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Transcript of The way to Japan’s Revival GSR / Embassy of Switzerland – Tokyo Science &Technology Division May...
The way to Japan’s Revival
GSR / Embassy of Switzerland – Tokyo
Science &Technology DivisionMay 2002
Different perceptions, indeed!
WHAT THE WORLD SEES
• 0.89% Growth of GDP over the last decade (FY01 GDP decrease 1%)
• 130% proportion of public debt to total GDP
• $276 mia. Value of bad bank loans outstanding
• Deflation• Depression syndrome• A Rapidly Aging society
WHAT JAPAN SEES
• 12.1% Savings rate, one of the world-s highest: Japan public savings = $11 trio
• 5.5% Unemployement, one of the world’s lowest
• $33’840 Average individual gross income
• $400 Mia in foreign currencies, world’largest reserve
Si le Japon était un village de 1000 habitants…
• 511 seraient des femmes et 489 des hommes• 10 étrangers vivraient dans ce village• 506 habitants travailleraient: 297 hommes
209 femmesdont 423 dans les entreprises (50 dans le secteur de la construction)
et 34 dans l’administration• 55 seraient au chômage• 46 habitants auraient moins de 4 ans, et
179 plus de 65 ans• Et dans 50 ans ce village ne comptera plus que…
791 habitants!
Quelques caractéristiques de la société nippone
• Une société basée sur:L’harmonie et l’unité – l’égalitarisme – la poursuite
du consensusLa société japonaise n’est pas fondée sur l’individu
mais sur les relations entre individusLa coopération des individus – importance
primordiale du groupe (responsabilité partagée)La fidélité à une organisation (contrat réciproque:
emploi à vie)Le respect de la séniorité – hiérarchie - tradition
Japan Competitiveness
• Japan is gliding down the world competitiveness ranking established by the IMD: in 2002, Japan is 30th (among 49 countries)! just in front of China...
Japan seems to lack an attractive business climate
in terms of: heavy costs, reputation of a closed society, excess regulations and v. heavy bureaucracy, lack of internationally minded skilled people.
Foreign Direct Investment
• end of FY2000: total FDI inward stock $50 bn equivalent to 12% of GDP (UK: 34%, US: 30%)
• FDI inward flow for FY2000 6 times greater than the figure for FY92
• Ratio of FDI stock outward / inward = 5.5 Very high! (1.9 in UK, 1.4 FR, 0.9 in US)
• FY92: outw.flow/ inw. flow= 8.4FY2000: 1.7
• 5 times more M&A in 2000 than in 1996
Japanese Strength in Technology
• Technology Exports: ca.$8 bnTechnology Imports: ca.$3 bn
=> Technology Trade Balance = 2.39, the largest in history (in comparison USA, TTB = 0.85)
• World’s largest number of patents
• #people involved in R&D activities: ca.1 mio, = 16/1000 labor force, one of the highest ratio in the world
• Ratio of R&D expenditures ($125 bn) against GDP = 3.18%, the largest in history (in comp. USA = 2.6%)
PRESENT CHALLENGES FOR JAPAN
• Paradigm shift:> from “catch up” to “front-runner” (->basic sciences)
• Mounting competition from China & SE Asia>increase high tech industries
• Compatibility to the new global economy>New human management necessary!
• Increase its industrial competitiveness>deregulate, stimulate private sector R&D (tax breaks, restructurate certain industrial sectors), improve transfer of technology Academia-Ind.-Government
• Reform the Education System: promote competition, cultivate creativity & individuality
Driving Forces for Economic Growth
Capital Intensive
Heavy Industries: Chemical;
Shipbuilding
Labor Intensiveindustries
Knowledge Intensive
Light Industries: Semiconductors
PCs
KnowledgeCreating
Industries
CyberTechnologyBiotechnology
Nanotechnology
50’s - 60’s 70’s - 80’s 21st CenturyPre-Modern Era
SMILE
SMILE!
