The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon

EnglandThe Wiley B

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nglo -Saxon England

Second Edition

Second Edition

Edited by Michael lapidge, John Blair, SiMon KeyneS & donald Scragg

Praise for the First Edition“This volume is a major achievement of extensive and durable value. all students of anglo-Saxon england, at whatever level, will wish to have it at hand.”

English Historical Review

“This is a great addition to the works of reference available to students of anglo-Saxon england at every level: one never opens the book without learning something.”

Notes and Queries

“lapidge et al. have compiled a unique storehouse of knowledge, a synthesized compendium of classic and contemporary research from a wide array of interdisciplinary fields within anglo-Saxon and medieval studies.”

H-Net Reviews

an essential reference work for this period of english history, The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England is now available in a new edition. it brings together more than 700 articles written by 150 leading scholars on the people, places, activities, and creations of the anglo-Saxons. it is the only reference work to cover the history, archaeology, arts, architecture, literatures, and languages of england from the roman withdrawal to the norman conquest (c.450 - 1066).

This new edition has been thoroughly updated to include the latest scholarship, and features 52 brand-new entries and a new appendix detailing english archbishops and bishops from 597 to 1066. as in the first edition, the Encyclopedia includes maps, line drawings, photos, a table of rulers of the english from 450 to 1066, and a comprehensive classified index of headwords. With an accessible layout and authoritative content, this is indispensable reading, both for specialists in this interdisciplinary field and for students looking for a thorough grounding in key topics.

Michael lapidge is emeritus elrington and Bosworth professor of anglo-Saxon at the University of cambridge, and a Fellow of clare college, cambridge.

John Blair is professor of Medieval history and archaeology at the University of oxford, and a Fellow of The Queen’s college, oxford.

SiMon KeyneS is elrington and Bosworth professor of anglo-Saxon at the University of cambridge, and a Fellow of Trinity college, cambridge.

donald Scragg is emeritus professor of anglo-Saxon Studies at the University of Manchester.

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Chapter No.: 1 Title Name: Comp. by: Date: 03 Sep 2013 Time: 09:25:21 AM Stage: Page Number: i

The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England

Chapter No.: 1 Title Name: Comp. by: Date: 03 Sep 2013 Time: 09:25:21 AM Stage: Page Number: iii

The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England

Second Edition

Edited by

Michael Lapidge, John Blair, Simon Keynes, and Donald Scragg

Chapter No.: 1 Title Name: Comp. by: Date: 03 Sep 2013 Time: 09:25:21 AM Stage: Page Number: iv

This second edition first published 2014© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Edition History: Blackwell Publishing Ltd (1e hardback 1999, 1e paperback 2001)

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Blackwell encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England / edited by Michael Lapidge, John Blair, Simon Keynes,

and Donald Scragg. – Second edition. pages cm Revised edition of: The Blackwell encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-65632-7 (cloth)1. Great Britain–History–Anglo-Saxon period, 449–1066–Encyclopedias. 2. England–Civilization–To 1066–Encyclopedias. I. Lapidge, Michael. II. Title. DA152.B58 2014 942.01–dc23

2013015800

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Cover image: Gold mount resembling a stylized sea-creature, from the Staffordshire Hoard. Photo © Birmingham Museums Trust.Cover design by Nicki Averill Design.

Set in 9/10.5pt Minion by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India

1 2014

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List of Illustrations viList of Contributors viiiPreface to the Second Edition xiPreface to the First Edition xiiiList of Abbreviations xv

THE ENCYCLOPEDIA ENTRIES 1

Appendix I: Rulers of the English, c.450–1066 521Appendix II: Archbishops and Bishops, 597–1066 539Note on Maps 9–12 567

Index of Contributors 573Classified Index of Head-Words 579

Contents

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Plates

1 Aerial photograph of crop marks showing cemetery. Copyright reserved, Cambridge University Collection of Aerial Photography 13

2 The Alfred Jewel. AN1836p.135.371, Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford 31

3 The Coppergate Helmet, York. Photograph © York Castle Museum 48

4 Bradford-on-Avon church. © Crown Copyright. English Heritage 77

5 A carpet page from the Lindisfarne Gospels, London, British Library, Cotton Nero D.IV, fol. 94v. © The British Library Board 88

6 A charter of Æthelwulf, King of Wessex and Kent, 843. London, British Library, Stowe Charter 17. © The British Library Board 100

