The ways of knowingThe ways of knowing

12 Angry Men12 Angry Men

How did the various jurors How did the various jurors justify justify their beliefstheir beliefs that the defendant was that the defendant was guilty/innocent?guilty/innocent?

What What ‘‘ways of knowingways of knowing’’ are implicit in are implicit in these justifications?these justifications?

12 Angry Men12 Angry Men

EmotionEmotion

AngerAnger HateHate Indifference/ignoranceIndifference/ignorance EmpathyEmpathy Instincts Instincts ““gut feelingsgut feelings””

Emotions play a powerful role Emotions play a powerful role in shaping in shaping thoughts, influencing behaviour, and thoughts, influencing behaviour, and steering the pursuit of knowledgesteering the pursuit of knowledge. .

PerceptionPerception Expectations- we can often see or hear what Expectations- we can often see or hear what

we expect rather than what really happenedwe expect rather than what really happened Filtering out- our senses receive much more Filtering out- our senses receive much more

information that we are capable of information that we are capable of processing. processing.

Limitations of human senses can cause Limitations of human senses can cause problems. problems.

We perceive the world through our five We perceive the world through our five senses: sense perception is the active, senses: sense perception is the active, selective and interpretative process of selective and interpretative process of recording or becoming conscious of the recording or becoming conscious of the external world. external world.

LanguageLanguage

Cultural & Class differences can lead Cultural & Class differences can lead to different understanding and use of to different understanding and use of language can lead to language can lead to miscommunication miscommunication

Language can be thought of as a Language can be thought of as a symbol systemsymbol system, engaged in , engaged in representing the world, capturing representing the world, capturing and communicating thought and and communicating thought and experience experience

ReasonReason

Unreliable judgments and logical Unreliable judgments and logical fallaciesfallacies

Reasoning is a collective endeavour Reasoning is a collective endeavour by which people construct meaning by which people construct meaning together by exchanging, modifying together by exchanging, modifying and improving their ideas and and improving their ideas and opinions opinions

FallaciesFallacies

Logical errors in an argument.Logical errors in an argument.

Fallacies are the nemesis of scientific Fallacies are the nemesis of scientific inquiry. They are commonly inquiry. They are commonly committed because people are committed because people are primarily concerned with achieving a primarily concerned with achieving a goal, playing on human emotion, goal, playing on human emotion, ignorance and prejudice.ignorance and prejudice.