• S for Systemization and integration
• M for Materials and nanosciences
• I for Information
• L for Life Sciences
• E for Environment
Major Aims of Governmental Reform
• Strengthening function of PM's Office Making leadership of PM stronger Three Ministers of StateCouncil for Economy and Finance Council for S&T Policy
Making the central government smaller by merger of ministries
e.g. Merger of Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture and STA
Science and Technology Administration in JapanPrime MinisterPrime Minister
Cabinet Office for basic policy and general Cabinet Office for basic policy and general coordination on important for cabinetcoordination on important for cabinet
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Post and Telecommunications
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Minister of State for ScienceMinister of State for Science and Technology Policyand Technology Policy
Science Vice-Science Vice-MinisterMinister
ParliamentaryParliamentarySecretarySecretary
Director-General Bureau of Science and Technology PolicyDirector-General Bureau of Science and Technology Policy
Council for Science and Council for Science and Technology PolicyTechnology Policy Atomic EnergyAtomic Energy
CommissionCommission
Nuclear SafetyCommission
Ministry of the Environment
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry NationalResearchInstitutes
NationalUniversities
and Laboratories
S&T POLICY
Five-year Basic Science &Technology Plans
• April 96 to March 01TARGET
> Doubling spending public money on R&D: commitment to invest Yen 17 trillion ($150 billion) in R&D over this 5 year period !!!
• April 01 to March 06TARGETS
> Half of govt. research funds earmarked for basic research should go to curiosity-oriented research> Double the amount of “competitive funds” (from 9% to 18%)
S&T POLICY Second Science & Technology Basic Plan
Three major goals:• The promotion of science, with an emphasis on
contributions to the world through scientific knowledge
• Ensuring a safe, healthy life for the japanese people
• Achieving sustainable economic development through technological innovation
S&T POLICY
2nd Science & Technology Basic Plan
Adopting a strategic approach to government research investments:
• Promoting Basic research• Focus on R&D responding national and social issues:
4 highly prioritized areasLife sciences, Health and Medical treatment Information and Telecommunications, Environmental Science, Nanotechnology and Materials
S&T POLICY
2nd Science & Technology Basic Plan
Reforming the S&T systems
• Building competitive research environment• Improving university facilities• Improving evaluation system• Enhancing young researcher’s independence and
mobility• Promoting cooperation among academic, industrial
and governmental research sectors• Enhancing communications with society
Governmental Budget on S&T
• FY 2002: 3.539 Trillion Yen (SFr. 45 Mia)
• FY 2001: 3.469 Trillion Yen
• Second S&T Basic Plan (FY 2001 - 2005): Aims at Spending 24 Trillion Yen (ca. SFr. 300 Mia) over the next 5 years
Budget by Fields FY2002
Life Sciences, Health & Medical Treatment
Yen 436.6 bn (SFr. 5.5 Mia)
+5%
Information & Telecommunication
Yen 245.6 bn (SFr. 3 Mia)
-1.5%
Environmental Science Yen 764.3 bn +6%
Nanotechnology & Material Science
Yen 123.2 bn (SFr. 1.55Mia)
+13%
Energy Yen 703.3 bn
Japan R&D Expenditures (FY2000) $125 bn (+1,7% from FY99)
ca. 3.2% GDP
Performers
Companies 66% $ 83 bn
Univ. 20% $24 bn
Research Inst. 14% $17bn
Sources
Industry 78% Govt 22%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Government R&D Expenditures
Evolution over last decade (in 100 bn Yen)
Contents1. Universities in Japan2. Timeline of Transfer to Independent Admin Body3. Toyama Plan: Guideline for University Reform by
MEXT4. Alliances among Universities5. New HR System, New Organizations at Univ6. Competitive Funds7. Industry-Academia Cooperation 8. TLO’s and MOT9. Future Issues for Universities in Japan
1. Universities in Japan: (1) Education
• 49% of eligible students proceed to univ.
• 101 national universities and colleges
• 496 private universities - educating 70% of nation’s students
• 66 regional universities
• All national universities offer Master’s, 80 of them offer Ph.D.
1. University in Japan: (2) Research
• Universities spent 1.99 trillion yen in R&D in FY 2000
• 251 venture companies emerged from universities by Aug 2001
• Very few licensed patents: Univ. account for 20% of nation’s R&D expenditures and employ 35% of country’s researchers but were granted only 161 patents in FY2000
1. University in Japan: (3) Collaboration with industry
Domestic
Collaboration still very much based on individual networks (a professor – company resonance):
informal and consultative.
R&D funds paid by Jap. companies to Japanese Univ. increased from 38,4 bn Yen in FY96 to 73 bn Yen in FY99;
65% going to national universities
1. University in Japan: (3) Collaboration with industry
International
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
to overseasinstitutions
to domesticinstitutions
to jap.Institutions
JP Companies investments in univ. and labs
overseas investments
Unit: $ mio
FY99
Industry increasingly outsourcing R&D abroad
2. Timeline for Transition to Independent Administrative Bodies
• March 2002: MEXT issued Final Report on Study of Privatization of National Universities: “On New Form of National Universities”
• FY 2004: Transfer all national universities to the independent administrative bodies– Mergers and realignment of universities to be
done by FY 2004
3. Toyama Plan: Guideline by MEXT for Univ. Reform
• Promote consolidation and realignment of universities
• Revitalize universities
• Introduce private sector’s competition theory• Prompt transfer to independent admin bodies
• Introduce competitions via third-party evaluation• Elevate the level of Japanese universities: Top 30 universities
in Japan to be world top class
3. Toyama Plan: TOP 30 Program for Universities
• Select top 30 universities in 10 fields • Nurture the top 30 universities to the world
class, by competition via evaluation and prioritized resource allocation (between yen 100 mio and Yen 500 mio/year/Univ.)