7 A writ of Edward the Confessor for the monastery of St Denis (1053 × 1057). Cartons des rois, AE III 60 (K 19, no. 6). 101

8 Anglo-Saxon coins from the Fitzwilliam collection. © The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge 117

9 Images of kingship on Anglo-Saxon coins from the Fitzwilliam collection. © The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge 119

10 ‘An Anglo-Saxon king dispenses justice’. London, British Library, Cotton Claudius B.IV, fol. 59r. © The British Library Board 131

11 Earls Barton tower. Photograph by Simon Keynes 159

12 The Gosforth Cross. © Department of Archaeology, University of Durham 219

13 A hogback at Ingleby Arncliffe (Yorks.). © Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture. Photograph by T. Middlemass 245

14 King Cnut and Queen Ælfgifu from the New Minster Liber vitae. British Library, Stowe 944 fol. 6r. © The British Library Board 297

15 The Repton crypt. Photograph by Dr John Crook 403

16 The Ruthwell Cross. © Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture; photograph by T. Middlemass 415

17 The seal of Godwine (matrix and impression), walrus ivory, eleventh century. © The Trustees of the British Museum 427

18 The Winchester purse reliquary. Winchester Museums Service 435

19 The Kirkdale sundial and inscription. © Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture. Photograph by T. Middlemass 445

20 Aerial view of Sutton Hoo. Photograph by Nigel MacBeth 448

21 Wall painting in the church of Nether Wallop. © Crown Copyright. English Heritage 484

List of Illustrations

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L ist of Illustrations vii

22 Winchester School decoration: the New Minster Charter. London, British Library, Cotton Vespasian A.VIII, fol. 2v. © The British Library Board 503

23 The church at Wing. Photograph © P. S. Spokes; source: English Heritage 504

24 Hatfield Forest, wood-pasture, showing pollard trees cut for the first time. Photograph by Dr Oliver Rackham 508

Maps

1 Anglo-Saxon mills 3192 Offa’s Dyke 3493 The main Scandinavian settlement-

names in southern Britain 3774 Princely burials 3855 Barrows and barrow cemeteries 3866 Anglo-Saxon high-status sites 411

7 Sutton Hoo in its European context 450 8 The Tribal Hidage 474 9 The ‘Heptarchy’ (c.700) 56910 The Mercian Supremacy (c.800) 57011 The Kingdom of the

Anglo-Saxons (c.900) 57112 The Kingdom of the English (c.1000) 572

Figures

1 Brixworth: Anglo-Saxon phase (broken line) in relation to the present church. By permission of Oxford University Press 78

2 Cheddar: palace and minster (plan). © Philip Rahtz 104

3 Cheddar: the Anglo-Saxon palaces. © Philip Rahtz 105

4 The clothing of early Anglo-Saxon women (reconstruction). © Gale R. Owen-Crocker 110

5 Deerhurst St Mary as it may have been in the ninth century. © Rahtz and Watts 142

6 Anglo-Saxon embroidery (drawn from the Cuthbert stole and maniple). © Elizabeth Coatsworth 172

7 An Anglo-Saxon fishweir at Colwick, Notts. © C. R. Salisbury 190

8 The Fuller Brooch, housed at The British Museum 202

9 A selection of Anglo-Saxon jewellery types 264

10 Anglo-Saxon watermill at Tamworth (reconstruction). © Philip Rahtz 321

11 Monastic sites and enclosures 32712 The spatial development

of Anglo-Saxon Mucking. © English Heritage 333

13 Seventh- to ninth-century church groups 364

14 The development of Anglo-Saxon Repton 402

15 The ecclesiastical re-use of Roman remains 409

16 The Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sutton Hoo: burials known up to 1992 451

17 Reconstruction of the burial deposit in Sutton Hoo Mound 1 452

18 Late Anglo-Saxon tiles from Winchester 465

19 Planned towns, eighth to late ninth centuries 470

20 The Old Minster, Winchester (re-construction). © Winchester Excavations Committee 487

21 Yeavering (Northumbria): the late sixth- and seventh-century ritual and assembly site and royal residence 518

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List of Contributors

Richard Abels, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland

Grenville Astill, University of Reading

Mark Atherton, Regents Park College, Oxford

Richard N. Bailey, University of Newcastle

Peter S. Baker, University of Virginia

Debby Banham, Newnham College, Cambridge

Julia Barrow, University of Leeds

Martha Bayless, University of Oregon

Alex Bayliss, University College, London

Paul Bibire, Crail, Scotland

Martin Biddle, Hertford College, Oxford

Carole Biggam, University of Glasgow

(†)M. A. S. Blackburn, The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge

