130 1925 8/1 30.0 30.0 .50 H L Poor; considerable snowbreak

175 1925? 21/7 27.0 37.0 .58 H L Poor; considerable snowbreak echinata Mill. shortleaf pine 178 1923 18/2 26.0 .41 N M Fair; yellow foliage

270 (1/) 13/3 14.7 20.0 N s Poor; yellow foliage, snowbreak 00 echinata X rigida hybrid pine 389 1929 9/8 22.1 27.0 .57 N N Good

engelmannii Carr. Apache pine 16 1912 11/2 44.5 48.6 .57 N Good; tendency to snowbreak If 409 1930 30/14 18.5 30.0 .63 N

.......

Poor; tendency to snowbreak flexilis James limber pine 299 1925 9/9 27.9 .55 L Good; light blister rust, some

snow break L Good; light blister rust, some

snow break 407 1927 10/10 28.4 38.5

flexilis James var. reflexa Engelm. Mexican white pine 408 1930 42/38 27.0 39.0 .82 L Good; many have blister rust, some

crooked and forked griffithii McClelland (7) Himalayan pine 534 1945 1/1 11.0 11.0 1.10 N Excellent; possible drought damage heldreichii Christ var.

leucodermis (Ant.) Markgraf Bosnian pine 339 1928 18/18 7. 0 12.0 .23 L Fair; occasional snowbreak

jeffreyi Grev. & Balf. Jeffrey pine 13 1912 11/9 43.5 54.0 .63 L L Fair; 1 tree damaged by frost koraiensis Sieb. & Zucc. Korean pine 131 1925 23/20 19.3 25.0 .42 N Good; evidence of root rot lambertiana Dougl. sugar pine 14 1911 10/2 52.5 56.0 .64 N M Good; blister rust on all trees

.. 230 1924 10/2 59.0 .96 N Good; blister rust on all trees massoniana Lamb. monticola Dougl. mugo Turra

Masson pine · -- 392 western white pine 17 Swiss mountain pine 476

1929 1912 1929

22/17 21/12 20/20

19.2 61.2 22.8

25.0 70.0 26.0

.42

.82

.44

H L H

Good; heavy snowbreak Excellent, except for blister Good; many trees well formed,

some multiple stems

rust



living species,

_________________________________________________

.52

,_.-..!)I

Table 2.--Stapus of conifer Wind River Arboretum (Continued)

Species :Number :planted;:Average:Tallest: : Frost

:Lot : :number :height :tree in: :Cone :damage:

Scientific name Common name :num-:Year:alive :in 1956:1956 :Growth:produc-: in :ber :sown:(l956) : (feet) : (feet) :index :tion : 1955

Pinus (the pines)--Continued mugo var. mugo

mugo var. rostrata (Ant.) Hoopes

nigra var. caramanica (Loud.) Rehd.

nigra Arnold var. nigra

mugho Swiss mountain pine

tree Swiss mountain pine

Crimean pine Austrian pine

282 1925? 352 1928

341 1928

180 1923? 4 1912

4A 1914 nigra Arnold var. poiretiana

(Ant.) Schneid. Corsican pine 15 1912 398 1929 503 1936 "

parviflora Sieb. & Zucc.

peuce Griseb.

"

Japanese white pine 252

Balkan pine 351

505

1926

1928

1936?

3/3 21/21

20/20

15/11 7/7

5/3

12/3 21/20 20/19

22/18

3/3

17/17

16.0 13.5

18.2

46.8 45.1

56.7

33.3 27.7 20.1

18.1

23.3

7.8

18.0 19.0

24.0

58.0 60.0

60.0

40.0 36.0 26.0

27.0

24.0

14.0

.30

.36

.46

.91

.71

.73

.47

.60

.87

.47

.46

.47

M H

H

N M

M

N L N

H

N

N

Condition

Excellent Excellent; 1 tree snowbroken

Excellent; shrubby form

Excellent; some forked trees Good; rapid taper, slight frost

damage to foliage Good; some sapsucker injury

Excellent; slight sapsucker injury Good; some sapsucker injury Fair; several trees dying, probably

root rot Fair; stem cankers, evidence of

root rot, heavy sunscald Excellent; good ornamental

qualities Excellent

ponderosa Laws. ponderosa pine 18 1912 18/15 57.8 76.0 .89 N L Excellent; 4 best trees are forked, probably from snow

ponderosa (hybrid) ponderosa pine 599(hybrid) 603 1950 60/55 2.2 4.0 1.82 N Excellent

ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm. ponderosa pine 330 1928 20/14 22.0 33.0 .63 H Fair to excellent; some snow

break, unidentified top disease pungens Lamb. Table-Mountain pine 177 1923? 18/11 24.5 39.0 .61 H Good; some snowbreak, twisted

stems, some yellow foliage resinosa Ait. red pine 19 1914 8/3 48.3 51.5 .63 MF Excellent

111 1924 20/18 38.4 43.0 .70 MF Excellent rigida Mill. pitch pine 20 1914 15/12 23.1 38.0 .46 VL Good; badly snowbent

475 1929 15/11 13.2 21.0 .42 VL Good; considerable snowbreak and snow bend

sabiniana Dougl. Digger pine 274 1926 18/3 29.3 30.0 N Poor; snowbreak, needle blight strobus L. eastern white pine 21 1912 8/8 55.7 62.0 .73 M Good, except for blister rust sylvestris L. Scotch pine 22 1912 14/6 36.5 39.0 .46 L Fair; heavy sapsucker injury,

acute branch angle


living species,

-------------------------------------------------:num-:Year:alive

5. 0 5. 0

3. 7

. 75

. 27

.44

. 31

. 33

1.04

. 97

. 52

Table 2. --Status of conifer Wind River Arboretum (Continued)


:Lot : :number :height :tree in: :Cone :damage: Condition :in 1956:1956 :Growth:produc-: in


Pinus (the pines)--Continued sylvestris L. Scotch pine 179 1923? 18/12 40. 1 49. 0 . 77 H Good; some snowbreak, severe sap

sucker injury sylvestris var. mongolica

Litw. Scotch pine 361 1929 20/20 26. 8 31.0 . 62 H Good; light sapsucker injury tabulaeformis Carr. Chinese pine 253 1926 18/13 21.0 32. 0 . 56 H Fair; half show snowbreak or

snow bend 264 1926 18/17 29. 5 43. 0 H Good; some snowbreak, sapsucker

injury N Fair; snowbreak and snowbend tabulaeformis Carr. (?) Chinese pine (?) 314 1928 20/1 14. 0 14.0

thunbergii Parl. Japanese black pine 132 1925 18/4 22.5 26.0 N s Poor; crooked and snowbroken virginiana Mill. Virginia pine 176 1923? 16/2 18. 5 20. 0 N M Poor; severe snowbreak

488 (]j) 20/2 18. 0 22. 0 N s Poor; severe snowbreak I N Pseudotsuga (the Douglas0 firs):I macrocarpa (Vasey) Mayr bigcone Douglas-fir 285 1927 24/1 . 09 N s Poor; barely above fern

menziesii (Mirb.) Franco Douglas-fir (Rocky N Poor; severe snowbreak, thin

foliage, Rhabdocline infected Mountain form) 33 1914 20/2 23. 0 27. 0

" (N. Mex. , 9,000') 556 1948 14/11 2.81 4. 5 . 70 N Good " (Mont. , 3,100') 557 1948 12/11 2.76 4. 1 " (Idaho, 2,200') 558 1948 12/11 3.32 6. 7

. 64 N Good N Good

" (Calif. , Sierra N.F.) 586 1948 12/4 1.20 1. 9 .30 N Good

11 (Wash. , Olympic N GoodN. F. ) 587 1948 11/11 3.85 6. 2

" " (Oreg. , Siuslaw N.F.) 588 1948 7/6 2.80 .58 N Good

" " (Wash. , Fidalgo Island) 589 1948 11/10 2. 5 4. 1 . 64 N Good

11 (Mont. , Flathead N. F. ) 593 1948 12/11 1.95 3 .3 N Good

" (Idaho, Nez Perce N. F. ) 594 1948 12/11 1.50 2. 0 . 31 N Good

11 (Ariz., Tucson) 597 1948 10/10 1. 26 1. 9 . 30 N Good



living species,

-------------------------------------------------:num-:Year:alive

4.5

.03

.02

.41

.74



:Lot : :number :height :tree in: :Cone :damage: Condition :in 1956:1956 :Growth:produc-: in