Goals: 1) World-class environment and system for research & education, 2) Internationally competitive HR, 3) Contribution to the society
4. Alliances among Universities
• 75 out of 101 considering consolidations/ alliance with other universities
• 9 cases already reached agreement to merge• Consolidations tend to be based on
geography and on academic fields• Some universities determined to stay on
their own (Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo Univ. of Foreign Studies etc.,)
Hokkaido (7)
Tohoku (7)
Shikoku (7)
Kanto (20)
Chubu (22)
Kinki (15)
Chugoku (6)
Kyushu (14)
Okinawa (1)
4. Local Alliances (Number of National Universities as of April 2002)
5. New Management System for Universities
• More Teaching staff from outside organization, industry, and abroad
• HR Management based on merits and abilities• Increase Tenure Track Professors• Independence for parts of universities (Business
Schools, Law Schools)• Increased Transparency• Evaluation by the Third Party Organization
6. Competitive Funds(1) Govt Scheme
• 2nd S&T Basic Plan: Goal to double competitive funds
• 30% Overhead to be secured within competitive funds
• Reform Planning on Competitive Funds at CSTP
Research funds on open and competitive-proposal basis
1.311.66 1.79
2.28 2.51 2.67
2.0
0
1
2
3
'96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02
(Bil
$)
[+6.4%][+10.0%][+13.5%]
[+12.5%]
1$=130yen
[+7.6%][+27.0%]
6. Competitive Funds (2) MEXT
MEXT has 5 major platforms of competitive funds;1. Grants-in-aid for S&T 2. Core Research for Evolutional Science and
Technology (CREST)3. Special Coordination Fund for Promotion of S&T 4. Research for the Future Program5. Funding for Innovative Technology Development
Project
7. Industry-Academia Cooperation (1) Laws to facilitate tech transfer
1998: “Law for Promotion of Technology Transfer from Universities” (Nat’l univs can establish TLOs
2000: Law to Strengthen Industrial Technological Ability
2000: Change in rules for professors at national univ.: now possible to take up executive positions in companies
2001: Ease Patent Law for National University Researchers
• Professors will be able to obtain equities such as stock options as remuneration from their venture companies (2002)
• Ceiling on compensation money for inventions will be removed (2002)
7. Industry-Academia Cooperation (2) Law to be facilitated
7. Industry-Academia Cooperation (3) Government Initiatives
• Toyama Plan (MEXT; June 2001)– Corporatize 700 patents at Univ in 5 years
– Create 10 “Silicon Valleys” in 10 years
• Hiranuma Plan (METI; May 2001)– Venture Companies 1000 in 3 years
– 10 Fold Patents from Univ in 10 Years
7. Industry-Academia Cooperation (4) Technology Licensing Offices
• 27 TLOs as of April 2002• Domestic Patent Application through TLOs:
1306 cases as of Sept. 2001 (740 in Dec 2000)
• 263 Venture companies from Univ.• FY 2002 METI will invest 47.7 billion yen ,
MEXT 32.4 billion, in academia-industry cooperation
7. Industry-Academia Cooperation (5) Local Intellectual Clusters
• Launch FY 2002 ~ by MEXT
• 5-year program, 6 billion yen annually
• To make national universities CORES of industrial clusters for innovation
• Boost local economy via cooperation with industry
• 10 Clusters will be launched in FY 2002
7. (5) Intellectual Clusters
Sapporo: IT
Sendai: IT
Takamatsu: Bio
Hiroshima: Bio
Nagano/Ueda: Nanotech
Hamamatsu: Opto-Electronics
Osaka Area : Biomedicine
Keihanna: IT/Genome
Kyoto: Nanotech
Kita Kyushu: IT(LSI)
Fukuoka:IT
Kobe: Med
7. Industry-Academia Cooperation(6) TLO + MoT
TLO: Transit Point of Technology
Demand for More Comprehensive System
Management of Technology (MoT)• 13 universities are considering establishing
Management of Technology programs as of March 2002.
