The Water Energy Nexus Donald Bren School of Environmental Science and Management

The Water Energy Nexus

Donald Bren School of Environmental Science and ManagementUniversity of California Santa Barbara

May 8-9, 2008

Michael MurrayDirector of Corporate Environmental Policy

mmurray@sempra

San Diego Gas & Electric

Sempra Generation

Sempra Pipelines & Storage

Sempra LNG

RBS Sempra Commodities

SouthernCalifornia Gas

California UtilitiesCalifornia Utilities Natural Gas InfrastructureNatural Gas Infrastructure Global CommoditiesGlobal Commodities

Energy and Water Relationship

Energy production requires water

• Thermoelectric cooling

• Hydropower

• Extraction and mining

• Fuel Production (H2, ethanol)

• Emission controls

Water production and distribution requires energy

• Pumping

• Treatment

• Transport

• Wastewater treatment

Diagram of Energy and Water Distribution Systems

Water, Energy and Climate Change Policy Intersection

l

Water PolicyEnergy Policy

Carbon Change Policy

Policy “Sweet Spot”

Maximize Policy synergies by focusing on areas of overlap.

How Energy Impacts Water Quantity and Quality

Energy Element Connection to Water Quantity

Connection to Water Quality

Energy Extraction and Production Oil and Gas Exploration

Water for drilling, completion, and fracturing

Impact on shallow groundwater quality

Oil and Gas Production

Large volume of produced, impaired water

Produced water can impact surface and groundwater

Coal and Uranium Mining

Mining operations can generate large quantities of water

Tailings and drainage can impact surface water and ground-water

Electric Power Generation Thermo electric (fossil, biomass, nuclear, solar thermal)

Surface water and groundwater for cooling** and scrubbing

Thermal and air emissions from impact surface waters and ecology

Hydro electric Reservoirs lose large quantities to evaporation

Can impact water temperatures, quality, ecology

Solar PV and Wind None during operation; minimal water use for panel and blade washing

How Energy Impacts Water Quantity and Quality

Energy Element

Connection to Water Quantity

Connection to Water Quality

Refining and Processing Traditional Oil and Gas Refining

Water needed to refine oil and gas

End use can impact water quality

Biofuels and Ethanol

Water for growing and refining

Refinery waste water treatment

Synfuels and Hydrogen

Water for synthesis or steam reforming

Wastewater treatment

Energy TransportationEnergy Pipelines Water for hydrostatic

testing Wastewater requires treatment

Coal Slurry Pipelines

Water for slurry transport; water not returned

Final water is poor quality; requires treatment

Barge Transport of Energy

River flows and stages impact fuel delivery

Spills or accidents can impact water quality

Water Intensity for Various Power Generation Technologies

From a water use perspective natural gas combined cycle plants use less water than any other generation technology that uses cooling. Dry cooling (air) reduces water use, but increases carbon emissions and increases cost due to lost efficiency (up to 25% on hot dry days.) Source: Energy Demands of Water Resources; Report to Congress on the interdependency of Energy and Water, U.S. Department of Energy, December 2006; page 38.

Providing Water is an Energy Intensive Enterprise

• Significant Energy required to transport, treat, and distribute water (about 19% of state electricity use)

• Costs varies significantly by local. –Generally, the greater

the level of imported water, the greater the embedded energy in water.

• Most water is in Northern California and must be moved south, often over mountains in a very energy intensive process.

• >3500kwh per acre foot to deliver water to So Cal.

kWh/Million gallons

Water Cycle Segments Low High Supply and Conveyance 0 16,000 Treatment 100 1,500 Distribution 700 1,200 Wastewater Collection and Treatment 1,100 4,600 Wastewater Discharge 0 400 TOTAL 1,900 23,700

Recycled Water Treatment and Distribution for Non-potable Uses 400 1,200 Source: CEC 2005

Examples : Sempra’s Efforts to Address Water Energy Nexus

• Use of Recycled Water at Generation Stations

• Integrating Water and Energy Conservation Programs

Recycled Water USE -- SDG&E’s Palomar Energy Center

100 % of its non-potable water needs met with recycled water.

–Cooling–Landscaping–Firefighting

Uses 3.6 Million Gallons/Day

Source of Recycled water is the from the City of Escondido's Hale Avenue Resource Recovery Facility

Delivered via 1.1 mile pipeline.