Sequoia (the sequoias) : gigantea (Lindl.) Decne. giant sequoia 35 1912 14/9 70.1 76.0 .89 N Excellent; leader dead in 1 tree,

frost in 1955 461 1932 2/2 6.0 .13 N s Excellent; 1 previously cankered

tree killed by frost, few others damaged

n 479 1928? 16/15 18.7 39.0 .75 N Excellent sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. redwood 233 1926 21/5 4.5 5.5 .09 N s Poor; repeatedly frozen back

Taxus (the yews) : baccata L. English yew 421 &

1.3 1.5432 1931 29/19 N s Poor; repeated freezeback 1.3 1.5 Poor; repeated freezeback brevifolia Nutt. Pacific yew 357 Qj) 21/5 N sI

N .... Thuja (the thujas) : I occidentalis L. northern white-

cedar 182 1923? 20/5 9.2 17.0 .27 H L Good plicata Donn western redcedar 37 1912 10/9 46.5 58.0 .68 H L Excellent

" 497 Qj) 17/3 3.3 4. 0 .09 N s Poor; repeated freezeback, browsed

Thujopsis (thujopsis) : do1abrata (L.f.) Sieb.

& Zucc. Hiba arborvitae 256 1926 5/5 14.6 25.0 .44 L Excellent; planted in lawn

Tsuga (the hemlocks): canadensis (L.) Carr. eastern hemlock 181 1923? 18/12 19.7 26.0 caroliniana Engelm. Carolina hemlock 506 1938 8/8 11.4 18.0

H Good Good; snowbreak N

heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. western hemlock 353 (1/) 16/10 41.1 51.0 .83 H Excellent mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. mountain hemlock 278 & -

354 (1/) 19/13 20.7 26.0 .41 L Excellent sieboldii Carr. Siebold hemlock 414 1931 12/4 5.2 8.0 .18 N M Fair

1/- Wild seedlings of unknown age.


Year

height

sown, In the case of fall- sown seed, this is the year of germination. A question mark indicates that stock was of indeterminate age or grown elsewhere, and that the date of sowing is approximate,

Number planted; number alive ( 1 956), Number planted does not include first-year replacements of trees that probably died from transplanting, Replacements were not made in many instances, The ratio of trees alive to trees planted is not a. good measure of the suitability of a species since early lots were moved when the trees were too large for successful transplanting, Some other lots were also mechanically injured or killed by rodents,

Average in 1 9 .56, Average height in feet of all living trees in each group at the end of the 1 9 56 growing season,

TaHest tree in 1 9 56, Height of tallest tree at the end of the 19 56 growing season,

Growth index, Ratio of height of tallest tree in each lot to height of average dominant Douglas-firs on the same site at the same age {table 3 ),

Cone production. Noted as 01N11 for none, 11L11 for light, 11M11 for moderate, and 81H01 for heavy if cones have been produced, Where male flowers were being produced and no visible evidence of cones was present, the symbol 11MF" was noted under "Cone production. 11

Frost damage in 1 9 5 5. This column was included mainly to show the relative damage caused by the severe, early, regionwide freeze in November 1 9 5 5, Following unusually mild weather, temperatures dropped rapidly to - 1 o F. and remained below 3 2 o F. for 6 days {Duffield, 1 9 56), Several lots were completely killed. In most cases, the injured species had previously shown susceptibility to damage by freezing, as noted in the ucondition" column, Damage is listed as light (L), medium (M), or severe (S),

Condition. Taken from field records to indicate the general condition of each group with regard to ( 1 ) vigor and (2 ) damage by insects, diseases, or other agencies,

-22


3.=-Height-age relationships Douglas-firs

]j

3.9

24

35

37

39 40 41

43

57.3

Table for dominant

native. to the Wind River Arboretum!/

0 00 0

Age (years) Height 0 00 0

Age (years) Height

0 00 0

Feet 0 00 0 Feet 0 00 0

42.0 25 44.8

1 0,2 0 00.4 0 02 0 03 0.6 0 0 26 47.4

4 LO 0 0 27 49.8 5 1.6 28 52.3

0 06 2.2 29 54.8 0 07 2.8 0 0 30

s: 0 00 0 31 59.5 0 09 5.1 0 0 32 61.6

10 6.4 33 63.5 11 8.2 34 65.7

67.8 36 69.8

12 10.0 0 ' 013 11.9 0

71.9 38 74.0

14 14.4 0 00 015 16.7 0 00 0 75.916 19.0 0 0 77.817 21.5 0 0 80.018 24,3

19 27.2 0 .

0 00 0 42 81.9

83.70 00 020 30.0

21 33,0 00

00 44 85.4

22 36.0 0 0 45 87.2 23 39.1 0

0 00

00

00

These height-age relationships were determined by averag-

ing measurements from 1.1 dominant Douglas-firs all volunteers within the arboretum,

Exact age of each tree was determined by boring to tree center at ground line, Heights at ages beyond 10 years were found by meas= uring to the appropriate whorl. Heights were averaged at 5-year in= tervals and a smooth c.urve was drawn through these points. Data for the lower end of the curve from 1 to 10 years, were determined from four saplings less than 12 years old,

-2 3


THE PINES (PINUS)

Sixty- two s p ecie s and varieti e s of pin e s have been trie d at the Wind Rive r Arboretwn . Of thi s nwnb e r , 38 are living and doing reas onably well., and 4 are living b ut doing very poorly.

Many pines have shown rapid initial g rowth, b ut none te sted for more than 20 years have shown a g rowth rate e qual to that of the native Douglas -fir . Many lot s of white pine s tested have shown ex cellent thrift and form b ut hold no e ventual promi s e , b e caus e of s us c eptibility to white pine blister rust . The white pine s have shown greate r r e s i stance than the hard pines to frost and snow damage and are not attacke d by s ap s ucke r s .

The white pin e s ( P . monticola, P . lamb e rtiana , and P . strobus ) continue to g row very well and are of excell. ent form and vigor . Howeve r , they are rather heavily infected with bli ster rust .

P. peuce is in excellent condition though it is s low growing . The old e r group dis plays a very symm etrical pyramidal c rown that r each e s to the ground, and the younger gr oup is b e ginning to asswne the s am e form . Thi s spe cie s would b e a most attractive ornamental or windb reak t re e .

The high- altitude white pin e s ( P . ari stata , P . flexili s , P . b alfouriana, P . albicaulis , and P . fle;zili s var . r eflexa) a r e doing reas onably well . They are typically slow growing , and most have s uff e r e d s om e snowb reak and snowb end.

P. griffithii , P. koraien si s , P. peuc e , and P. aristata have shown immunity to bliste r rust. P. flexilis var . reflexa, P . b alfouriana, P . flexilis , and P . str obus have shown s ome suscepti bility; P . monticola i s very sus ceptible ; P . lamb e rtiana is extr emely s u s c e ptible ; and P. albicaulis i s the most s us ce ptible of all the white pines in the arb o retwn . This s ub stantiat e s the patte rn of r e s istance to b liste r rust found by Childs and B e dwell ( 1 948 ) .

With the exception of the faster growing P . ponde rosa and P . contorta , hard pine s from both easte rn and w e ste rn United States do equally well in thi s climate . Tho s e f r om the more southe rn latitude s have done poorly in gene ral , and thos e from the Northeast and Northwe st , including northe rn C alifo rnia, have done well .