John Blair, The Queen’s College, Oxford

C. J. Bond, Walton-in-Gordano (Somerset)

Martin Brett, Robinson College, Cambridge

Mark Brisbane, University of Bournemouth

Nicholas Brooks, University of Birmingham

Kevin Brown, English Heritage, Bristol

Michelle P. Brown, Institute of English Studies, University of London

Esther Cameron, Institute of Archaeology, Oxford

Laurence Cameron, University of Halifax

James P. Carley, York University, Toronto

Martin Carver, University of York

Mary Clayton, University College, Dublin

Simon Esmonde Cleary, University of Birmingham

Elizabeth Coatsworth, Manchester Metropolitan University

Julie Coleman, University of Leicester

(†)H. E. J. Cowdrey, St Edmund Hall, Oxford

Barrie Cox, University of Nottingham

Rosemary Cramp, University of Durham

Sally Crawford, University of Birmingham

John Crook, Winchester

C. R. E. Cubitt, University of York

Maria Amalia D’Aronco, University of Udine

R. J. Darrah, Hodnet (Shropshire)

Tania M. Dickinson, University of York

Robert DiNapoli, University of the Third Age, Melbourne

Nicole Guenther Discenza, University of South Florida

Daniel Donoghue, Harvard University

Fiona Edmonds, Clare College, Cambridge

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L ist of Contribu tors ix

Rosamond Faith, Finstock (Oxon.)

Dora Faraci, University of Aquila

Gillian Fellows-Jensen, University of Copenhagen

Sarah Foot, Christ Church, Oxford

Paul Fouracre, University of Manchester

P. J. Fowler, University of Newcastle

Allen J. Frantzen, Loyola University

Richard Gameson, University of Durham

George Garnett, St Hugh’s College, Oxford

Mary Garrison, University of York

Richard Gem, Cathedrals Commission, London

Helen Gittos, University of Kent, Canterbury

Malcolm Godden, University of Oxford

Diana E. Greenway, Institute of Historical Research, London

(†)Mechthild Gretsch, University of Göttingen

Michael Gullick, The Red Gull Press

(†)R. A. Hall, York Archaeological Trust

Thomas N. Hall, formerly University of Notre Dame

Helena Hamerow, University of Oxford

Paul Antony Hayward, University of Lancaster

Isabel Henderson, Newnham College, Cambridge

T. A. Heslop, University of East Anglia

(†)John Higgitt, University of Edinburgh

N. J. Higham, University of Manchester

Joyce Hill, formerly University of Leeds

Terry Hoad, St Peter’s College, Oxford

Philip Holdsworth, Archaeology Section, Cumbria County Council, Kendal

Stephanie Hollis, University of Auckland

Carole Hough, University of Glasgow

Gillian Hutchinson, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich

(†)George Jack, University of St Andrews

Rohini Jayatilaka, formerly University of Oxford

Joy Jenkyns, St Edmund Hall, Oxford

S. E. Kelly, Portsmouth

Alan Kennedy, University of Sydney

Simon Keynes, Trinity College, Cambridge

(†)Birthe Kjølbye-Biddle, Oxford

Anne L. Klinck, University of New Brunswick

Lucia Kornexl, University of Jena

Michael Lapidge, Clare College, Cambridge

(†)Vivien Law, Trinity College, Cambridge

Graeme Lawson, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge

M. K. Lawson, St Paul’s School, London

Patrizia Lendinara, University of Palermo

R. M. Liuzza, University of Tennessee

R. C. Love, Robinson College, Cambridge

K. A. Lowe, University of Glasgow

Peter J. Lucas, University College, Dublin

Niels Lund, University of Copenhagen

Arthur MacGregor, The Ashmolean Museum, Oxford

Patrick McGurk, formerly Birkbeck College, London

Helen McKee, Oxford

Keith Manchester, University of Bradford

Richard Marsden, University of Nottingham

Audrey Meaney, Cambridge

Sean Miller, formerly Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge

(†)Bruce Mitchell, St Edmund Hall, Oxford

Marco Mostert, University of Utrecht

Rory Naismith, Clare College, Cambridge

Janet Nelson, King’s College, London

Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, St John’s College, Cambridge