Life Science Budget FY02By Ministry
• Ministry of Economy, Trade and IndustryUS$207 Million
• Ministry of Health, Welfare, and LaborUS$812.7 Million
• Ministry of Education and ScienceUS$1619.2 Million
• Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery and ForestUS$123.07 Million
• Ministry of EnvironmentUS$30.5 Million
Life Science Budget FY02By Ministry
Ministry of Environment
1%
Ministry of Agriculture
4%METI7%
Ministry of Health & Labor 29%
MEXT59%
Bio Ventures in Japan
60 250
~1998
September 2001
2010 (Target)
Source: Presentation by Japan Bioindustry Association
1000The National
Strategy for Industrial
Biotechnologies
MAJOR OBJECTS OF RESEARCH IN LIFE SCIENCE
• Age-Associated Diseases : Prevention and Treatment Based on Genomics, Postgenomics and Regenerative Medicine
• Infectious, Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases ; Mechanisms and Prevention
• Brain Research ; Basic and Clinical• Use of Biological Materials for Industries or Bioremediation of
Environment• Food Production & Functional Foods Through Plant Genomics• Bioengineering &Challenge to New Interdisciplinary Areas
• Biological Resources as Infrastructure
Source: CSTP
POSTGENOMICS
• Functional GenomicsFunctional Genomics• Whole Genome Expression Study Whole Genome Expression Study
(Transcriptomics)(Transcriptomics)• Genetic Polymorphism, Especially Single Genetic Polymorphism, Especially Single
NucleotideNucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)Polymorphisms (SNPs)• Comparative GenomicsComparative Genomics• Proteomics and Structural GenomicsProteomics and Structural Genomics• BioinformaticsBioinformatics
Source: CSTP
FY01 Budget on nanotechnology-related items: (Total 60.5 billion yen)
Instrumentation18%
Medicine/bio6%
Environment/Energy8%
IT/Communications36%
Nanomaterials32%
Nanotech Market Size by Field
914471 628
113883
1404
13865
8908
21311593
415 417
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
IT Electronics ProcessMaterials
Measurement,Fabrication
andSimulation
Environmentand Energy
Life Science Others
2005
2010
Billion Y
Inter-Ministerial Structure of Nanotech R&D Strategy
METIMPHPTMAFFMHWL
Flagship Projects
MEXT
JST
RIKENNIMS
Universities
Priority Projects (Challenge-Type Projects)
Generic Technologies (nano-analysis, nano-fabrication,
nano-simulation, etc.)
Fundamental Research
Strategy R&D in Nanotech Policy proposal from Keidanren
Flagship Projects•R&D focused on application and industrialization in 5 - 10 years•Network-type COE operation
Future Projects
•Targeted R&D based on basic technology•Network-type COE operation•Well-timed practical application (VBs)
Fundamental Research •Emphasis on creativity of researchers•Clustering of research
Source: "A Future Society Built by Nanotechnology," Journal of Japanese Trade & Industry, Vol. 20, No. 5, p 32.
Strategy R&D in Nanotech: Flagship Projects
1) Next generation semiconductor technology
2) Terabit-level information storage technology
3) Network Devices
IT: Developing Low-Power, High-performance Technology for Building a Ubiquitous network Society
MAJOR OBJECTIVES OF HIGH PRIORITY IN NANOTECHNOLOGY
AND MATERIAL SCIENCE
• Nanodevice and Materials for IT and Telecommunication of the Next Generation
• Materials for Efficient Energy Utilization and for Reduction of Environmental Chemicals
• Nanobiology for Medical Use and Technologies Based on Biological Mechanisms
• Basic Technologies for Measurement, Standardization. Processing and Mathematical Simulation
• Materials with Innovative Characters and Functions Source: CSTP
MAJOR OBJECTS OF RESEARCH IN IT AND TELECOMMUNICATION
• Ubiquitous Network Society ; Broadband, Mobile Internet System with Convenience, Security and High Fidelity
• New Device and Software ; Human Interface Technology, Quantum Technology etc.
• Next Generation Computer
• Interdisciplinary Areas and Infrastructure Including Data Base
Source: CSTP
MAJOR OBJECTIVES OF HIGH PRIORITY
IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Global Warming and Modeling. Global Warming and Modeling.
Eco-engineering for Recycling of Resources.Eco-engineering for Recycling of Resources.
Eco-science of Urban and Suburban Areas Eco-science of Urban and Suburban Areas
from Viewpoint of Water Management.from Viewpoint of Water Management.
Management and Risk Assessment of Management and Risk Assessment of Chemical Substances.Chemical Substances.
Source: CSTP