- 24


P . ponde rosa, P . banksiana , and P . r e s inosa continue to do relatively well and, along with the mugho pine s , are the b e s t of the hard pine s . Howeve r , they are not doing well enough to r e c ommend them for planting as timb e r s p e cie s in this climate . The mugho pine s are among the hardie st of all species in the arb o retum . Though they are slow growing and cannot b e r e comm ended as a timbe r s p e cie s , they do well a s ornamental s and may prove acceptable for u s e in wate r shed work . Som e young l ots of P . contorta show excellent growth rate s .

With few exception s , none of the Asiati c or European pines have done well enough to r e c ommend them for planting as timb e r tre e s in this climate . The m ugho pines and P . peuce have b een men tione d. P. g riffithii , though doing quite well, i s still fairly young and no accurate statem ent can b e made as to its s uitability to the Wind Rive r site . Most European pines are s u s c e ptible to sap sucker dam age , and s om e groups have s uff e r e d from snowbreak . The Asiatic pine s are damaged by snow and suff e r occas ional frost damage .

Of the 2 3 species of pine that have failed or are doing poorly, 7 are native to the Orient, 1 2 are from east e rn or we stern North Ame rica b elow the 42nd parallel , 3 are from maritim e climate s , and 1 i s b elieved to b e European . C old tempe ratur e has caus ed death in almost eve ry case whe re the caus e of failur e has been re corded . Som e species had done relatively well for 3 0 to 40 years b efore b eing killed by s eve re low temperatur e s (fig . 5 ) .

Figur e 5 . - - Adequate tests of introduced species requi re many ye ar s . Coulte r and knob cone pine were promising species b ut were c om pletely kille d b y frost in Novem b e r 1 9 5 5 , afte r growing well for 3 9 and 43 yea r s , r e s pe ctively. Dead tre e s of the knob c one pine group are shown at right .

- 2 5


THE LARCHES ( LARIX )

As a g roup the larches are one of the most s ucces sful of all gene ra in the arbor etum . Eleven s pe cie s have b e en tried at Wind Rive r and only one may be listed as a failur e . With the exc e ption of L . leptolepis and L . o ccidentalis , the larches are re sistant to frost damage . Howeve;;: since 1 94 6 the larche s have suffered conside rable snowb r eak . B e caus e of thi s tendency and thei r susceptibility to saps ucke r damag e , they are not r e garde d suitable fo r introduction into thi s climate .

During its fi rst 3 0 yea r s , Larix i s the only genus of all tho s e tried at Wind Rive r that equal s the native Douglas - fir in height growth . The growth c omparison b e com e s l e s s favo rable afte r 30 year s , how eve r . The lowe st g rowth index of all the g r oup s o f larch unde r 3 0 ye ars o f age i s 0 . 7 5 . On the othe r hand, 7 of the 1 1 groups olde r than 30 years have a growth index of 0 . 5 9 or le s s .

In gene ral, the lar che s from Europe are now doing b ette r than tho s e from Asia. L . de cidua and L . de cidua X leptolepis , b oth from Europe , are pre sently the b e st of all the larches and L. decidua var .

-p olonica, another larch from Europ e , is al s o doing v; ry well . Many of the larches from Japan and c ontinental Asia were once leading all arboretum groups in growth rat e , b ut almost all have now pr oved ve ry s u s c eptible to snowb reak (fig . 6 ) . L . leptolepis has al s o b e en dam aged by frost .

Figure 6 . - - Sib e rian larch, which onc e outgrew Dougla s - fi r , has recently shown s us c eptibility to snow b reakage .

- 2 6


The tamarack , or easte rn larch, L . laricina , has done fairly well and has not s uff e r e d as much snow damage as othe r larche s .

Both groups of. we ste rn larch, L . o ccidentali s , are doing poorly . They have b e en damaged by snow and frost and earlier r e c o rds indicate that they had a s e rious ne e dl e blight for many ye ars . It s hould b e pointed out that the s eed for ' b oth groups in the arbor etum cam e from east of the Cas cade. Range , whe r.e climate i s more con tinental and humiditie s a r e the r efore lowe r . In contrast to the poor showing of western larch group s in the arboretum , the we ste rn larch found native to the Wind Rive r valley is a tree of excellent vigor .

L . lyallii has been the only failure of all species of larche s . Only on;- g roup has done well enough in the nur s e ry to warrant planting in the arboretum , and this g roup died ove r a pe riod of 1 0 year s .

THE SPRUCES (PIC EA)

Although not gene rally rapid growing, most species of s p ruce have succ e e de d at Wind Rive r . Of 2 0 s pe c i e s tried in the arbor etum , 1 6 are doing fairly well , 3 are doing ve ry poorly and may b e clas s e d as failure s , and 1 has failed .

Though few of the spruc e s have done poorly, only P . abi e s has done well enough to warrant furthe r · trial s in forest planting . So far thi s specie s has dis played excellent g rowth and vigor , though it show s evidence of light frost damage . To date it has not been attacke d by Che rm e s cooleyi .

None of the othe r spruc e s show a growth index gr eater than 0 . 6 6 , and P . glauca, P . engelmannii , and P. sitchen sis are attacke d by Cherme s cooleyi . P . engelmalinii i s al s o damaged by saps ucke r s .

The Asiatic spruc e s hq.ve not done well , and all of the failur e s are from the continent o f Asia or from Japan . P . likiangensis gradually died out . P . bicolor , P . smithiana, and P. polita are al s o

-dying out , and P. smithiana and P . polita were r e peatedly b roken by snow.

THE HEMLOCKS ( TSUGA)

All the hemlock species exc e pt two are thriving : T. sieboldii has suffered from frost damag e , and occasional tre e s of the T . caroliniana group have b e en broken by snow . The two native spe cie s ,

- 27


T . heterophylla and T . me rtens iana are the b e s t of all the T s uga specie s . T . m e rten-;lana , though slow growing, is the handsom e st and har di e s t . T . canadensis is doing fairly well but i s growing considerably s lower than the native _!· hete rophylla .

To date no s pecies of hemlock may b e listed as a failur e at Wind Rive r .

THE DOUGLAS- FIRS (PSEUDOTSUGA)

Only two speci e s , P. menzie sii and P. mac rocarpa, have b e en te sted at Wind Rive r . P . macrocarpa has only one survivor afte r the low tempe ratur e s in 1 9 5 5 . This 3 0 - ye ar - old gr oup has b een of poor vigor and repeatedly b r oken by sno w . The Ro cky Mountain g roup of P . menzie sii at 43 years of age had only thr ee survivo r s . This gr oup has been very s everely and repeate dly attacked b y needle di s eas e s (Rhabdocline s p . ) (fig . 7 ) . Seed lots of the Asiatic s p ecie s of Ps eudot suga have eithe r failed to ge rminate o r died in the nur s e ry .

Figure 7 . - - Strains of native s pe cie s introduc ed from more continental climate s have pe rfo rmed poorly at Wind Rive r . Douglas - fir from a Ro cky Mountain s e e d s ource was planted at the arb o retum m o r e than 40 yea r s ago; today, most of the t r e e s are dead from repeate d attack s by needle di s eas e s , and adjacent natural Douglas "firs of about the sam e age as the survivo rs reach far ove r them (left ) . Similar poor pe r fo rmance has b e en shown by introduce d strains of ponde rosa pin e , we ste rn larch , and lodgepole pin e .

Ten lots of Douglas - fi r , s own in 1 948 , we r e adde d t o the a r b o retum in 1 9 5 2 . The s e lots a r e from various locations throughout the W e s t and will b e used to demon strate racial variation within the s pecie s . So far the only differenc e s ob s e rve d have b e en in height g rowth, as shown in table 2 .

- 28


fras e ri ) ,

THE FIRS (ABIES)

In all , 28 spe cies and s ub s pe cie s of Abi e s have b een tried at Wind Rive r . Of the s e , 24 are living, but only 1 1 have done well . Eight are only fairly s ucce s sful , and 5 have b e en found not suited to the Wind Riv e r s ite .

Bal s am woolly aphid ( Che rme s piceae ) has become a s e rious threat among the fir s s ince the last rem e a s urement in 1 946 . The re i s conclusive evidence that it appeared before 1 949 in Fras e r fir (A.