William Noel, Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore

Katherine O’Brien O’Keeffe, University of California at Berkeley

Éamonn Ó Carragáin, University College, Cork

Andy Orchard, University of Oxford

Gale R. Owen-Crocker, University of Manchester

O. J. Padel, St Neots, Cornwall

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x List of Contribu tors

(†)R. I. Page, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge

David Park, Courtauld Institute of Art, London

David Parsons, University of Leicester

David A. E. Pelteret, formerly University of Toronto

Richard W. Pfaff, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Kathryn Powell, formerly University of Manchester

David Pratt, Downing College, Cambridge

(†)Phillip Pulsiano, Villanova University

Oliver Rackham, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge

(†)Philip Rahtz, University of York

Susan Rankin, Emmanuel College, Cambridge

Christine Rauer, University of St Andrews

Barbara C. Raw, Oxford

Roger E. Ray, University of Toledo

Paul G. Remley, University of Washington

Charlotte A. Roberts, University of Durham

Jane Roberts, King’s College, London

David Rollason, University of Durham

Susan Rosser, formerly University of Manchester

Donald Scragg, University of Manchester

Richard Sharpe, Wadham College, Oxford

Alice Sheppard, formerly Cornell University

Jeremy J. Smith, University of Glasgow

Pauline Stafford, University of Huddersfield

Wesley M. Stevens, University of Winnipeg

Matthew Stiff, Oxford

Alan Thacker, Victoria History of the Counties of England, London

Rodney M. Thomson, University of Tasmania

David E. Thornton, Bilkent University, Ankara

Elaine M. Treharne, Stanford University

Elisabeth van Houts, Emmanuel College, Cambridge

(†) Alan Vince, City of Lincoln Archaeology Unit, Lincoln

Keith Wade, Bury St Edmunds

Lorna Watts, Harome (Yorks.)

Leslie Webster, The British Museum, London

Jonathan Wilcox, University of Iowa

Ann Williams, Wanstead, London

Tom Williamson, University of East Anglia

D. R. Wilson, University of Keele

Ian Wood, University of Leeds

(†)Patrick Wormald, Christ Church, Oxford

Margaret Worthington, formerly University of Manchester

Charles D. Wright, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

B. A. E. Yorke, King Alfred’s College, Winchester

S. M. Youngs, The British Museum, London

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Preface to the Second Edition

During the fifteen years which have elapsed since the publication of the first edition, this Encyclopedia has remained constantly in print, and has sold in sat-isfying numbers. But inevitably there have been changes: Blackwell Publishers have become Wiley Blackwell Publishers; the volume of publication in the field of Anglo-Saxon studies has continued unabated; and many new discoveries, particularly in the field of archaeology – one thinks especially of the Prittlewell princely burial and the Staffordshire Hoard – have brought many new Anglo-Saxon artifacts to light. And there have been huge advances in fields relating to archaeological discovery, notably archaeobotany and palaeopathology. A number of large-scale publications, such as the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB) and the Oxford Handbook to Anglo-Saxon Archaeology (OHASA), have facilitated research on many aspects of the wider field. Developments such as these suggested to Wiley Blackwell, and to Tessa Harvey in  particular, that there was a strong case for pro-ducing a second, revised, edition of the original Encyclopedia.

In some ways the undertaking was relatively straightforward: the original team of four general editors (John Blair, Simon Keynes, Donald Scragg and myself) all agreed on the merits of a new edition and all were willing to devote their time and ener-gies to achieving it. But there were problems. There were some 150 contributors to the first edition; during the intervening fifteen years, a number of these have changed institutions, making it difficult to locate their present whereabouts, and many have

left the field altogether; some, indeed, have left this life. We made a concerted effort to contact all the original contributors, and succeeded in contacting some 115 of them; and, with a very few exceptions, all were willing to undertake revision and updating of their original entries. (In the case of the thirty-five or so unlocatable or deceased contributors, the general editors have supplied updated references to obvious secondary sources, such as ODNB or OHASA, but have not thought it appropriate to undertake more extensive revision without the orig-inal authors’ permission.) The general editors have also written or commissioned some fifty-two new entries, so as to fill perceived lacunae in the first edi-tion, and to provide coverage of new and important subjects (notably the Prittlewell princely burial and the Staffordshire Hoard). And Simon Keynes has compiled a comprehensive list of all Anglo-Saxon archbishops and bishops as a new, second, appendix, to accompany the (now lightly revised) Appendix of Rulers of the English which formed part of the first edition.