SDG&E Energy and Water Conservation Program

Managed Landscape Pilot Project• SDG&E contracts with water management service company for a

Managed Landscape Pilot Project, conducted in the San Diego region at property sites owned by third party participants.

• Ideal location would be a property site with a minimum of four irrigated acres. The pilot would involve up to approximately 20 sites of four acres each.

• The objective would be to document and verify achieved water savings and related energy savings obtained through a guaranteed performance contract with the participants, based on a pre-implementation audit and work plan.

Recycled Water Retrofit • The County Water Authority and its member agencies would identify

sites with completed retrofit plans that would allow the customer immediately to switch from potable water usage to recycled water. SDG&E and the County Water Authority would both provide funding for eligible projects.

Large Customer Audits • The San Diego County Water Authority and SDG&E each audit the

facilities of large customers, but normally focus only on water or energy, respectively. For the pilot program, the County Water Authority and SDG&E will integrate these audits in a two-part program strategy.

• First, pursue improvements already recommended by the County Water Authority as a result of prior audits. – SDG&E provides funding to encourage high-priority improvements, i.e., cost

effective energy efficient and water efficient measures, which cannot be funded through other water agency incentive programs.

– The County Water Authority would also contribute funds

• Second, The County Water Authority and SDG&E would collaborate in the development of a comprehensive water/energy audit tool/instrument to incorporate the lessons learned from the first part of the audit strategy discussed above.

SDG&E Energy and Water Conservation Program (cont.)

Southern California Gas -- Energy and Water Conservations

• Lake Arrowhead/SCE/SoCalGas Water Conservation Partnership • SoCalGas would collaborate with Lake Arrowhead and SCE on an

Indoor/Outdoor Retrofit Program for residential customers. Project has both indoor and an outdoor components.

• The indoor portion of the program would apply to homes built prior to 1992, that are year round residences. – These homes are most likely to have older fixtures that are predominantly

inefficient in both water use and energy use. • The outdoor portion of the program would apply to approximately 1,000

homes which use approximately 1/3 of Lake Arrowhead’s annual water supply. The following retrofits would be included in the program:– Replace 5 gallons per flush toilets with efficient 1.3 gallons per flush toilets.– Replace older shower heads with more efficient fixtures, reducing flow from 4.5

gallons per minute to 2.0 gallons per minute– Replace older clothes washers with higher efficiency machines, resulting in a

lifetime savings of 0.314 acre feet per machine (14-year lifetime).– Install new water saving aerators.– Install ET/Smart Controllers and more efficient sprinkler hardware.

Southern California Gas -- Energy and Water Conservations (cont.)

Pump/Engine Testing/Evaluation Program for Crestline-Lake Arrowhead Water Agency and Eastern Municipal Water District

• First phase: natural gas pump/engine testing/evaluation program. –Results used to develop natural gas pump/engine efficiency

improvement program.• Water utilities in the state operate approximately 600 natural gas

pump/engines. Pilot program would cover approximately 150 gas engines in the SoCalGas service territory.

• The pilot testing/evaluation phase would lead to an evaluation of each water utility natural gas engine/pump, with efficiency rankings and recommendations for improving the efficiency of both the pump and engine.

Utility Technology – Smart Meters

SDG&E will install two-way communicating Smart Meters throughout its service territory to provide: greater customer awareness and control of energy use, enhanced customer service and faster outage detection and response.

–Replace 1.4 million electric meters, upgrade 900,000 gas meters–Part of statewide effort –First 5,000 meters installation – April 2008 in Tierrasanta–Broad rollout beginning in 4Q 2008 –Usage data will be available via Internet, phone –Cost: $500 million

– In the future: Home Area Network functionality allows for customer choice with enabling technology – automated control of appliances, electronics.

Benefits of Sempra Energy Utilities’ energy efficiency and demand response programs:

•Savings of millions of MW hours and millions of therms of natural gas

•Deferral of new generation

•Cumulative savings in the hundreds of millions of dollars

•Millions of tons avoided CO2 emissions

Energy Efficiency

Summary

Water and Energy Use Inextricably linked

•Conservation and Efficient use most effective approach at managing resource

•Conventional supplies limited: Need for more renewables for electricity and recycling for water

•Limited options for transmission of resource

•Need for cross fertilization of innovative technologies e.g. smart time of use meters

The Water Energy Nexus Donald Bren School of Environmental Science and Management

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