-f o r tops o f the F ras e r fir s that die d i n 1 949 are heavily

goute d fr01n Che rme s attack . At that time , Che rme s was not known to b e a s e rious p r oblem in the Northwe st, and extreme frost was r e ported a s the agent r e s ponsible f o r damage (Steel e , 1 9 54) , Be c aus e of the heavily goute d condition of all dead top s , it is c e rtain that Cherme s had r e ached the arboretum b efore thi s dat e , and it i s now doubtful that c old playe d any role in the damage reporte d . Climatological reco rds show the native climate of this g r oup of F ra s e r fir (Mount Mitchell, N . C . ) to be more s eve re than that at Wind Rive r , and n o frost damage was ob s e rve d afte r the 1 9 5 5 freez e .

Be cau s e a large numbe r of fir species and varietie s are e s tablished in the arb or etum , the r e has been a good opportunity t o ob s e rve relative re sistance to Che rm e s attack .. Six s pecies and varieti e s a r e attack e d : A . lasiocarpa var . arizonica and A . pinsapo show light infe station ; A . b al s amea has mode rate inf e s tation ; and A. h·a s e ri , Ao lasiocarpa, and A. alba are heavily infested . (A. alba:=-though heavily inf e sted, shows ;-o apparent damage . ) The reni'aining groups , including A. grandi s , show no Che rme s inf e station to date .

As might b e expe cted, s pe cie s native to the Northwe st and northern C alifornia have p rove d most suc c e s sful at Wind Rive r . Of the 1 1 species that are doing well , 8 are native to the Northwest , 1 to the Northeast , 1 to the Southw e s t , and 1 to northern Japan , It s hould be noted that the s pecies from northern Japan, A. sachalinens i s , is the only fir from outside the Unite d State s that has done well at Wind Rive r . Although A. sachalinen sis grows more slowly than native Douglas - fi r , only A. grandis and A. procera are more rapid growing among the Abie s .

A . g randis i s the most rapid gr owing of all the bal s am firs in the arboretum . The native species A. proce ra, A. amabili s , A . lasiocarpa, and a variety o f A. grandi s are al s o growing well b ut

- 29


considerably slower than A . grandis" A. balsamea and A. lasiocarpa var. arizonica are doing wellp but the recent attack by Chermes has reduced their vigor.

Perhaps the handsomest of all the firs are A. magnifica and A , magnifica var. shastensis .

The greatest single factor causing failure among the firs is repeated freezeback. Many Asiatic and European firs suffer almost annual freezeback because they burst their buds quite early and are damaged by late spring frost.

No species of balsam fir from south of 4 2 ° latitude has shown good1 growth at Wind River, and many are listed as failures.

THE CEDARS {CEDRUS)

Of three species of Cedrus, none has failed at Wind River. However, ..£· deodara is not doing well, and · atlantica and C. libani, though fairly vigorous, are b oth slow growing.

THE SEQUOIAS (SEQUOIA)

S" sempervirens is doing very poorly and is definitely not suited to the Wind River site. It is frozen back repeatedly. · giganteais displaying an excellent growth rate and some cones have been pro duced. One volunteer · gigantea has been observed in the arboretum, •

This species occasionally suffers minor frost damage.

INCENSE .. CEDAR ( LIBOCEDRUS)

Two groups of Libocedrus have been· tried at Wind River, Though some individuals of L. decurrens have been seriously damaged by frost, most trees of the species are doing very welL

L. formosana is the only incense-cedar that may be called a failure. It was killed by frost in the nursery.

THUJOPSIS (THUJOPSIS)

Only a single representative of this genus, T. dolabrata, has been included in the arboretum. Specimens of this species are growing well on a watered lawn near the headquarters building.

- 3 0


thyoides

- -

THE THUJAS (THUJA)

Six species of Thuja have been tried at Wind River, two of which failed to germinate. Of the four that did germinate, two are now living, The native ..:!_· plicata is doing very well though one group has suffered freezeback, T. occidentalis has suffered light frost damage but is doing welL

Both T, standishii and T, orientalis were killed by frost in the arboretum.

THE WHITE- CEDARS (CHAMAECYPARIS)

, lawsoniana and _£, nootkatensis are the only species doing welL Both show occasional but not serious frost damage,

Other Chamaecyparis species are doing poorly , C, obtusa and C, pisifera were killed by repeated frost and winter damage , C,

is frozen back repeatedly and, though living, is not suitedto the Wind River site,

THE CYPRESSES (CUPRESSUS)

Of the eight species and subspecies of Cupressus tried, only .£· macnabiana and _£, bakeri are living, Some individuals have been damaged by frost, but all groups are doing very welL

Of the six Cupressus species that failed at Wind River, five were killed by frost or winter damage (table 6 ) and one died out in the Wind River nursery from unknown causes,

THE JUNIPERS (JUNIPERUS)

, scopulorum has survived best of all the junipers, but it does not display good vigor , All the junipers show a tendency to snow and frost damage ,

Four junipers have failed at Wind River, three as a result of frost damage, One lot died out in the arboretum over a period of 1 0 years,

3 1


THE YEWS ( TAXUS)

None of the yews have b e en s uc c e s sful at W ind Rive r , Attempts to e stabli sh T. brevifolia and T. bac cata have faile d b e caus e both s p e cie s are heavily b r ow s e d b y dee r ,

THE ARAUCARIAS (ARAUCARIA)

The two spe cimens of A . araucana are doing well afte r having b e en repeatedly froz en back for more than 3 0 year s , The tree s showed no dam age from the s eve r e early frosts of Novembe r 1 9 5 5 ,

PERF ORMANC E OF BROAD- LEAVED TREES

As m entioned earlie r , no attempt has b een made to e stablish hardwoods in the arbor etum s ince 1 9 28 ,

Maj o r easte rn har dwood species have done ve ry poorly; only Que r cus rub ra and Tilia ame ricana approach the size and form attaine d in thei r native habitat (table 4) .

Of the mapl e s , only Ac e r platanoide s . (Norway mapl e ) has done welL Though it grows slowly, the s ingle spe cimen of this s pe cie s has developed fairly well and is an attractive tre e , Both Acer macrophyllum var , kimballiae and Acer sac charum continue to do poorly,

The American che stnut , Castanea dentata, i s the only species of the genus still s urviving in the arboretum , The five living tre e s appear t o have good vigor de spite relatively slow growth ; and s om e tre e s bore a heavy crop o f che stnuts ,

Golden chinkapin , Castanopsis chrys ophylla, is the b e s t har dwood group in the arboretum {fi g . 8 ) . The tre e s are tall and straight , of excellent vigor , and re gularly bear fruit . The s e have produce d a large numb e r of natural s e e dlings throughout the arboretum .

All the F raxinus speci e s have done poorly, though the tre e s continue to s urvive . G r e en ash, F , penn sylvanica, has s uff e r e d from snowb reak ,

Of the poplar s , Populus X b e r olinensi s i s in fair condition and Populus X petrowskyana has been fro:z;en back repeatedly.

