The Weight of History

Shunji Cui Department of Political Science

School of Public Affairs Zhejiang University

Email: ssjcui@zju.edu.cn

PEAP ： L6

Anti-Japanese Sentiment in China

Students Demonstration 2005

2012 Over Islands Row

Why nationalism in East Asia often causing conflicts between countries?

Why is it so difficult for governments to pursue conciliatory FP towards each other?

How does nationalism play in relations in East Asia?

The arrival of nationalism in East Asia

The Sino-Centric World Order Until it encountered the European IS in mid-19cEast Asia：A self-contained world == the ‘Chinese world order’ ‘the East Asian world order’ This Sino-centric world was a ‘regional’ society, or a ‘sub-global international system’It developed within the area of Chinese culture and was heavily influenced by the civilisation of ancient China. It co-existed with the European society of states until the mid-nineteenth century.

The Sino-Centric World Order Yet it was also a unified and ‘universal’ empire, which

theoretically embraced the entire world. J. K. Fairbank (1968): Although in European parlance, it became the Far East,

in Chinese terms this Far Eastern world was Sino-centric.

From time of the Middle Kingdom (中国 , China), it was dominated by the Chinese empire (天下 , all-

under-heaven), presided over by the Son of Heaven (天子 , the Chinese

emperor).

The Traditional Chinese World Order The Influence of Confucian Doctrine 天子 , the Son of Heaven = The Chinese emperor China, (中国 ) = The Middle Kingdom 天下 , all-under-heaven = the Chinese empire Hierarchical Order Five important human relations father/son,

ruler/official, husband/wife, elder/younger brother, friend/friend. kowtows

The Great Leaning《大学》 on order & peace Chinese Civilizational Superiority Historical Continuity

The European Expansion to East Asia 19c, the West Expansion, the failure of normal

trading and diplomatic relations. The Opium War, 1840 ～

Treaty of Nanjing with Britain (1842) Treaty of Tianjin with Russia (1860) They were opprobrium ‘unequal treaties’ Imposed, dictated unequal obligations, compromised

China’s sovereignty, symbolized evolving perception of humiliation and injustice.

From Western Intrusion to Japanese Imperialism Sino-Japanese War, 1894-95 Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1930s, and

conquering most of Chinese territory 1940s

The Collapse of Chinese Empire The entry of China and Japan into the Western-dominated

international society indicated that end of Chinese WO But it is still important to ask as how???? The impact of external threat??? bound regional actors more

strongly together against a common enemy?? If so, Western expansion might have generated a regional

collective identity, a ‘we-ness’ against the ‘other’. Yet the processes telling us something different stories. There was no ‘common response’ and, indeed, if anything,

regional collective identity was weakened rather than strengthened. In particular, the rise of Sino-Japanese rivalry, and Korea became the focal point in this drama.

Korea’s Entry into IS Korea’s Refusal to entry into Western IS China’s A Dualistic Policy towards Korea Japan Opens Korea

The Treaty of Kanghwa and the Opening of Korea The ‘Sei-Kan Ron’(征韩论 ) and the ‘Unyo’ Incident The Treaty of Kanghwa, 27 February 1876. China’s Interventionist Posture Korea’s treaties with Western powers The End of Chinese WO by the early 1880s Sino-Japanese War in 1894-95

Meiji Restoration

Satsuma–Chōshū Alliance

Satsuma (Kagoshima prefecture) Chōshū (Yamaguchi prefecture)

KyotoCapital of Nara,

Heian Periods

Images of Japanese Militarism

Implications to Regional Identity

For Japan

For China

For Korea

For SEAn Countries