The west in the industrial age
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Transcript of The west in the industrial age
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The West in the Industrial Age
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I. The Industrial Revolution Takes ShapeDuring 18th century the way goods were produced & the way labor was organized.New forms in power, replace animal strength & human muscle, newly discovered raw materials, new production system, & new methods in agriculture.
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A. Changes in Great Britain
1. Labor Supply2. Natural resources3. Investment capital4. Entrepreneurs5. Transportation6. Markets
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B. Advances in AgricultureJethro Tull•Mechanical drill
-that made holes in the soil & dropped seeds• Horse-drawn hoe
-broke up & loosened the soil so that plants could grew better
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Mechanical drill & Horse-drawn hoe (1701)
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Robert Bakewell• Scientific breeding programs• - to produce cattle w/ more meat, sheep w/ finer wool, & cows w/ better milk
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cattle/ cow & sheep
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Charles Townshend• English statesman• Experimented w/
crop rotation- a practice of
alternating cops in a field from year to year.• He also discovered
the use of “Clover” in restoring the fertility the soil
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• He also taught the farmers to grow “Turnips” which could be stored to feed livestock during winter.
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C. Change in Textile IndustryDomestic System or cottage industry
-a manufacturing system whereby workers make products in their own homes with materials supplied by entrepreneurs.
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John Kay• Invented flying shuttle (1733)
-used in speed up weaving cloth
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Flying Shuttle
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James Hargreaves• In 1760 he invented the “Spinning Jenny” contained a series of spindles to speed up weaving cloth
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The Spinning Jenny
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Richard Arkwright
• In 1769 he invented “water frame” used water to run a spinning machine
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Edmund Cartwright
•He also invented a machine in 1785 run by water called “Loom”
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Water Frame & Loom
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Eli Whitney• In 1793 he invented “Cotton Gin”
-a machine can remove seeds from the fibers
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Cotton Gin
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D. The factory system develops.
Factory system – a manufacturing method for a standardized product or products in which fixed capital, raw material, and labor operations are centralized and sophisticated machinery is often used.
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E. Iron making process change.
Henry Cort-devised the
puddling process-the of used coal,
which was cheaper & more plentiful than charcoal & it can produced iron 15x faster than the older system.
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Puddling Process
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In 1850’s a quick & inexpensive process
was devised for changing iron into
steel. Because steel is more durable than
iron, it soon came to be used in most heavy
equipment.
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William Kelly & Henry Bessemer
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F. Steam engines revolutionize industry & transportation.
In 1769 James Watt a Scottish engineer develop a steam engine to grain speed in production.
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Steam Engine
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G. Science & technology continue
to bring changes.Alessandro Volta-invented the1st electric battery.-Italian Physicist
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Michael Faraday-English Physicist & chemist-produced electricity by moving a magnet through coil of copper wire
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James Clerk Maxwell-English Physicist-Predicted the existence of invisible electromagnetic waves.
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Heinrich Hertz-from Germany -discovered a way to send, receive, & measure the electromagnetic waves.
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Samuel F. B. Morse- An American invented “Telegraph”
- -messages spelled in a code of “dots” & “dashes” sent by electricity carried through wires
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Alexander Graham Bell-invented “Telephone”
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Guglielmo Marconi-an Italian inventor -sent the 1st wireless message his instrument used the electromagnetic or radio waves
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Thomas Alva Edison- Invented “light bulb” & “phonograph”
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Karl Benz & Gottlieb Daimler
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The pioneered in the development of the internal-combustion engine. They produced engines small enough to use in early automobiles.
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Rudolf Diesel & Henry Ford
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Orville & Wilbur Wright
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H. Industrial Revolution spreads to
other countries.
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2. Industrialization changes working & living conditions.
1. Workers• Wages are low• Unsecure employment• Sick & elderly workers received no pay & fired• They replace men w/ woman & children, who
were paid lower wages2. Factory owners did not consider safety:• Poor lighting• Dirt• Noise from machine• Smoke & fumes
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A. Factory workers face hardships.3.Child Labor• Age of 10 children work at the factory• Sometimes the child workers beat by the supervisors to keep them awake & alert
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B. Industrialization brings long range
benefits.1.A rapidly expanding population.2.Factory-made goods were plentiful
& priced within the reach of most people.
3.The growing cities offered many varied opportunities for advancement, and
4.Workers who acquired special skills & education had hopes of entering the middle class
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3. New Economic Theories Develop
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