- 3 2


l iving species ,

95

3 . 1

3 . 5

Table 4 . --S tatus o f broad-leaved Wind River Arboretum

Spec ies Number Lot planted; Height num Year number in 1956

Sc ientific name Common name ber sown alive ( 1956) ( feet)

Acer platanoides L. Norway maple!/ 1913 8?/1 37 . 5 Castanea dentata (Marsh. ) Borkh. American ches tnut 19 1 1924 6 ?/5 24 . 8 Castanopsis chrysophylla (Dougl . ) A. DC . golden chinkapin 54 1913 14/10 45 . 2 Fraxinus americana L. white ash 7 2 19 1 2 1 6 / 7 8 . 3

" latifol ia Benth. Oregon ash 74 1 9 1 3 16/14 9 . 6" pennsylvanica Marsh . green ash 75 1 9 1 2 15?/4 1 3 . 2

Liriodendron tulipifera L. yellow-poplar 63 1 9 1 1 1 7 ? /13 19 . 1 I Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook . & Arn. ) Rehd. tan oak 1 20 19 25 9 / 2 2 . 5 w Populus X berol inensis Dipp . Berl in poplar 49 - h 9 16 3?/1 25 . 0 w I 11 X petrowskyana (Reg . ) Schneid . Petrowsky poplar 273 1 9 26 18/13

P runus serotina Ehrh. black cherry 64 1913"

15/11 1 . 5 sp.lf Patagonian cherry 283 2:h 9 27 11/2

Quercus alba L. white oak 188 1 9 23 "

1 6 /4 6 . 5 chrysolepis Liebm. c anyon l ive oak 1 19 1 9 25 1 2 /8 6 . 0

" garryana Dougl . Oregon white oak 55 1913 7 /4 20 . 2 " kelloggii Newb . California black oak 121 1 9 25 1 6 / 7 20 . 7 II prinus L. ches tnut oak 187 1923? 14/7 14 . 0 " rubra L. northern red oak 5 7 1912 16?/13 35 . 6 " velutina Lam. black oak 56 19 14 1 1 /3 15 . 7

Rhamnus purshiana DC . cascara buckthorn 239 1 9 25 18/13 5 . 1 Tilia americana L. American basswood 70 1 9 1 2 6 /4 28 . 2 Ulmus americana L. American elm 6 2 1912 1 3 /6 13 . 0

1./ Planted on watered lawn . 2:.1 Cuttings o r plants s e t that year. }_/ Identified by common name only .


Figure 8 . - - B road- leaved species in gene ral failed s o consistently that the arb o retum was devoted exclusively to conife r s afte r 1 9 28 . The most suc c e s sful b r oad- leaved group has b een chinkapin, a native of s outhe rn Oregon, whi ch attained a height of 4 5 feet in 43 year s . Douglas fir would b e expected to grow 8 4 feet in the s ame length of tim e ,

- 34


Que rcus rubra,

dry s umm e r s and porous s oiL

Of 1 6 5 coniferous s p e ci e s te sted at W ind Rive r ,

'

competition , drought ,

t e e n percent had no cau s e of death listed.

Di s eas e s o r ins e c t s , though important kill e r s of individual

though they are repeatedly damaged by fro s t ,

'

Tulip popla r , Liriodendron tulipifera , has grown ve ry poorly at Wind Rive r in compari s on with growth in its native envi ronm ent .

Northe rn r e d oak , is g rowing well , but all oth e r surviving oak s are doing poorly.

Apparently the b r oad- leaved species have b e en ve ry adve r s ely affe cted by the hot, In earlie r r eports , the almost unive r s al failure of the s e tre e s was attributed to the long, rainl e s s p eriod during July and August ; low humidity; and porous , gravelly s oiL Many species that failed in the arb o retum have done well on wate r e d lawn s . V e ry little evidenc e of f r e e z eback has b e en noted , even following the cold winte r of 1 949 - 50 and the e arly f r e e z e o f Novemb e r 1 9 5 5 .

C ONIFERS FOUND UNSUITED T O THE WIND RIVER SITE

42 have die d and anothe r l 7 - - although living - - ar e obviously unsuited t o the habitat (table 5 ) . Some of the s e uns u c c e s sful s pecies were tried s eve ral tim e s .

Cau s e of failur e , though recorded, i s difficult to e valuate ; most lots die d b etwe en examination date s , leaving que stionable causal evidence . Winte rkilling was listed for 29 per cent of the l ot s , whe reas a combination of caus e s was r e corded for 57 p e r cent- - including winte r damage , and dis eas e . Often, s everal diffe rent caus e s we re listed for individual s within the sam e lot. Fou r

tree s , have not yet b e en l isted as causing the failure of any specie s . Although white pine bliste r rust has been p r e s ent in the arb oretum for s eve ral de cade s , it has not completely wiped out any white pine lot , even though all t re e s in s om e lot s are inf e cted. Likewi s e , the r e c ent b al s am woolly aphid attack on Abi e s has not com pletely killed any single s pecie s . In such outb r e aks the arboretum has s e rved to te st the relative susceptibility of the species within a genus .

A numb e r of s pe c i e s continue to live year afte r yea r , even snow, or s om e othe r

agency. The s e species al s o are conside r e d uns uite d to the Wind Rive r site .

- 3 5


15

Tab l e 5 . = =C onifers unsuited to Wind River

Species

Dead: Abies firma S ieb . & Zucc . Abies veitchii Lindl . Abies bracteata D . Don Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb . &

Zucc . ) Endl . Chamaecyparis pisifera (Sieb . &

I Zucc . ) Endl . uu 0' Cephalo taxus harringtonia var . l

drupacea (S ieb . & Zucc . ) Koidzumi Cryp tomeria j aponica (L. f . ) D . Don Cupressus arizonica Greene Cupres sus goveniana Gord . Cupres sus lus itanica Mil l .

Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. Cupressus sempervirens L . Cupres sus duc louxiana Hickel Ginkgo b i loba L . Juniperus ashei Buchhol z Juniperus excel s a Bieb . Juniperus monosperma (Engelm. )

Sarg .

S ee footnote at end o f table .

Range

Japan Japan CaliL

Japan

Japan

Japan Japan sw . u . s .

Calif. Mexico

sw . u . s .

S . Eur . ,W . As . Himalayas E . China E . U . S . ,Mex. Medit .

sw . u . s .

S eed source!/

Japan Japan S . Calif . ·

Orient

Orient

Aus tria Japan Ari zona S . Calif. Mexico

S . Calif. Medit . Aus tria Japan Not given Aus tria

sw . u . s .

Reason for unsuitability

Rep eated winter damage Repeated winter damage Repeated frost damage

Repeated winter damage

Fros t killed and inter kil led

Fro s t kil led Died gradual ly Fros t killed Fros t killed S tock died in nursery ( s ee

1947 publication) Winter damage Winter kil led Winter killed Repeatedly ki lled back Fros t kil led Fros t killed

Died gradually

Age at

: death

Years

20 20

?

1 7

30

18

18 18

3 20

4 2 8

1 7 1 9

2 1


13

Table 5 . --Conifers unsuited to Wind River (Continued)

Species Reason for unsuitabi l i ty Range source!/ Seed

Age at

: death

Years D ead= -Continued

Juniperus semiglobosa As . Min. Russia Fro s t kil led 19 Larix lyallii Par l . Pac . NW . E . Wash. Died in nursery and arboretum Libocedrus formosana Florin . Formosa Japan Fros t killed 2 Picea l ikiangensis (Franch . ) Pritz . W. China China Died out in arboretum;

I probably fros t 30 w Pinus armandi Franch . Cen. ,W . China China Repeated freezeback 3 1-J I Pinus attenuata Lemm. W . U . S . Calif . Fros t killed 43

Pinus canariens is C . Smith Canary I . Canary I . Winter killed , nurs ery Pinus elliottii Engelm. SE . U . S . SE . U . S . Winter killed , nurs ery 4 Pinus coulteri D . Don Mex. , Calif . S . Cali f . Fros t kil led 39 Pinus edulis Engelm. sw . u . s . sw . u . s . Fro s t and winter kil led 20 Pinus gerardiana Wall . Himalayas India Did poorly for s everal years ;

ki l led by rust disease 34 Pinus halepensis Mil l . Medit . S . Cen. Eur . Died out in nursery & arboretum 8 Pinus khasya Royle N . Burma India Winter kil led , nursery 1 Pinus leiophylla Schlech . & Cham. sw . u . s . '

Mex. Mexico ? Winter kil led , nursery 5 Pinus roxburghii Sarg . Himalayas Himalayas Winter ki lled , nurs ery 3 Pinus montezumae Lamb . Mexico Mexico Winter kil led , nursery 6 Pinus palustris Mil l . SE . U . S . SE . U . S . Winter kil led , nurs ery 5 Pinus patula Schlech . & Cham. Mexico Mexico Killed in nurs ery 5

S ee footnote at end o f table .