In many ways it is more difficult to revise a work on this scale than it would be simply to begin afresh. Particularly in the business of contacting original contributors, we have had excellent help and support from the desk editors at Wiley Blackwell, especially Anna Maria Mendell and Sally Cooper. At the copy-editing stage, the volume has had the benefit of the acute and intelligent attention of Janet Moth, to the great improvement of its layout and stylistic consist-ency. Throughout the several years of discussion, negotiation, and production, Tessa Harvey has been

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Preface to the Second Edition

a wonderful pillar of support (as she was fifteen and more years ago with the first edition), and that the revised edition appears at all is largely due to her unflagging enthusiasm for the project. Finally, I am very grateful for the support which I have had throughout from my three co-editors, each of whom has many other academic commitments, but has

somehow found time to help bring this revised edition of the Encyclopedia to completion.

Michael Lapidge(for the Editors)

January 2013

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The past generation has seen enormous advances in all aspects of Anglo-Saxon studies. Archaeology has brought to light hundreds of sites and thou-sands upon thousands of artifacts (including countless coins, which often provide indispensable evidence for dating) and revolutionary new tech-niques have evolved to assist the analysis of this unfathomable wealth of evidence; architectural historians have identified innumerable new build-ings, secular and ecclesiastical; refinements in pal-aeographical method have made it possible for the first time to identify, list, and date all the manu-scripts likely to have been written or owned in Anglo-Saxon England; historians have developed and perfected new skills in analysing the surviving documentary evidence; many new Anglo-Latin authors and texts have been discovered; and even the relatively stable corpus of literature in Old English has undergone waves of reassessment as new critical approaches gain ascendancy. The bur-geoning of knowledge – and ipso facto the vitality of the subject – are witnessed by that fact that each year some 1,000 publications are recorded in the annual bibliography, covering all aspects of the subject, which is printed in Anglo-Saxon England. The time has long passed when any professional scholar, let alone layman, could expect to control the whole of the field of Anglo-Saxon studies; and so vast is the secondary literature in any particular field that hardly anyone is in a position to keep up with it. Growing specialization in individual fields has meant that it is increasingly difficult to find even basic bibliographical orientation in ancillary disciplines.

The need for a single handbook which would provide such orientation has long been felt. Some fifteen years ago, Blackwell Publishers took steps to address the need by establishing an editorial com-mittee under the direction of R. I. Page, with the aim of producing a single-volume companion to all aspects of Anglo-Saxon studies. The editorial board consisted (at various times) of R. I. Page as general editor, together with Catherine Hills, Christine Fell, Simon Keynes, Malcolm Godden, Fred Robinson, and myself. Many hours’ work went into devising a  list of head-words, drawing up guidelines for contributors, drafting specimen entries, and com-missioning articles from specialists. Although many invitations were sent out to contributors in 1984–5, and although a number of contributions were received, the project faltered, perhaps because of its comprehensive scope, perhaps because the editors had underestimated the amount of energy which would be required to see it to completion.

A number of years later, on the occasion of the ISAS meeting in Oxford (July 1993), I happened to find myself in conversation with John Davey (then chief editor of Blackwell Publishers, and one of the initiators of the original conception of a compan-ion to Anglo-Saxon studies). We reiterated our mutual conviction that the conception of the single-volume companion was an excellent one, and lamented that it had been abandoned. After some discussion I agreed to try to resuscitate the project, on the condition that a new editorial team could be appointed, which would have the single-minded determination necessary to see the project through to completion.

Preface to the First Edition

The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon EnglandCopyrightContentsList of IllustrationsList of ContributorsPreface to the Second EditionPreface to the First EditionList of AbbreviationsEncyclopedia Entries toThe Wiley Blackwell Encyclopediaof Anglo-Saxon EnglandA B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y

Appendix I Rulers of the English, c.450–1066I. Kings of KentII. Kings of the NorthumbriansIII. Kings of the MerciansIV. Kings of the East AnglesV. Kings of the South SaxonsVI. Kings of the East SaxonsVII. Kings of the West Saxons

Appendix IIArchbishops and Bishops, 597–1066I. KentII. The East SaxonsIII. The South SaxonsIV. The West SaxonsV. The East AnglesVI. The Mercians, Middle Angles and LindseyVII. Northumbria

Note on Maps 9–12 Index of ContributorsClassified Index of Head-Words Cross-references are in square brackets