Table 5 , --Conifers unsui ted to Wind River (Continued)

Pinus pinas ter Ait , Medit , Ho l land Frost ki l led 27 Pinus radiata D , Don Calif, S . Cali L Winter killed 1 2 Pinus taeda L , SE o U o S o SE o U , S . Gradual ly died off; final ly

ki lled by fros t 43 Pinus torreyana Parry Calif . S . CaliL Winter kil led , nursery 5 Taxodium dis tichum (L. ) Rich: s . u . s . Louisiana Died after few years 1 0

' (,;.) Thuj a s tandishii (Gord. ) Carr. Japan Japan 1 smal l lot failed after 00 i 5 years in arboretum 1 3

Thuj a orientalis L . N . ,W . China Japan Fros t and winter killed 20

Living , but in poor condition : Abies brac teata D . Don Calif. S , Calif , Repeatedly frozen Abies fabri (Mas t . ) Craib W . China China Repeatedly frozen Abies ho lophyl la Maxim. Manch . ,Kor , Japan Repeatedly frozen Ab ies sib irica Ledeb , U o S o S . R. Not given Repeatedly fro zen Chamaecyparis thyoides

(L. ) B . S , P o E , U , S o N . J , Repeatedly frozen Picea b icolor (Maxim. ) Mayr Japan Japan Gradually dying off Picea polita (Sieb o & Zucc . )

Carr , Japan Japan Rep eatedly snowbroken Picea smithiana Boiss , Himalayas India Repeatedly snowbroken

S ee footnote at end of tab l e ,

Species

D ead--Continued

Range Seed

source!/ Reason for unsuitab i l i ty

Age at

: death

Years


Tab l e 5 . - -Conifers unsuited

Spec ies

Living , but in poor condition--Continued

Pinus bungeana Zucc .

Pinus densi flora Sieb . & Zuc c .

Pinus griffithii McC lel land ( ?) Pinus sabiniana Dougl . Pinus thunbergii Parl . Pinus virginiana Mil l . Pseudotsuga macrocarpa

(Vasey) Mayr

S equoia sempervirens (D . Don) End l .

Taxus baccata L .

Range

NW. China

Japan

Himalayas Calif . Japan E . U . S .

Cal i f .

Calif. Euras . ,

N . Af.

S eed source!/

China

Japan

Himalayas N. Calif . Japan N . C .

S . Calif .

Reason for unsuitab i l i ty

Repeatedly frozen back ( 2 alive but very poor)

Gradual ly dying o ff ( snowbreak ; fros t) 8 o f 29 left in 2 lots

Fro s t- - 1 o f 2 lots killed Fro s t Fro s t ; gradually dying o ff Fro s t ; gradually dying o ff

Gradually dying off ( 1 survivor)

S . Cali f . Repeatedly frozen

Austria Repeatedly frozen

Age at

: death

Years

l/ S eed source as recorded in fi le record . Where source is outs ide species range , the seed may have come from arboreta , or may simply be the address o f the collec tor .

to Wind River (Continued)

I l..V ...0

I


GENERAL C OMMEN TS ON PERFORMANCE

Although tests of introduc ed tre e s at W ind Rive r Arb o retum are not statistically de s igned, it would be a di s s e rvice not to dis cu s s tho s e ob s e rvations that s e em t o throw light o n perfo rmance of introduc e d s p e ci e s in the Pacific Northw e s t . The Wind River a r e a , b e ing low site Ill, and at an elevation of 1 , 1 50 f e et , c e rtainly provide s a cons e rvative t e s t of adaptability for plantings on fore st land ove r much of the Pacific No rthwe s t re gion , The risk of planting a species that doe s poorly at W ind River would b e conside rable , even in milde r \parts of the r e gion ,

With few exception s , intr oduc e d t r e e s have not attaine d growth rate s equal to that of Douglas - fir native to the area , In this latest r emeasurement, the ave rage height of Douglas - fir dominants in the arboretum was dete rmined for e ach year up to 45 year s of age (table 3 ) ,

The s e heights clos ely follow the curve for Douglas - fir site index 1 30 , A growth index - - the expre s sion of pe rformance of each lot- - was p r o vide d by dividing the height o f the tall e st individual by the ave rage height of Douglas - fir dominants of the s ame age , At first, this m ethod for de riving the growth index s e em s ove rly favorable to the introduc e d tre e , Howeve r , the talle s t tree in a lot is probably a b ette r exp r e s sion than the ave rage height in indicating how a speci e s might p e rfo rm if s e e d s our c e were carefully s ele cte d to match the climate at W ind Rive r , Even with such a favorable compari s on, the growth index of almo s t all intr oduce d t r e e s falls b el ow 1 , 0 0 ; hence it s e rve s to focus attention on how few of the 21 5 living g roup s have pos s ibilitie s for introduction as timbe r tree s ,

Practically all species that have grown at faster rates than Douglas .- fi r did s o during early life and were eventually ove rtaken - mostl y b efore r eaching 20 ye ars of age , Thi s i s particularly true of the pine s , Seve ral larches have continued to grow at high rate s , but have b een b r oken by snow , Even when comparison s are made within g ene ra, instead of with native Douglas -fir , the No rthwe s t repr e s entative s have usually shown the b e s t g rowth rate ,

Som e introduce d s pecies s e em to have promi s e , howeve r , Better adapte d strains of Sequoia gigantea, Pi cea excelsa , and several larche s should b e te ste d more exhaustively, for exampl e , s ince the arboretum lots have shown good sustained pe rformance ,

Mention should al s o b e made of patte rns a s s ociated with growth and m ortality , One of the se patterns is the gene rally poor g rowth o r

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outright failure of introduce d species and s ub s pe cies from the s outhe rn and s outheaste rn United State s , Mexico , s outhe rn Asia, China, Japan , and the s outhe rn hemis phe r e o Be st perfo rm e r s in each genera have b een native to the we st slope of the Cas cade Range and Sie r ra Nevada o C onif e r s from the northeaste rn United State s have done fairly well , and thos e from we stern Europe have gene rally s urvive do Thi s pattern i s shown , s pe c i e s by s p e cie s , for various climatic regions of the world (Heintzelman and High smith, 1 9 5 5 ) in table 6 . As shown in this table , the compari s on s with height growth of native Douglas -fir (growth index) are fairly c onsistent by g r oups of s p e ci e s in each climatic r e gion , In interpreting the table , howeve r , the reade r should r e c o g niz e that the data u s e d fo r evaluating any one s pe cie s were ve ry limite d and that the cla s s ification is not a rigorous one ,

The similar p e rformance at Wind Rive r of whole groups of species from climatic re gions of the world s upports the view long held by plant geographe r s (Gray, 1 8 78 ; G ray and Hook e r , 1 8 8 1 , p , 41 ) that clim atic r e qui rements of plant communitie s are highly r e s t ricted and prob ably have not change d much ove r millions of year s ,

Many t r e e s pe ci e s introduced at Wind Rive r , now native to the Orient and southeaste rn Unite d State s , exi sted abundantly in the flora of the Pacific Northwe st in the Miocene epoch (Beck , 1 94 5 ; Chaney, 1 948 ) but faile d to s urvive as the climate b e came cool e r and subj e ct to m o r e s umm e r droughtine s s . Their gene ral unsuitability following reintroduction s upports the idea of an inhe rent! y narrow e c ological amplitude ; the s e species have faile d to develop a tole ranc e for the pre s ent climate of the Pacific Northwe st, e ven afte r millions of year s , This emphasiz e s the difficulty of finding s p e ci e s or strains from the Orient or s outheastern Unite d State s that are adapted to No rth,west c onditions ,

Anoth e r intere sting patt e rn has been the poor pe rformance of species native to the Northwest , b ut having origins from s e e d collected east of the Cas cade s , G rowth rate s are exc ellent for Douglas - fi r , we stern larch, lodgepole pin e , and p onde rosa pine that are native to the Wind Rive r valley, but strains of the s e s p e cies from areas having a m o r e c ontinental climate than at W ind River have usually done poorly at the arb or etum o Likewi s e , b ette r growth of tre e s from s e e d s our c e s w e st o f the Cas cade s i s al ready appar ent i n the 1 0 lot s of Douglas - fir s own in 1 948 from various seed s ou r c e s ove r its g reat range o Native needle dis eas e s have undoubtedly playe d a maj o r role in the poor pe r fo rmance of the Ro cky Mountain form of Douglas -fi r , Arb o retum lots

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species by regions

principis-

I ,.J>. NI

Tab le 6 . --Performance o f climatic of the world

Species

Dry-summer sub tropics : Abies bracteata D . Don Cupres sus goveniana Gord. Cupres sus lus itanica Mil ler Cupres sus sempervirens L . P ic ea smithiana (Wall . ) Boiss ier P inus coulteri D . Don Pinus halepensis Mil l .

Pinus muricata D . Don Pinus radiata D . Don Pinus torreyana Parry

Humid sub tropics : Abies firma S ieb . & Zucc .

Range

Calif . Calif . Mexico S .. Eur . , N . As . Himalayas Cal i f . Medi t .

Cal if . Cali f . Calif .

Japan

Seed source

S . Cal if . S . Calif. Mexico Palestine Turkey S . Calif. Italy and

France S . Calif . S . Calif. S . Calif .

Japan

Performance

Repeated fros t damage Fros t kil led Died in nursery Winter killed Repeated snow damage Fros t kil led

: Growth : index

Died out in nursery & arboretum Died in arboretum Frost k lled Fros t k lled in nursery

Repeated winter damage Abies holophylla Maxim.

sachalinensis Mas t . araucana (Molina)

ob tusa (S ieb . &

var .

Ab ies Araucaria

K . Koch Chamaecyparis

Zucc . ) Endl . Larix gmelini

rupprechtii (Mayr) Pilger Picea bicolor (Maxim. ) Mayr Picea poli ta (S ieb . & Zucc . ) Carr . Pinus echinata Mil l .

Manch. ,Kor . Japan Repeatedly frozen back . 10 Japan Japan Good; light fro s t ; crooked stems . 66

Chile Argentina Repeatedly kil led back; now good . 09

Japan Japan Repeated winter damage . 3 1

E . As ia Japan Fair; extreme snowbreak o 47 Japan Japan Poor ; repeatedly snowbroken . 1 2 Japan India Poor ; snowbroken . 06 E . U . S . N . C . Suffers frost damage; poor

to fair . 41


species by regions Tab le 6 . - Per formance o f climatic of the world (Continued)

S eed : Growth Species Range s ource Performance : index

Humid sub tropics - -Continued Pinus elliottii Engelm. Pinus koraiensis S i eb . & Zucc . Pinus palustris Mil l . Pinus rigida Mi ll . Pinus rigida var . s erotina

(Michx. ) Loud . Pinus taeda L. I

If:>. VJ I Pinus thunbergii Par l .

Pinus virginiana Mil l . Sciadop itys vertici llata (Thumb . )

Sieb . & Zuc c . Taxodium distichum (L. ) Rich. Thuj a orientalis L .

Dry continentals : Cupres sus arizonica Greene Juniperus monosperma (Engelm. )

Sarg . Juniperus occidentaH.s Hook.

Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.

Juniperus semiglobosa Regel Pinus aris tata Engelm.

SE . U o S . Jap . ,Kor . SE . U . S . E . , N . Amer .

SE . U . S . SE . U . S .

Japan E . U . S .

Japan s . u . s .

N . ,W . China

sw . u . s .

sw . u . s .

w . u . s .

W . N o Amer .

As . Minor W . U o S o

Louisiana Japan N. C . Georgia

..

Florida Louisiana

Japan N. C .

Japan Louis iana Japan

Arizona

N. Mex. E . Oregon

E . Oregon

U . S . S . R. Ari zona

Winter killed in nursery Good; evidence o f root rot . 42 Winter kil led in nursery Good; badly snowbent . 46

Died in nurs ery Gradually died o ff ; finally

fros t killed Fro s t ; gradual ly dying o ff Fro s t ; gradually dying o ff

Died in nursery Died after few years in arboretum Frost and winter kil led

Fros t kil led

Died o ff gradual ly Fair ; snowbreak , twis ted stems ,

extremely s low growth . 09 Good; some snowbreak , s l ow

growing . 22 Fros t killed Poor ; snowbent . 14


spec ies by regions

Species Per formance

Dry continentals- =Continued Pinus contorta var" latifolia

S . Wats " W . N . Amer . Montana Poor ; diseased , fol iage dam=

Tab le 6 o = -Performance o f climatic o f the world (Continued)

Range Seed

source

aged by east wind Pinus edulis Engelm. sw . u . s . N . Mex. Fros t and winter killed Pinus engelmannii Carr . sw . u . s . Arizona Good; tendency to snowbreak Pinus flexilis James Mexico N. Mex. Good; b lis ter rus t; some

crooked and forked

: Growth : index

. 6 7

. 63

. 82 Pinus leiophylla Schiede & Deppe sw . u . s . '

l ex . Schlech o & Cham. Mex. Mexico Winter kil led in nursery " f!:>. *"- Pinus montezumae Lamb . Mexico Mexico Winter kil led in nursery I

Pinus patula Schlech " & Cham. Mexico Mexico Killed in nurs ery Pinus ponderosa Laws . W. U . S . E. Wash . Excellent; 4 bes t trees forked . 89 Pinus ponderosa Laws . W . U . S . Arizona Fair to excellent ; unidentified

top diseas e , snowbreak . 63 Long-summer humid continentals :

Chamaecyparis thyoides (L . ) B . S . P . E . U . S . N . J . Poor; repeated freezeback ; very s low growth . 11

Juniperus virginiana L . E . N . Amer . Virginia Fair to good; snowbreak ; light fro s t ; extremely slow growing o l7

Pinus echinata X rigida Penn. Good ; fair growth . 5 7 Pinus nigra var . poiretiana

(Ant . ) Schneider

Pinus rigida Mil l .

Medit .

E . N . Amer .

Yugos lav. Good; fair growth; sapsucker injury . 60

N. J . Good; snowbreak and snowbend . 42


species by regions Table 6 . - -Performance o f climatic o f the world (Continued)

Species Range Seed

source Performance : Growth : index

Shbrt=summer humid continentals : Larix gmelinii var . j aponica

(Reg . ) Pilger NE . As . Kurile I . Good ; some snowbreak , sapsucker damage . 83

Larix laricina (Du Roi) K . Koch Can. ,N . U o S o Good ; some snowbend . 84 Picea glauca (Moench) Voss Can o ,N . U o S . N . Minn . Good; many galls . 49 Pinus banks iana Lamb . Can. ,N . U . S . Minn . Good ; crooked boles . 66

I Pinus s trobus L. NE o Uo S o Minn. Good exc ep t for blister rus t • 73 If::.. U"1I

Pinus Pinus

sylves tris L . tabulaeformis Carr.

Eur . ,NW. As . China , Kor .

Manchuria Korea

Good; Good;

light sapsucker damage some snowbreak , sap

o 62

sucker inj ury . 75 Thuj a occidentalis L. NE . U . S . , Can . Good ; s low growth o 68

Marine west coasts : Abies nordmanniana (S teven) Spach . As . Minor France Died in arboretum Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw . SW . U o S o Oregon Winter kil led Cupres sus duc louxiana Hickel Himalaya Aus tria Fros t killed in nursery Larix eurolepis Henry (hybrid) England Excellent ; some crooked trees Picea abies (Lo ) Kar s t . N . C en. Eur . Prus s ia ,

Germany Excellent; 1 tree snowbroken Picea s itchensis (Bong . ) Carr . NW. U . S . , Wash. and

Can . Oreg . Fair to good; many spruce galls Pinus pinas ter Ait . Medi t . Hol land Frost kil led S equoia sempervirens (D . on)

Endl . Calif o , Orego Calif o Repeatedly frozen back ; very

poor 0 09

1 . 00

1 . 33

. 66


spec ies by regions Tab le 6 . - -Performance o f climatic of the world (Continued)

Seed : Growth Species Range source Performance : index

Middle-latitude highlands : High elevations- -Europe and As ia :

Abies alba Mi l l . Europe Switzerland Fair . 40

Picea likiangensis (Franch . ) Pritz . N. China China Fros t kil led

Pinus mugo Turra . Cen . & S . Eur . Switzerland Excellent • 36

I ;!:>. 0'I

High elevations- -wes tern America: Abies amabilis (Dougl . ) Forbes Pac . NW . Wash. Good; s l ow growth . 41 Abies lasiocarpa (Hook . ) Nutt . Pac . NW . Wash. Fair . 43 Abies magnifica A . Murr . Calif. , Oreg . Calif. Excellent . 44 Abies magnifica var . shas tens is

L . Calif . , Oreg . Oregon Good . 40 Abies procera Rehd . Oreg . ,Wash . Wash. Good . 70 Cupres sus macnabiana A. Murr . Calif . SW . Oreg . Good; severe fros t injury . 18 Larix lyallii Parl . Pac . NW . wash. Died out in arboretum Larix occidentalis Nutt . Pac . NW . E. Wash. Poor ; severe snowbreak . 27 Pic ea engelmannii Parry Pac . NW . N. Idaho Good; many galls , sapsucker

inj ury . 5 1 Picea pungens Engelm. w . u . s . Utah Excellent . 61 Pinus alb icaulis Engelm. W . N . Amer . E . Oreg . Fair ; al l have b lis ter rust . 5 3 Pinus balfouriana Grev. & Balf . Calif. Calif . Good; one killed by blis ter

rust . 16


spec ies by regions Tab le 6 . - -Performance of climatic o f the world (Continued)

Spec ies Range Seed

·source Performance : Growth : index

Middle- latitude highlands- -Continued High elevations- -wes tern America-

Continued P inus flexilis James

Tsuga mertensiana (Bong . ) Carr .

I Middle elevations wes t o f Cascade >f:>. Range and S i erra Nevada: -JI Abies grandis (Dougl . ) Lindl .

Pinus j effreyi Grev. & Balf.

Pinus lambertiana Dougl .

S equoia gigantea (Lindl . ) Decne . Taxus brevi folia Nutt . Thuj a plicata Donn . Tsuga heterophylla (Raf . ) Sarg .

s·�;,� . u . s .

Pac . NW .

Pac . NW .

Calif. , Oreg .

mv . u . s .

Cal if. Pac . NW .

Pac . NW .

Pac . NVJ .

Montana

Wash.

Wash.

Calif. Cal i f .

Calif. Wash. Wash. Wash.

Good; some snowbreak and b lister rust . 70

Excellent . 41

Excellent . 8 1

Fair ; 1 tree damaged . 63 Excellent ; 1 tree damaged by

fros t . 9 6 Excellent . 89 Poor ; repeated deer damage . 02 Excellent . 68 Excellent . 83


of we ste rn larch, ponde r o s a pin e , and lodge pole pine have al s o s uf fe red from di s eas e as well as b reakage from heavy, wet snows .

As previously mentioned, the known caus e s of mortality have been m o stly climatic extr em e s - - cold, heavy snows , and drought . Many s pecies survive d s eve re winte r s for 20 to 40 yea r s until finally kille d by s om e more extrem e weathe r condition than previously en countered . Within the last 1 0 year s , s eve ral lots - -notably thos e of knob c on e , cluste r , and C oulte r pine- - we r e kille d afte r growing well

Figure 9 . - - The major conclus ion from te sting introduced t r e e s ove r a 44- year pe riod i s that native tre e s s e em to b e s upe rior in b oth growth and vigor . At left , the bor de ring natural Douglas - fir stand tow e r s ab ove all lots in the arboretum . The area was logged ab out 1 90 9 , hence the Douglas - fir stand is about the s am e age as the olde st plantings .

in th e Wind Rive r climate for 41 year s . Thus , the value of the a r boretum a s a t e s t of adaptability inc reas e s with time .

The maj o r c onclusion from the arboretum te s ting is that no s p e ci e s has b e en found that s eem s pr e s ently s uitable for introduction a s a timb e r tree in the Pacific No rthwest (fi g . 9 ) . Pe rhaps more careful choic e of rac e s b ette r adapted to the Northwe st climate will change the pictur e eventually.

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---:-:::-:::-1 88 1 .

Obviously, growth rate and mortality are only two of many c rite ria by which the pe rfo rmance of lots might be judged , The us e fulne s s of s om e tree s for water shed and ornamental planting s has b e en mentioned,

LITERATURE C ITED

B e ck , George F , 1 94 5 , Ancient fore st tre e s of the sageb rush area in c entral

Washington , Jou r . Fore stry 43 : 3 34 - 3 3 8 , ill us ,

Chaney, Ralph Works 1 948 , The ancient for e sts of Ore gon , Ore g , State System High e r

Ed, C ondon Le ctur e s , 5 5 pp , , ill us . Eugen e , O r e g .

Childs , Thoma s W , 0 and B e dwell, J . L , 1 948 , Sus c e ptibility of s om e white pine s p e cie s t o C ronartiwn

ribicola in the Pacific Northwe st , Jour . Fore stry 4 6 : 5 9 5 - 59 9 ,

Duffield, · John W , .

1 9 5 6 , Damage to we stern Washington for e sts from No vemb e r 1 9 5 5 cold wave . U .· S , For e st Se rv. Pac , N W , F or e st and Range Expt , Sta . Re s , Note 1 29 , 8 pp . , illus , (Proce s s e d . )

G ray, Asa 1 8 78 . Fore st geography and archeology. Ame r , Jour . ScL and

Arts 1 6 ( 9 2 ) : 8 5 - 94 ,

and Hooke r , Jos e ph D. The ve getation of the Rocky Mountain r e gion and a com

pari s on with that of other parts of the world, U . S . Ge ol . & Geog . Survey of the T e r . , v . 6 , Bul . · 1 , pp . 1 - 7 7 . Washington, D , C .

Heintzelman, Olive r Har ry, ;:tnd Highsmith , R , M . 1 9 5 5 . W orld r e gional geography. 3 5 7 pp , , ill us . Englewood

Cliff s , N . J .

Little , Elb e rt L. , J r . 1 9 5 3 . Check list of native and naturaliz e d tre e s o f the United

State s (including Alaska ) . U . S . De pt , Agr . Handb . 41 , 47 2 pp ,

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--..,..--,... 1 9 3 2 ,

- -

Munge r , Thornton T , 1 94 7 , The Wind Rive r Arb o retum from 1 93 7 t o 1 94 6 , U , S , F o r

e st Serv, Pac , NW , For e s t and Range ExpL Sta , , 2 1 pp , , illus , (Proce s s ed, )

and Kolb e , E rnest L , The Wind River Arbor etum from 1 9 1 2 to 1 93 2 , U , S , For

e st Se rv, Pac , N W , F o r e s t and Range Expt , Sta , , 2 2 pp , , illus , (Proce s s e d , )

----and Kolb e , E rne st L ,

1 9 3 7 , The W ind Rive r Arboretum from 1 9 3 2 to 1 9 3 7 , U , S , F o r est S e rv, Pac , N W , F o r e s t and Range ExpL Sta , , 1 5 p p , (Pro ce s s ed , )

Steele , R, W , 1 9 54 , C ol d weathe r damag e s p r om1smg s p e ci e s in the Wind

Rive r Arboretum , U, S, F o r e st S e rv, Pac , N W . F o r e st and Range ExpL Sta , Re s , Note 9 5 , 7 pp , , illus , (Proce s s e d , )

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The Wind River Arboretum: 1912-1956.conditions of the arboretum (left) and on a watered lawn...

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Transcript of The Wind River Arboretum: 1912-1956.conditions of the arboretum (left) and on a watered lawn...